Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS)

Abstract Today, planners believe that environmental quality is a key concept for regional and social planning and is associated with concepts such as quality of life, diversity of social space, physical characteristics, activities, spatial dependencies, and urban identity. Therefore, improving the quality of the environment has become one of the main goals of policy makers and urban planners. The purpose of this study is to investigate the importance of environmental quality components from the perspective of tourists in Isfahan metropolis. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and the data are prepared by survey method. The statistical population of this study includes tourists of Isfahan metropolis, which using a Cochran''s formula, a sample of 384 people was randomly selected and studied. This number was questioned through a questionnaire whose validity was tested using Cronbach''s alpha method. In this study, in order to analyze the data, the statistical approach of structural equation modeling (SEM) and the second-order five-factor confirmatory factor analysis test were used. The final results obtained from the elimination of the effects of measurement errors in the structural equation modeling approach, indicate the effectiveness of the evaluation of the tourist community of environmental quality, respectively, environmental, aesthetic and formal, semantic and perceptual dimensions, and finally functional and activity.

Abstract Today, the challenges of modern urban life and environmental and social problems have led to a futuristic approach to urban planning and the use of various tools to build a desirable future. The present study uses the technique of cross-impact analysis, which is one of the common methods in futures research, and using Mick Mac software, has analyzed the components of urban development in the metropolis of Ahvaz. Then, 37 components were extracted as indicators of urban development using the Delphi method. The results indicate that six categories (influential factors, risk factors, purpose, influential factors, and independent factors, regulators) can be identified in the scatter page. Finally, among the 37 key factors, after examining the impact of these factors on each other and the future situation of the metropolis of Ahvaz by direct and indirect methods, 13 effective and key drivers were identified, including; (Population, equitable distribution of urban services, development of tourism industry, organization of special tourism axes, organization of suburban areas, control of air pollution and promotion of environmental health, expansion of public open space and creation of leisure centers, providing the appropriate level of economic growth, improving quality of life in dilapidated urban fabric, organization, and improvement of worn-out fabric, expansion of small and high-yield workshops, empowerment of non-governmental organizations, development of recreation and tourism centers) which have the most role in the future state of urban development in Ahvaz, were selected as factors and drivers Affecting the urban development of Ahvaz. The results further show that the factors of "development of the tourism industry, organizing the suburbs" are at risk. Population factors, fair distribution of urban services, development of the tourism industry, will have the greatest impact on the urban development process of Ahvaz metropolis.

Abstract Background and Aim: The rapid growth of urbanization and the increase in the amount of migration to cities, the lack and high cost of housing in big cities has created the abnormal phenomenon of informal settlements, which, along with the growth of unemployment, provides the basis for social damage. In this article, the basic strategies of empowering the informal settlement of Shahid Rajaei town of Mashhad have been identified
Methods: Research method is applied and descriptive-analytical in nature and the library and field method was used in conducting the research. For this purpose, 383 residents of the area were selected using random sampling to distribute the questionnaire. In order to formulate the dimensions of empowerment in Shahid Rajaei town of Mashhad, 50 questionnaires were distributed among the responsible organizations and academic elites who have sufficient expertise on marginalization issues, and we gave the points to the experts in the field of urban empowerment using the SWOT method. In the end, in order to present the main strategy for more efficient implementation of empowerment in Shahid Rajaei town by means of QSPM and by asking experts in this field, we prioritized the strategies.
Findings and Conclusion: of the results show that the general strategy in the area is to implement defensive empowerment and physical, environmental and population organizing strategies with the creation of urban infrastructure and facilities, optimal use of the endowment lands of Astan Quds Razavi to reduce social and physical damage in the area, balanced development Urban elements, provision of suitable housing and beautification in design, while preserving the cultural identity of the area by using local materials and combining them with new materials are considered important strategies for the empowerment of Shahid Rajaei town.

Abstract Background and Aim: Sustainable development (SD) is an ideological solution to the current problems of developing cities moving toward a brilliant future where environmental resources are maintained for generations to come. Urbanism is expanding rapidly, exploitation of resources and waste production increases, and urban sprawl is turning green lands into gray-lands. The city of Kazerun will face serious challenges of development, in the future; in such a situation, the question is: what kind of plans and what strategies can be presented for the future development of the city? And in what dimensions and with what answers does the sustainable development approach come? Sustainable development seems to provide assurances of future generations by providing clever strategies and thought-provoking development.
Methods: The theoretical basis of this research is based on documentary-library studies for specifies the criteria. Research data related to the case study has been gathered through field observations, deep interviews, and referrals to developmental entities, and has been developed and analyzed in a Delphi technique by a SWOT table. The strategies extracted from the SWOT tables were evaluated with AHP logic and, using the Delphi reciprocating process. The score of each strategy was calculated in Expert Choice software.
Findings and Conclusion: Findings show that observance of social justice, promotion of social welfare, economic prosperity, sustainable transportation methods, and also intelligent energy management in various social, economic and environmental dimensions due to City Development Strategic plan will be the most effective ways to deal with the challenge facing the development of the city of Kazerun.

Abstract Extended Abstract Introductio: The distinction between historical district and other urban district due to their valuable and heritage attributes is completely evident. Historical district needs to undergo changes in their infrastructure and physical structure in order to update and align with contemporary developments. It is evident that if these valuable historical districts do not adapt to the needs of modern times, they will face the process of deterioration, affecting both the fabric itself and its residents. In fact, this necessitates the conservation and protection of historical districts. addressing the topic of "urban conservation and protection" globally and in Iran itself is a complex and detailed research endeavor, as the existing experiences in this field testify to the extensive range of topics that can be investigated. The developments of the 2010s can be considered as the first practical steps towards establishing a common ground between sustainability and revitalization. in historical districts, sustainability and preservation have been given attention as drivers for development and revitalization in the planning of historical cities. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to develop a conceptual model for achieving sustainable urban revitalization to be applied in the historical district of Shiraz, by answering the main research question: How can an appropriate model for achieving sustainable urban regeneration be developed based on indicators of sustainability and urban regeneration texts? to address this question, the present paper is divided into two main stages. The first stage involves examining the content of sustainability in the historical district, while the second stage focuses on intervention procedures in the historical district to study the process of achieving classified sustainable regeneration. Methods and Material: The research methodology employed in this paper is based on the content of the research question and the achievement of the research objective, which is the realization of sustainable urban  regeneration in the historical district of Shiraz. The approach used is qualitative content analysis and is of an inductive nature. Influential processes related to the concepts of sustainability and regeneration were examined through documentary study, referring to information contained in books, articles, and credible documents, in a structured manner to gather relevant information. The application of a descriptive-analytical method in this qualitative study, based on the practical objective and the collection of data related to the approach of sustainable urban regeneration, seems justified. The main purpose of this research is the growth and improvement of the old district of Shiraz through the realization of sustainable urban regeneration in its historical area, and the outcome of this study is based on a strategic planning process and the analysis of a conceptual model for the realization of sustainable urban regeneration, which can lead to the revival of the historical district of Shiraz. Results and Discussion: The protection and development of historical districts, particularly in a sustainable manner, are an integral part of contemporary life and future generations. Hence, if the city of Shiraz develops a conceptual model or intervention approach for itself in relation to sustainable regeneration, the destiny of the historical area will become clearer. A conceptual model that effectively assesses and evaluates the relationship between sustainability, regeneration, and the district will be essential. Conclusion: in this article, a theoretical framework based on concepts and approaches related to "sustainable regeneration" has been presented, and these concepts have been utilized to propose a conceptual model for achieving sustainable urban regeneration in the historical district of Shiraz. To determine the applicability of this approach in assessing the sustainability of historical district in each urban area, it has been recognized that each study site requires a unique set of indicators based on geographical, economic, social, legal, and environmental structural differences.

Abstract Background and Aim: Hospital landscape is being known an important place for patients. It is especially important to regard hospital landscape design as an important quality factor of such environments. However, there is not enough attention given to this matter in the city of Tabriz, Iran. The present research investigates to introduce landscape principal design in hospital green spaces in Tabriz.
Methods and Material: A qualitative semi-structured interview was conducted among nine landscape experts of university of Tabriz those specialized in landscape design, architecture, and urban planning. Before conducting interview, the survey sheet was given participants read which give enough time for them to give more accurate and scientific answers. The experts were asked to explain their opinions regarding hospital landscape furniture, patient mental restoration, visual appeal, social interaction, patients’ leisure time and hospital landscape design elements.
Results and Discussion: The results indicate that hospital Landscape must be corresponding to the needs of three groups of patients, staff and visitors. Cleanness and accessibility and high security are important factors which may affect patients’ tendency patient group to use hospital green space. By providing recreational facilities and amenities such as terraces and monolithic design, visitors might be encouraged to spend more time in the hospital environment. Providing private and quiet space is necessary for staff to relax and escape from stress and pressure. In addition, designed social spaces are necessary to enhance the efficiency of hospital and awareness of people. Elements such as stairs, slippery, uneven floors, allergenic plants and poisonous plants are not appropriate for hospital landscape. Proper maintenance of plants is essential to maintain freshness and greenery, which in turn affects the psychological comfort and satisfaction of users.  Application of the research finding will help to create better landscape in hospital environment and enhance users’ willingness to contact with nature in among urban dwellers.

Abstract Background and Aim: The tendency of residents of non-urban areas to move to urban areas due to lack of resources and the use of technologies and facilities of urban life has led to an increase in the population of cities. These challenges have led to greater focus by urban planning and sustainable development officials on realizing sustainable smart city development. For this purpose, this research was conducted with the aim of identifying and evaluating the factors affecting the realization of sustainable smart cities.
Methods: The statistical population includes all experts and specialists in the field of sustainable smart cities in the Tehran metropolis, which, due to lack of information and access to this population and its uncertainty, was assumed to be unlimited and uncertain according to statistical perspectives. The statistical sample of this population was determined based on the Cochran formula to be at least 385 experts, which ultimately resulted in 392 samples. After a comprehensive literature review, 20 initial factors were extracted.
Findings and Conclusion: Then, using the Delphi approach and the opinions of 60 available experts, 14 final key factors were identified. In order to evaluate the factors in terms of importance in realizing a sustainable smart city, the technique of “Step-Wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis” and the opinions of 60 experts were used. The evaluation result in Excel software indicates that the eleventh influential factor (smart investment) with the highest weight is placed in the first priority, and the fifth factor (smart governance) and the second (smart economy) were placed in the 2nd and 3rd priorities. Also, the tenth factor (information and communication technology) was placed in the lowest priority. In the next stage, using the binomial test method in SPSS software and collecting the opinions of 392 experts and experts through the third questionnaire, they were asked to announce the level of readiness of Tehran metropolis to realize the key factors of a sustainable smart city with more focus and with a 5-point Likert scale. The results of the study showed that the level of preparedness is below average to above average and overall, there is average preparedness, but it requires serious attention and care from city officials for proper planning. At the end of the study, practical suggestions were presented.

Abstract Background and Objective: Investigating the factors affecting the unemployment rate as one of the most important macroeconomic indicators has been one of the topics studied by many researchers, scholars, and policymakers. The existence of a stable and balanced relationship between inflation and unemployment is very important and fundamental for maintaining international competitiveness in the economy. Uncontrolled inflation can greatly reduce the country's competitiveness by increasing production costs, reducing export competitiveness, and attracting less foreign investment. . Given the importance of the issue, the main objective of this study is to investigate the asymmetric effects of inflation on the unemployment rate in Iraq.
Methodology: In this study, the quantile regression method was used to investigate the asymmetric effects of inflation on the unemployment rate in Iraq during the period 1995 to 2023.
Findings and Conclusion: The results show that the inflation rate had a positive and significant effect on the unemployment rate, and these effects were strengthened in the high quantiles of the unemployment rate. Also, according to the results, the effects of inflation on the unemployment rate in Iraq were symmetric. According to these results, it can be concluded that the Phillips curve, which indicates an inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment rate, is not confirmed in Iraq. Therefore, to improve the unemployment rate, supply-side policies should be used and demand-side policies should be avoided.

Abstract Background and Objective: Mental health represents a fundamental dimension of women's overall well-being and is deeply influenced by various individual and environmental factors. Among these, access to urban public spaces plays a significant role in shaping women’s psychological and emotional experiences in cities. Public spaces—such as parks, plazas, and green areas—can provide opportunities for social interaction, relaxation, physical activity, and a sense of safety, all of which contribute to improved mental health. This study aims to investigate the relationship between access to urban public spaces and women's mental health in Ardabil, Iran, by examining multiple influencing dimensions.
Methods: This applied study uses a descriptive-analytical research design. Data were collected from a sample of 400 women in Ardabil through a structured questionnaire, using a systematic random sampling method. The instrument included 58 items across six core indicators: physical-spatial features, socio-cultural dimensions, perceived safety, access to parks, mental health status, and depression levels. Data analysis was performed using one-sample t-tests in SPSS software and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in AMOS to explore relationships between variables.
Results and Conclusion: The results indicated that physical-spatial (mean = 3.17) and socio-cultural (mean = 3.05) components were in relatively favorable condition. The SEM path analysis demonstrated that the physical-spatial factor (β = 0.89) exerted the most significant effect on improving urban space quality. Environmental safety, socio-cultural characteristics, access to parks, mental health, and depression followed in descending order of impact. The study underscores the importance of inclusive urban design and planning, suggesting that enhancing physical and environmental aspects of public spaces can foster women's presence in cities and significantly support their mental well-being.

Abstract Background and Aim: By creating jobs, attracting investment, and promoting sustainable practices, solar energy not only addresses environmental challenges but also fosters strong economic development. Studying the effects of solar energy on employment and economic growth is not only essential for a better understanding of the economic and social impacts of this energy source, but can also contribute to sustainable development and the creation of sustainable job opportunities in the future. Given the environmental challenges and the need for clean energy sources, these studies become even more important. Given the importance of solar energy and its role and place in growth and employment in Iraq and Iraq’s high potential in this field, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of using solar energy on employment and economic growth in Iraq.
Methods and Material: In this research, a time series approach based on the autodistribution model with wide lags (ARDL) was used to examine the effects of solar energy use on employment and economic growth in Iraq during the period 1995-2022.
Results and Discussion: The findings of this study showed that solar energy had a positive effect on economic growth at a 95% confidence level. The effects of solar energy on employment were also positive and statistically significant at a 90% confidence level. According to the findings, the error correction term coefficient in this model was -0.489 and was statistically significant, indicating that if a shock is introduced to the economic growth rate in Iraq, 0.489 percent of the imbalance in the economic growth rate will be adjusted during each period and will approach its long-term trend. Also, the error correction coefficient in this model is -0.365 and is statistically significant, indicating that if a shock occurs to the employment rate in Iraq, 0.365 percent of the imbalance in the employment rate will be adjusted during each period and will approach its long-term trend. According to the results obtained, Iraq can invest in solar energy to improve economic growth and employment while preserving the environment.

Abstract Background and Objective: Urban construction control is carried out by urban construction criteria, but despite the various measures of urban management, there are reports of construction breach annually in cities. In fact, construction breach can be defined as non -compliance with urban construction rules and regulations that threaten the quality of life in cities. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the spatial distribution of building breach in the city of Tourism for use in urban management areas.
Methodology: The method of collecting the information and data needed for the documentation, library and field observations is prepared and a descriptive and descriptive table from the Secretariat of Article 100 of the Municipality. The time range over a one -year period (1401) and its location range is the legal area of Sarein. The present study is descriptive-analytical and practical, using the nearest neighborhood distance and analyzing hot spots in the GIS software platform.
Results and findings: According to the analysis, the highest number of breach occurred in the central core of the city and the Coffee and Chaldaran area, and the surplus breach over the other breach are significant and significant, and the number of breach without licenses is in the next line, and this violation is further excluded from the non -licensed classes. According to the results, the main direction of the breach is from the southwest to the northeast of the city, and the most breach occurred within 600 to 900 meters from the city's center of gravit.

Abstract Background and Aim: Upgrading and transforming cities into smart cities is a very important issue and a new challenge that can improve the quality of life and services for citizens, increase resource efficiency, and benefit from advanced technologies and communications. This research aims to evaluate the results of smart city projects in different countries and extract the best patterns to improve future projects.
Methods: The research will be conducted in both qualitative and quantitative sections. In the first section, the challenges and opportunities of smart city projects in Iran will be examined by 30 experts in the field of smart cities. In the second section, by completing a questionnaire by employees of various urban municipalities, factor analysis and the relationship between variables will be analyzed using Amos16 software. Using these criteria, top and successful patterns were also identified using the pls factor analysis software.
Findings and Conclusion: The results showed that the number of repeated themes for environmental protection had the highest value with 183 themes. Efficiency and operation were also among the top themes with 181, followed by the quality of the urban environment with 145 themes. Finally, the number of repeated themes for safety and security had the lowest value with 97 themes. Creating a collaborative space between countries to share experiences and knowledge related to smart city projects is very important and can facilitate the improvement of future projects in different countries.

Abstract Background and Aim: In Iranian society, women have played an important and expanding role in the field of business, but there have always been a series of obstacles for women's activities, especially in rural communities in Iran. Therefore, this research sought to identify the obstacles to the development of rural women's entrepreneurship in the touristic villages of Yasouj.
Methods and Material: The current research is based on the type of applied research and descriptive-analytical research method. In order to collect information and data, library and field methods, interviews and questionnaires were used. The statistical population of this research are women from Yasouj villages (central part) and SPSS 26 and Minitab software were used to analyze the findings. To investigate the characteristics of the respondents (women of touristic villages of Yasouj) from descriptive statistics (percentage, frequency) and to investigate the barriers to entrepreneurship of women of touristic villages of Yasouj from inferential statistics (one-sample t) and to determine the difference in the effectiveness of barriers to entrepreneurship in ANOVA test was used in these villages.
Results and Discussion: The results show the influence of each of the investigated indicators (cultural-social, individual-family, economic, managerial-promotional and environmental-infrastructural). The results of comparing the averages show that the results of the test are significant and there is a significant difference between the indicators of barriers to rural women's entrepreneurship (cultural-social, individual-family, economic, managerial-promotional and environmental-infrastructural) in the villages There is Yasouj tourist attraction.

Abstract The developments of recent decades have caused the new facilities of today's cities to be unable to provide peace and security to citizens as in the past. This issue has become a social anomaly and along with it, criminal behaviors have occurred in the world's urban housing system. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effective components on residents' sense of satisfaction with the social security of Gorgan settlements. The research method is descriptive-analytical and its statistical population is households living in residential complexes in Gorgan and the sample size is 200 households. The required information has been used through documentary studies and field surveys using a questionnaire. SPSS statistical software and Pearson correlation and one-sample t-tests were used to analyze the data. The results show that there is a direct and positive relationship between the feeling of satisfaction of the residents of residential complexes with the appropriate lighting components of the environment and the physical texture of the building. Lighting of passages and passages around the building and where people live at night creates peace and a sense of security in the movement of children and women. It also reduces stress and anxiety in people when walking on foot at night. Housing aristocracy is another component that is directly related to creating a sense of security among residents. Other effective components in creating a sense of security among urban dwellers include the occurrence of crime in the place of residence, neighborhood relations and environmental variables.

Abstract Background and Objective: In recent years, with the increasing discussions about globalization and the diversity of perspectives on it, examining the impact of globalization on macroeconomic variables, including productivity, has become an attractive topic in the academic literature. Studying and examining the effects of globalization on labor productivity is of great importance for several reasons, as it provides insights into how global economic integration affects labor efficiency, economic growth, and overall development. Studying the effects of globalization on labor productivity growth is essential for understanding economic dynamics, informing policies, increasing competitiveness, and preparing the workforce for future challenges. This knowledge enables countries and businesses to reap the benefits of globalization while addressing its challenges, ultimately contributing to sustainable economic growth and improving living standards. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to investigate the nonlinear effects of globalization on labor productivity in Iraq.
Methodology: In order to investigate the nonlinear effects of globalization on labor productivity in Iraq during the period 1995-2022, the nonlinear extensive lags (NARDL) model was used in this study. Also, the symmetry or asymmetry of the effects of globalization on labor productivity in Iraq was examined.
Findings and Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that the positive impulses of globalization had positive and significant effects on labor productivity. However, the effects of negative impulses of globalization on labor productivity were not significant. Considering these effects, it can be concluded that the more Iraq is exposed to economic globalization, the more it will benefit from its benefits. Given the positive and significant impact of the human development index on labor productivity, it can be suggested that Iraqi politicians make the right and long-term decisions to strengthen this index by improving educational conditions at different levels of education, improving health and treatment conditions, and life expectancy, so that in addition to benefiting from the indirect effects of this index, the level of labor productivity as one of the main keys to sustainable development is strengthened and made more sustainable. Based on the results, it is necessary to emphasize that human development and its improvement cannot lead to improved productivity growth without interruption, and its effects will gradually emerge over time. Also, based on the negative and significant effects of the inflation rate on labor productivity, the Central Bank of Iraq should make more efforts and efforts to control the volume of liquidity as the main cause of inflation in the economies of countries. Finally, considering the positive and significant impact of foreign direct investment on labor productivity, the Iraqi government can take a major step towards improving labor productivity by reducing domestic risks and increasing its political and economic security by increasing foreign investment, in addition to taking advantage of its other positive effects.

Abstract Man has always been looking for a way to meet his needs. Since the beginning of history, housing has been a place to achieve this logical desire, and with the formation of housing together with quality, it has traveled its way towards obtaining peace. On the other side, environmental and climatic conditions have been effective in the formation of housing in villages and have followed appropriate patterns in a historical process in the direction of sustainable development. Based on the experiences of the villagers according to the subsistence and climatic needs throughout history, the appropriate pattern of rural housing can be analyzed and by discovering and introducing these patterns, they can be used as part of the principles and criteria of rural housing. Ilam province has four climates on its area, which has caused various patterns in the formation of rural and urban contexture. The climate has played a significant role in the formation of the form, orientation and establishment of the building, texture and other characteristics of the housing. The purpose of this research is to comply with the necessary requirements to design the most optimal model of housing for villagers in different areas of Ilam province, which are the basic requirements of engineers for the architectural and structural designs of these houses. The descriptive research method is an analysis that was conducted in the field through the distribution of questionnaires and indirectly through the library. The necessary graphs have been obtained by using AHP pairwise comparison questionnaire tool. The results of this research show that in the design of rural housing in Dehlran and Ivan cities, among the climatic factors, rain has the most effect in Ivan city by 0.833 and radiation has the most effect in Dehlran city by 0.875.

Abstract Background and Aim: In recent decades, demographic, social and economic changes, especially in rural areas, have increased the need for an efficient and sustainable look at housing issues and the development of rural settlements. Knowing the principles of optimal location in this field is a vital matter that has a direct impact on the quality of life of the villagers and also the sustainable development of these areas. Methods:  With the aim of identifying strategies and prioritizing the optimal location of rural settlements, this research examines the challenges and opportunities of this field. The current research is applied in terms of its purpose and is considered among field studies, and in order to prioritize the "hierarchical analysis" method as an available method, it is used for decision-making authorities in the field of defense-security strategy, so that these authorities use this method for prioritizing and determining use the defense-security strategy. Findings and Conclusion: The results of the examination of these criteria and sub-criteria based on the hierarchical analysis process model show the relative advantage of place number one compared to place number two. Place number one has more stability in terms of nature and natural hazards than proposed place number two, although place number two also has relative stability. The proposed place number one has a score of 0.523 and the proposed place number two has a score of 0.481. It should be mentioned that due to the small area of the proposed place number one, the expert group of the proposed place number two should also be considered for the future development of the village. In this way, the suggestion is that while confirming the priority of the number one place as the direction of village development in the future, the proposed place (development number two) is also approved from a natural-economic-social point of view, and the residents of the village, especially the slum areas, have moved there. be.

Abstract Background and Objective: Seismicity is a measure that encompasses the occurrence, mechanisms, and magnitude of earthquakes in a given geographical location. Thus, it summarizes the seismic activity of a region. Based on geological evidence and recorded earthquakes, the study area is considered one of the active and seismic zones in Iran. Therefore, knowledge of the seismic potential of the region is necessary to prevent unprincipled construction in the study area. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the seismic potential of faults in the Balharud-Garmi basin.
Methodology: In this study, ArcGIS software was used to draw maps and analyze them. First, using the 1:100,000 geological map of the Geology and Mineral Exploration Organization of the country, the faults (main and minor) in the study area were determined and their lengths were determined. Then, the seismic power of the faults in the study area was calculated using the relations of Zare (1995), Norouzi (1985), and Norouzi and Ashjai (1978).
Findings and Results: According to the relevant results, the average seismic power in terms of Richter in the faults of Nowruzabad is 12.55, Azadabad 10.20, Sari-Nasirlu 28.62, Ilikhchi 9.08, Chenar 6.56, Farzi-Kandi 17.42, Parchin 10.35, Ojaq-Alazar 17.94, Demirchi 7.23, Pireh-Khalil 6.55, Qanab 19.16, Shorfeh 7.73, and Shordarq 3.92. The results showed that the study area, especially the central parts towards the south of the basin due to the concentration of fault lines, is prone to seismicity and there is a possibility of earthquakes with a magnitude greater than 4 on the Richter scale. The Sari-Nasirlu, Azadabad and Al-Qanab faults have the highest seismic power in the region, respectively. Studies also show that there is a direct relationship between the seismic power of faults and the length of the fault. Given the lack of sufficient studies on the tectonics and seismicity of the region, other studies should be conducted

Abstract Background and Aim: Currently, cities are facing many challenges in economic, social and environmental dimensions. Due to the growth of urbanization, there have been harmful consequences for cities. The continuation of this kind of population growth has made urbanization in today's cities face economic, social, and environmental crises. Therefore, the need to pay attention to the livability has become very important in today's cities. The Aim of the research: to identify and measure livability indicators in the city of Babol.
Methods: The research method is descriptive-analytical according to the nature of the work, and according to this method, the evaluation of the livability of the city of Babol is done. In this research, the method of collecting data is library and documentary, interviews, field observations and questionnaires are also used. Research questionnaire is filled out among 382 citizens of Babol, sample size is calculated based on Cochran's formula, the results obtained using SPSS software, through factor analysis and single sample t-test, were analyzed. The geographical case of the research is city of Babol.
Findings and Conclusion: The findings of the research show that the economic, social and environmental criteria each have a different effect on the livability of the city of Babol. Since the livability in the city measured based on three aspects, it can be claimed that the city of Babol is far away from the ideal score of livability. The results have shown that livability in Babol should be prioritized in the economic dimension. In this way, in order to make Babol more livable, we need to pay attention to the economic category, then pay attention to the social and environmental criteria.

Abstract Background and Aim: The elements of local architecture of each region are more influenced by environmental and climatic factors than any other factor. These factors, as a determining factor, have led to the emergence of different architectural styles in different regions; to the extent that their effect is visible in the entire urban context and even in individual buildings and interior architectural elements of spaces. The current research studies the effect of the environment and geographical components on the design and construction of old houses in the historical context of the city of Ardabil.
Methods and Material:This research is analytical-descriptive and based on the authors' survey in the historical context of the city of Ardabil and on library studies and field surveys.
Research questions: The research questions are formulated as follows: 1) What effect has the climate had on the location and layout of traditional houses and the urban space of Ardabil? What climatic and geographical factors have influenced the layout, physical space, and architectural components of historical houses in the city of Ardabil?
Results and Discussion: The results of the study show that architects have considered factors such as the direction of the sun's rays, humidity, temperature, and wind directions in designing urban spaces and the layout of buildings and spaces. Also, the overall shape of the courtyards, interior and exterior spaces, openings, and materials used are in harmony with the ecosystem of the studied area.

Abstract Background and Objective: Today, the tourism industry is considered an important and main sector in the global economy, and one of the important fields of this industry is nature-oriented tourism or ecotourism. The share of ecotourism in the tourism industry is very high and has an important position. The aim of the present study is to analyze the geotourism and geomorphological capacities effective in attracting tourism in the city of Malekan, East Azerbaijan Province.
Methodology: In this study, two methods, Kobalikova and Feulet, have been used to evaluate the geotourism potential. The Kobalikova method emphasizes scientific and intrinsic, educational, economic, conservation and other values. The Feulet model also evaluates regions in terms of management rate and tourism rate based on natural and human indicators. The areas studied in this study are Bakhtak Leilan Castle, Shursu Tourist Area, Arpadersi Mineral Spring, Ali Balaghi Shrine, Forest Park Camp, and Ulan Buffalo Valley.
Findings and Conclusion: The results of the evaluation of the Kobalikva model showed that the Arpadersi mineral spring, with a score of 11, has the highest score among the studied areas. Based on the evaluation results in the studied areas, the Bakhtak Leilan Castle Geotourism Area, with a score of 75.6, has the lowest score among the studied areas, which requires attention to this area for development. Also, the results of the Violet model showed that among the studied areas, the Forest Park Camp Area, with a total score of 13 from all sub-indicators, has the highest score. Also, the Olen Buffalo Valley Area, with a score of 25.8, has the lowest potential among the studied areas. Based on the results of the management rate, it was found that the Forest Park and Olen Valley are in good and appropriate conditions in terms of protection, and in terms of tourism rate, the Shorsu area, with the highest score, has good conditions. Therefore, it is concluded that the Arpa Daresi Forest Park Camp and Mineral Spring have great potential in attracting tourism. Finally, it is suggested that in future studies, Serrano-Gonzalez-Truba models be used for a more detailed study to evaluate the geotourism potential of protected areas in the Malekan region.

Abstract One of the issues that Iran's cities are facing today is the widening of urban streets. The widening of urban streets in the old fabric of cities causes various problems in different aspects of the city. The purpose of this research is to investigate the problems of widening and widened streets and to provide a better method for widening. Also, this research deals with the solutions for better planning and design of the streets in the process of widening with reference to Islamic teachings and Iranian culture. Collecting the required information through observation, field observations and documentary studies and analysis of information and data has been done with the help of descriptive analytical methods, documentation and graphic analysis. The results of this research are the neglect of the valuable and identity walls of the streets, the old trees on the side of the old streets, as well as the neglect of the culture, religion and religion of the citizens and their needs, their native materials and art. With regard to this article, it can be said that Sanaei Street (as the studied example) which has been involved in widening for several decades and has become disorderly and chaotic in traffic, physical, visual and environmental issues, has been selected. In order to widen this street, it was suggested to retreat from one wall so that only one wall remains and the old trees are not cut. Attention and emphasis on art, local materials, Islamic teachings and Iranian culture can significantly reduce the effects of urban street widening and the resulting street can have an identity, stability and acceptable quality.

Abstract The preparation and implementation of the rural leadership plan with more than thirty records in Iran is one of the most basic measures that have been implemented for the development of villages in Iran. Examining their implementation effects in various dimensions is an important issue that can Determine the consequences of the implementation of Hadi's plan in the village
The purpose of the current research is to evaluate the effects of the implementation of rural leader projects and its role in rural development in the villages of Kermanshah. And it is practical in terms of targeting and descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology. In the process of preparing and generating data, firstly, the factors affecting the implementation of the rural guide project in Kermanshah city, emphasizing its role in the development of villages in Kermanshah city, were identified using the opinions of 15 experts on this subject, rural experts, villagers through the Delphi methodIt is In order to analyze the data of 4 indicators (physical, economic, socio-cultural and environmental) and 12 sub-indices as strong influencing factors on the development of villages in Kermanshah city, with emphasis on the implementation of the rural guide plan, ISM interpretive-structural modeling was used and then with Mic-Mac software. . The results of the research showed that the factors of increasing participation in villages, increasing the quality of roads and organizing streams and rivers are among the most influential factorsand the factor of preserving native and local traditions are among the most influential factorsIt is among the projects of the rural leader and its role in rural development in the villages of Kermanshah cit Also, the results obtained from the MIK show that except for the two factors of increasing the quality of transportation and reducing the motivation to migrate, all the factors are linked variables.

Abstract Background and Aim: The main goal of this research is to investigate the influencing factors of green human resources management on green supply chain management practices and sustainable performance of Zanjan city.
Methods and Material: The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection method and quantitative in terms of analysis. The statistical population consists of 80 urban experts with sufficient knowledge and understanding of the research variables, and due to the small number of the population, all the experts were used as samples. The conceptual model of the research was proposed by the researcher by combining previous studies and completing the concepts, which consists of 5 main hypotheses. In order to test the hypotheses, the path analysis approach with SPLS software was used.
Results and Discussion: The result of the test indicates a positive effect: "green human resource management practices on green supply chain management practices (internal and external) and sustainability performance" and "internal and external green supply chain management practices on sustainability performance". Then, using the technique of "Preference weighting evaluation ratio analysis" and experts' opinions, the three main structures of the research were evaluated and their priorities were determined. The result showed that the first structure (green human resource management methods) was ranked first in terms of influencing sustainable urban performance, so its methods (development and training, empowerment, reward, performance management, recruitment) were again available to experts and specialists through a questionnaire. was placed and their final evaluation was done. The final analysis showed that the second method (empowerment of human resources) with the highest weight is in the first priority of improving the state of sustainable urban performance. For this purpose, city officials should try to attract people who prioritize environmental concerns, develop their sustainability skills, evaluate their performance from an environmental perspective, and motivate environmentally responsible behavior.

Abstract Background and Aim Adolescence is a critical period in personality development and the consolidation of lifestyle habits, in which psychological, biological, physical and social changes occur and the risk of unhealthy habits increases. This phase is key to preventing health problems. Studies have shown that different environments during this critical period can influence brain development, personal abilities and health throughout adolescence. Given the lack of research on adolescent preferences in developing countries such as Iran, this is the starting point of the present study.
Methodology: The data of this study were collected by distributing a questionnaire to 384 adolescents aged 10 to 19 years in Il-Goli, Tabriz. The questionnaire was divided into three categories: park aesthetics, park safety features and park sociability and was distributed among the youth present in the park using a systematic sampling method. Descriptive statistics, validity and reliability of questions, data normality test, correlation between indices and Mann-Whitney test were performed using SPSS software.
Findings and Conclusion: The results of Spearman correlation showed that park sociability had the greatest influence on adolescents' mental well-being with a correlation of 0.809, followed by park facilities and park aesthetics with correlations of 0.775 and 0.593, respectively, in the second and third rows the impact on the psychological well-being of young people. Urban parks have a positive impact on the level of mental well-being of adolescents. This study can be useful for creating a guide for landscape architects and urban planners in designing parks and urban green spaces to create a more comfortable space for the adolescence.