Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS)

Abstract Background and Objective: The development of organizational sports (such as in Ahvaz Drilling Company) is a strategic necessity, not a welfare activity; as it directly affects the productivity, health and reduction of absenteeism of employees. Currently, the lack of a scientific model to understand the factors affecting this development in the local context of Iran has caused the failure of programs and waste of resources. Therefore, accurate modeling of these factors (infrastructure, culture and managerial support) is a fundamental step to develop and implement sports programs based on scientific evidence and tailored to the local needs of employees.
Methodology: In this regard, the main purpose of the present study is to investigate the factors affecting sports applications in the development of organizational sports, employees of Ahvaz City Drilling Company. The statistical population of the present study was 100 people selected as a statistical sample using Morgan's formula and studied. Data analysis was carried out through correlation analysis and structural equation modeling using SPSS and Smart PLS software.
Results and Findings: The results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicate a favorable overall fit of the organizational sports development model, as most sub-indices with factor loadings higher than 0.5 confirm the reliability and structural validity of the model for the five main factors (management, infrastructure, social, economic, and individual). This finding proves the strong ability of the model to measure the desired constructs. However, factor loadings with lower explanatory power were observed in some specific dimensions (such as investment sub-indices and some coach competencies), which indicates the need to strengthen and measure these dimensions more accurately in future research to increase the validity of the model in those areas. Also, divergent validity was successfully confirmed based on the Fornell and Larker criterion, which indicates complete conceptual distinction and independence between the five main factors of the model.

Abstract Background and Aim: Third places are active and attractive public spaces that provide the context for interaction, recreation, personal growth, stress reduction, creativity stimulation, and social vitality in cities. The purpose of this study is to geographically analyze the indicators and examples of a happy city with an emphasis on Ray Oldenburg''''s third place theory in the city of Khorramabad.
Methodology: The research method is descriptive-analytical and survey-type. The statistical sample of the research consists of 400 citizens who were selected by simple random sampling using Sample Power software. Data collection, classification, and analysis were performed using SPSS and AMOS statistical software.
Results and Discussion: The findings of the study showed that Khorramabad city is in a weak position in terms of the dimensions and criteria of a happy city. Also, the results obtained from the structural equation modeling of the study showed that the economic factor with a factor load of 0.082 has the greatest impact on happiness. After that, environmental, physical-spatial, security and socio-cultural factors with factor loads of 0.076, 0.073, 0.071 and 0.063 were determined in the next ranks of impact on social happiness. In addition, it was determined that the third places, which include parks, sports centers, cafes, libraries and mosques, each have an impact of 0.071, 0.044, 0.043, 0.027 and 0.020 on social happiness in the selected area. Finally, based on the integrated path analysis model of the research, the effects of third places on the social vitality of Khorramabad city were determined to be 0.063.

Abstract Development paths in any society are more the result of choices and decisions that are made as a result of policy-making practices. In recent decades, rapid urban changes and the resulting crises have drawn attention to the field of urban policy. On the other hand, the unequal forms and distribution of resources and opportunities to the detriment of most individuals and social groups living in cities have led the critical theorists represent the demands of the citizens based on the concept of ‘right to city” against policy makers and decision makers of the city issues. To city policymakers and decision makers. The purpose of this article is to understand the concept of the right to the city in the field of policy and planning of urban issues and transfer it to urban experts and try to implement this idea in the field of urban policy and planning. In the present article, an attempt has been made to recognize and analyze the relationship between the two concepts of the right to the city and urban policy, using the theoretical framework presented by Lefebvre on the concept of the right to the city and the researchers' approach to urban policy. The research is descriptive-analytical based on qualitative method. Methods of data collection include selection of documents, thematic analysis of the views of experts and thinkers on the selected topic. According to the findings of the present study, urban policy-making is the most important area for bargaining about the ways of distributing benefits and opportunities in cities by urban stakeholders, which is the reason why  is why the need for citizens to be present in decision-making and Urban policymaking layers. The neglect of institutional mechanisms, capacity building, transparency, accountability, the use of participatory budgeting and participatory planning, has made democratic decision-making difficult and relatively impossible for as the most serious stakeholder’s citizens in urban life. Strengthening civic and social institutions and creating mechanisms for monitoring and citizen participation in the decision-making process regarding the selection and implementation of metropolitan projects, along with the use of participatory budgeting in how the city invests capital, are among the items that: In that can practically lead to practice, it can lead to the realization of the right to the city in the administration of cities.

Abstract Background and Objective: In recent years, with the increasing growth of the urban population and pressures from environmental, social, and economic issues, the theory of the "sustainable smart city" has become one of the key concepts in urban studies. The purpose of this research is to conduct a systematic comparative review of studies conducted in the field of the sustainable smart city at the level of Iran and the world, in order to identify and analyze theoretical patterns, commonalities and differences, as well as existing research gaps in this field.
Methodology:This study was conducted using the systematic review method with a comparative approach.The research population consisted of 31 scientific articles published in reputable domestic and international databases between 2017 and 2024, which were selected using standard methods and subjected to qualitative content analysis.
Results and Findings:The findings indicate that at the global level, the sustainable smart city paradigm is understood as a multidimensional and dynamic concept in which technology serves to achieve broader goals such as environmental sustainability, social justice, participatory governance, resilience, and improving the quality of life. In contrast, in domestic Iranian studies, the predominant emphasis has been on the technical and infrastructural aspects of smartening, while the theoretical, social, and citizen-oriented dimensions of this concept have received less attention. This gap highlights the necessity of revising research and policy-making approaches in the national context to move towards the comprehensive realization of the sustainable smart city.

Abstract Abstract
Background and Objective: Azerbaijan, with its ancient name Atropatekan, located in the northwest of the Iranian plateau, is a geostrategic region with special capacities. The aim of this research is to study the importance of the position of Azerbaijan, especially Shiz (present-day Takht of Solomon) in the Sassanid period, and to examine the influential components of this importance.
Methodology: This research was conducted using the method of library studies and a descriptive-analytical approach. The materials are presented based on reliable historical texts and archaeological articles and reports.
Research Questions: The questions raised include the reasons for the Sassanids' greater attention to the geographical area of Azerbaijan; In other words, on what indicators did the Sassanid Empire strengthen and expand its sphere of power in Azerbaijan, especially Shiz (Ganzak)? What impact did these indicators have on the expansion and development of the Sassanid Empire?; Can geographical features, natural features, and proximity to borders be the reason for the importance of this region and religious centralization?
Results: The results of the research show that the geography and geopolitical borders of the region, the abundance of water resources, fertile soil and suitable agricultural base, mines, and transportation routes, were important potentials in Sasanian Azerbaijan and had indescribable strategic value. One of the reasons for the success of the Sasanian kings in various wars and conquests is the geo-strategic location of Azerbaijan. This is why the Sasanian victor adopted the strategy of reviving and establishing new cities along the trade routes from the northeast to the northwest borders; The construction of large water supply facilities during the Khosrow era, the strategy of concentrating power in Shiz and developing scientific centers in this city, the creation of defensive fortifications throughout Azerbaijan, the exploitation of rich mineral resources and the construction of iron smelting furnaces have strengthened the circle of power and the stability of the government in actualizing and exploiting these potentials.

Abstract Background and Objective: Urban landscapes are considered one of the most important urban spaces and can play an important role in creating a sense of happiness for citizens; for this reason, they should be the focus of experts and examined from different perspectives. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study is to analyze and identify the indicators of planning and designing a happy urban landscape.
Methodology: In order to achieve the research goal, library resources were used to write the introduction and interview experts in the field in two stages to obtain the indicators, with a sample size of 24 experts. In the first interview, the indicators were obtained, then in the second interview, the importance of the indicators was determined by forming an actor-target matrix. Subsequently, the obtained data was entered into the MACTOR software and ATLAS.ti software and analyzed.
Findings and Conclusion: The results showed the indicators of the existence of green spaces and urban parks, the existence of places for social interactions, having security and safety, using diversity and color balance, prioritizing the role of humans in urban spaces, the existence of sidewalks and The existence of spaces for the most frequent recreational activities, the indicators of the existence of green spaces and urban parks and prioritizing the role of humans in the most important urban spaces and the indicators of the existence of green spaces and urban parks, the existence of places for social interactions, having security and Safety, taking advantage of diversity and color balance and prioritizing the role of humans in urban spaces are the most converging indicators. In general, experts should make the human-centeredness index of urban spaces the main criteria in their planning and designs in order to increase the desire of citizens to be active and happy in cities with the importance of human role.

Abstract Background and Objective : Women’s mental health, as one of the essential dimensions of public health, is influenced by various factors, including the quality and accessibility of urban public spaces. This study aimed to analyze the impact of urban public spaces on women’s mental health in Ardabil within the framework of women-friendly city indicators.
Methodology: This applied research adopted a descriptive–analytical approach. The required data were collected through the distribution of 400 questionnaires among women residing in Ardabil, using a systematic random sampling method. The research tool included 58 items covering five main indicators (physical–spatial, socio–cultural, safety, accessibility, and mental health). Data were analyzed using the one-sample t-test in SPSS software and structural equation modeling (SEM) in AMOS software.
Findings and Conclusion: The results showed that the physical–spatial (mean = 3.17) and socio-cultural (mean = 3.05) indicators were in a relatively favorable condition. Moreover, based on the path analysis results, the physical–spatial indicator had the greatest role in enhancing women’s mental health, with an impact coefficient of 0.89. Following this, the indicators of environmental security, socio-cultural, accessibility, and mental health ranked next in terms of influence. These findings emphasize the importance of designing public spaces with a focus on physical and environmental components to promote women’s mental health and highlight the necessity for urban planners to pay attention to these dimensions. The innovation of this research lies in the simultaneous analysis of five key women-friendly city indicators using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and focusing on the city of Ardabil as a localized case, which has received less attention in previous studies.

Abstract Introduction and Purpose: Flânerie, as a complex human practice, emerges from the interplay between the body, soul, and mind within urban environments. This study aims to analyze the multifaceted dimensions of flânerie in Iranian urban spaces, focusing on how spatial design and cultural richness influence physical, spiritual, and mental experiences. It further compares these experiences with those in modern cities.
Methodology: This research adopts a qualitative and interpretive approach within the framework of a constructivist paradigm. Data were collected through urban ethnography, case studies, non-participant field observations, semi-structured interviews with citizens, architects, and urban planning experts, and content analysis of historical and contemporary texts on urban spaces. Thematic analysis was employed to interpret the data.
Findings: The findings reveal that flânerie in Iranian cities transcends mere physical activity, encompassing social, cultural, and spiritual experiences. Traditional spaces such as the Tabriz Bazaar and Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque in Isfahan, with their intricate and human-centered designs, foster social interactions, spiritual reflection, and the reinforcement of cultural identity. Urban green spaces also contribute significantly to stress reduction and the enhancement of mental well-being.
Conclusion: Urban design should integrate flânerie as a holistic experience encompassing physical, spiritual, and mental interactions. This approach can improve urban quality of life, strengthen individual and collective identities, and enhance social cohesion. The findings offer valuable insights for urban designers and managers in creating dynamic, human-centered urban spaces.

Abstract Background and Aim: Heritage concepts with an emphasis on identity reflect the material and non-material lives of societies. Therefore, expanding the scope of tourism, as a field of study, reflects an increasing role in the protection of heritage in parallel with the documentation of museums. In the meantime, the tourism industry's development in the heritage field and economic growth are concerned with protecting cultural resources.
Methods: Thus, investigating the synergy of the tourism industry and intangible heritage will prevent the orientation of passive criteria. Therefore, the present study, to answer the question "What is the synergy effect of intangible heritage and tourism industry on sustainable development?", extracted the development criteria in the House of Museums of the World Heritage Protected Area of Tabriz Historical Bazaar, to explain the insights in acknowledging the relationship between these two articles, from library studies and historical documents approved by experts and specialists of the Cultural Heritage Organization of West Azerbaijan Province. Also, in terms of answering the question "How important are the tourists' experiences of the Tabriz Museum House in the development of tourism?", to measure the visitors' satisfaction with the quality of the infrastructure and resources available in the 8 houses of the museum in the historical area of the case study, structured questionnaires were distributed among 78 tourists on a five-point Likert scale.
Findings and Conclusion: In the integration of the extracted components and analysis of SPSS software with T-test, it was found that if the managers and stakeholders in the field of cultural heritage have a combined attitude towards the synergistic categories of tourism industry and intangible heritage, the procedure of conservation and transfer of intangible cultural heritage in the houses of museums in the study area will be improved.

Abstract  
Background and Aim: This research focuses on the examination of Vernacular Passive Cooling Systems (VPCSs) in traditional buildings situated in Iran’s hot and dry climates. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of these systems in providing thermal comfort without the use of conventional cooling systems. To achieve this goal, the comfort temperature range is determined and compared with the internal temperatures of these buildings. This research involves a review and analysis of studies related to thermal comfort, comfort temperature prediction, and field studies concerning thermal comfort in naturally ventilated indoor spaces. Additionally, it examines validated models for predicting comfort temperature, highlighting their inherent strengths and weaknesses.
Methods and Material: This descriptive-analytical research involves collecting data through library studies and interviews with relevant experts and officials in the studied countries. Data analysis methods include comparative analysis of policies and strategies and case studies of successful countries. Ensuring the accuracy of internal temperature measurements and other climatic variables is crucial, along with the integration of interdisciplinary knowledge from architecture, environmental sciences, and engineering for a comprehensive analysis of passive cooling systems.
Results and Discussion: The results show that passive cooling systems in traditional buildings can provide adequate thermal comfort without conventional cooling systems. These systems utilize natural environmental features and sustainable design to reduce energy consumption and improve environmental sustainability. Optimizing passive cooling techniques can significantly contribute to sustainable development and the preservation of natural resources. A comparative study of active and passive cooling systems also offers a better understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of each.

Abstract Background and Objective: The capacities and capabilities of Sistan and Baluchestan province in terms of geography, natural and economic resources, and potential human resources are many, which, if realized, can bring many advantages to both the province and the region. Given the importance of this issue, the purpose of the present study is to design a social-security development model for Sistan and Baluchestan province.
Methodology: The research method is structural equation modeling and quantitative-survey. The research population consisted of all managers and employees of government organizations in Sistan and Baluchestan province. The sample size was 292 people selected using the Cochran formula. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire and the collected data were analyzed in two descriptive and inferential methods using SPSS 16 and Smart PLS software.
Results and Findings: Seven components play a role in explaining the socio-security development of Sistan and Baluchestan province, which are: economic security, social security, military security, development of justice, development of quality of life, development of social ethics, and finally development of political security. In order to examine the fit of the model, X2, R and RS were examined, and the existence of a low X2 and the ratio of chi-square to the degree of freedom of less than three, as well as the calculated coefficient of determination and adjusted coefficient of determination, indicated a proper fit of the model. Finally, from the summary of the factors, dimensions and components of the socio-security development model of Sistan and Baluchestan province, 4 factors were proposed with high priority. These factors are: first priority: military security, second priority: social security, third priority: development of quality of life, and finally, fourth priority: development of justice. It is hoped that this type of study will be a step towards deepening applied knowledge and improving the socio-security situation of Sistan and Baluchestan province.

Abstract Introduction and Objective: Urban spaces play a significant role in shaping social interactions and strengthening ethnic and religious cohesion. Urmia, with its extensive ethnic and religious diversity, provides an appropriate context for studying these interactions. This research aims to examine the role of spatial patterns in social interactions and ethnic and religious cohesion in the neighborhoods of Delgosha, Eqbal, and Mahdi-al-Qadam (adjacent to Imam Khomeini Street). The theoretical framework of this study is based on Christopher Alexander's Theory of Living Spaces.
Research Method: This study employed a mixed-methods approach (qualitative-quantitative). The statistical population included residents of the Delgosha, Eqbal, and Mahdi-al-Qadam neighborhoods, selected using a random cluster sampling method. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 30 residents and field observations. Quantitative data were gathered using a questionnaire distributed among 200 residents. Data analysis was conducted using Pearson's correlation coefficient and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).
Findings and Conclusion: The results indicated that the spatial and physical characteristics of these neighborhoods significantly influence social interactions. Pearson's correlation coefficient (0.68) suggested a positive relationship between access to public spaces and the level of social interactions. ANOVA results showed a significant difference among the studied neighborhoods (p < 0.05), with the Eqbal neighborhood characterized by diverse ethnic composition exhibiting the highest level of social interactions. Furthermore, 85% of respondents believed that the existing spatial design contributes to strengthening social relationships, while 15% identified factors such as traffic congestion and reduced green spaces as barriers to interaction. The findings of this study emphasize that proper urban space design can lead to increased social interactions, ethnic and religious cohesion, and a strengthened sense of social belonging in multi-ethnic communities like Urmia. In this regard, attention to spatial patterns aligned with the cultural and social characteristics of residents holds particular importance.

Abstract Background and Aim: The COVID-19 outbreak began in late 2019 and rapidly spread globally. The main objective of this study is to investigate the spatial distribution of the coronavirus disease in the five districts of Ardabil city.
Methods and Material: The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. Spatial statistics methods in Arc GIS software were used to analyze the results. The data collection method was library-based, and the statistical population of the study consisted of individuals infected with coronavirus disease in the five districts of Ardabil city in 2020. Statistical methods including central mean, standard deviation ellipse, and nearest neighbor analysis were used to investigate disease distribution patterns.
Results and Discussion: The results show that the spatial distribution of coronavirus disease in different districts of Ardabil city was heterogeneous. In district one, the values are (z-score: 7.72) and (p-value: 0.000), and the distribution of patients was observed as dispersed and regular with a high concentration in the central part of the city. In district two, the values are (z-score: -4.96) and (p-value: 0.00001), showing a clustered pattern with the disease spreading from southwest to northeast. In district three, the values are (z-score: -0.52) and (p-value: 0.6013), and the distribution of patients was random in the northeast direction. In district four, the values are (z-score: -1.96) and (p-value: 0.094), with a clustered distribution of patients from south to north. In district five, the values are (z-score: -3.24) and (p-value: 0.0011), exhibiting a clustered pattern spreading from east to west.

Abstract Background and Objective: Studies show that mental disorders have increased in different societies in recent years. Considering the continuity of human sciences, the combined examination of economic-social factors can contain important policy recommendations. Therefore, this research aims to determine the impact of socio-economic factors on the mental health of neuropsychiatric patients in Ardabil city
Methodology: The current research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-analytical method. The information required in this study has been collected through field and documentary methods. The statistical population of the research corresponds to neuropsychiatric patients in Ardabil city. For data analysis, SPSS and SMART PLS3 software and one-sample t-tests and path confirmation coefficient were used in SMART PLS software.
Findings and Results: According to the research findings based on the structural model, the T-Value statistic for all variables is greater than (1.96) and the confidence level is 95. It is meaningful. and the amount of adjusted variance (AVE) for the economic variable (.331) and the social variable (.428) and there is a significant relationship between economic-social factors with the mental health of the patients, which has the most positive effect that the factors have on the mental health and The mental health of neuropsychiatric patients in Ardabil city is related to social factors and in relation to economic factors, even though this relationship is significant, the better the economic factors and welfare conditions of the patients, the better the mental health, and in patients who They have been studied from the lower strata of the society, this effect has been negative and has caused an increase in mental illness in people. Based on the findings of the research and the opinions of the respondents, the average of all items of socio-economic factors was lower than the experimental average (3), which shows the lack of satisfaction with the life and economic and social conditions of neuropsychiatric patients and these factors ultimately It has caused an increase in stress and aggression and a decrease in mental health among the citizens and a multiple increase in the number of mental and neurological patients in Ardabil city.

Abstract Background and Objective: Urbanization is a global trend that significantly impacts sustainable urban development and the quality of urban life. Assessing urban sprawl is critical for sustainable urban planning and aligns with the key objectives of the United Nations sustainable development goals. The present descriptive-analytical study aims to identify and measure the intensity of urban sprawl in the city of Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq.
Methodology: Using geographic technology and landscape indicators, the study assesses, maps, and quantifies the extent of urban sprawl in Al-Diwaniyah from 1990 to 2024. Therefore, to achieve the desired goal, a supervised machine learning algorithm using a support vector machine (SVM) along with landscape criteria was used. In this regard, first, satellite images for the years 1990, 2000, 2011, 2020, and 2024 were extracted using the Landsat satellite and classified and changes were revealed using the SVM algorithm in ENVI4.8 software. Also, by applying landscape metrics using Fragstats 4.2 software, urban sprawl in the city of Al-Diwaniyah was examined and extracted.
Findings and Conclusion: The results showed that the amount of construction in Al-Diwaniyah city increased from 2069 hectares in 1990 to 4420 hectares in 2024 during the 34-year study period. In other words, the city witnessed a growth of 113.6%. The study also discovered through landscape criteria that all forms of urban sprawl, leapfrog, infill, strip/ribbon, and low density development characterize the urban sprawl pattern in Diwaniyah.

Abstract Background and Objective: In today's world, for the realization of sustainable urban development, creative tourism is considered as a key variable that plays an important role in improving urban sustainability indicators. The present study, focusing on the city of Ahvaz, examines the necessity of how creative tourism can play a role as a powerful tool in improving urban sustainability indicators. By identifying the cultural and artistic potential of the city, it seeks to provide practical solutions to solve environmental, social and economic challenges, and in this way, it draws a path to achieving a sustainable and dynamic city.
Materials and Methods: The statistical population was 1,184,788 citizens of Ahvaz, of whom 384 were selected as a statistical sample using the Cochran formula and studied. Data analysis was performed through correlation analysis and structural equation modeling using SPSS and Smart PLS software.
Findings and Results: The results showed that the research measurement tool has high validity and reliability. The average variance extracted (AVE) values ​​for all constructs are above 0.5 and the composite reliability (CR) and Cronbach's alpha values ​​are also above 0.7, indicating the convergent validity and sufficient internal consistency of the instrument. In confirmatory factor analysis, the factor loadings showed that each sub-index is a strong and valid indicator for its respective construct, as almost all factor loadings were above 0.7. The highest factor loading was related to the "Creativity" sub-index (0.914) and the lowest was related to "Green Space" (0.631). These results confirm that the measurement model has high accuracy and validity.

Abstract Background and Objective: Buildings are considered the leading energy consumers, representing 40% of global energy usage. In Iran, due to insufficient focus on energy issues by both the population and authorities, over 40% of total energy consumption is allocated to this sector. The primary aim of this research is to assess the influence of each design parameter (form, envelope, openings, and roof) from the viewpoint of professionals in this field, focusing on residential apartment designs for energy reduction in Iran’s humid and moderate climate. The secondary goal is to rank these components (form, envelope, openings, and roof) in terms of their energy-saving potential, as advised by experts.
Methodology: This research adopts an applied methodology, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative techniques based on the nature of the data. In the qualitative phase, thematic analysis was employed to prioritize the components and define the critical design elements for reducing energy consumption. Initially, 41 indicators were identified for the four main parameters (form, envelope, openings, and roof). The quantitative phase involved using a questionnaire, with expert feedback ensuring the accuracy of the findings, leading to the identification and ranking of 37 final indicators.
Results and Findings: The results reveal that, from the experts' point of view, to reduce energy consumption in residential apartments in Iran’s humid and moderate climate, the envelope and openings components received the highest rankings, with weights of 0.383 and 0.312, respectively. Among envelope elements, the highest weight was given to avoiding metal materials. For openings, the most significant factor was the optimal placement of windows. In terms of roof design, the most valued element was the use of sloped roofs, while for form, the spacing between buildings ranked the highest. Experts in this field suggest that following the prioritization proposed in this study could effectively contribute to lowering energy consumption in residential apartments in the target climate.

Abstract Background and Objective: The phenomenon of marginalization, as one of the major challenges in Iranian metropolises, not only reflects spatial inequalities but also paves the way for various forms of social exclusion. This study was conducted to analyze the relationship between informal settlements and social exclusion, emphasizing the mediating role of social capital in the metropolis of Mashhad.
Methodology: This research employed a mixed-methods (quantitative-qualitative) design. The statistical population consisted of residents of informal settlements in Mashhad, from which 500 individuals were selected through stratified random sampling. Quantitative data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire, and qualitative data were gathered through 20 semi-structured interviews. Quantitative data analysis was performed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), while qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis.
Results and Findings: Quantitative findings revealed that informal settlements have a direct and positive effect on social exclusion (β = 0.59), and social capital exerts a significant negative effect on social exclusion (β = -0.42). Furthermore, social capital plays a significant mediating role in the relationship between informal settlements and social exclusion. Qualitative findings uncovered three main themes: pervasive structural deprivation, social isolation and experience of discrimination, and weakness of support networks. Exploratory factor analysis also identified three factors contributing to informal settlements: economic poverty and employment issues, migration and lack of urban services, and lack of legal ownership. The findings indicate that informal settlements lead to social exclusion through both direct and indirect pathways (via social capital). This study suggests that urban policies should focus not only on physical interventions but also on strengthening bridging social capital and establishing participatory local institutions. The results of this research can serve as a basis for equity-oriented planning in similar metropolises.

Abstract Background and Objective:Rapid population growth and urbanization have created multiple challenges for the quality of life and livability in cities, particularly in Iranian cities such as Bonab. These challenges manifest in deteriorated urban fabric, informal settlements, and spatial inequalities that adversely affect residents' well-being. This study aims to evaluate the physical-spatial livability status of Bonab’s neighborhoods across different urban zones, focusing on deteriorated/informal and non-deteriorated areas, and to prioritize neighborhoods for targeted planning interventions.
Methodology: This descriptive-analytical research was conducted using documentary data and field surveys in 15 neighborhoods of Bonab. Data were collected via questionnaires distributed among residents and analyzed using SPSS software. The physical-spatial indicators included building quality, transportation networks, accessibility to services, street quality, and urban landscape. Neighborhoods were ranked based on the Integrated Development Index (DI) using the Morris method.
Findings and Results: Results indicate that deteriorated fabric and informal settlements are primarily concentrated in the southern and southeastern parts of Bonab, characterized by poor building materials and low physical quality. In contrast, northern and some central neighborhoods such as Kouy-e Shahrdari (DI=0.85), Shahrak-e Emam-Khanom Baghi (DI=0.79), and Farhangian 1 (DI=0.78) show better physical-spatial conditions. Neighborhoods including Aghdash (DI=0.15), Dizaj Shomali (DI=0.20), Dizaj Jonubi (DI=0.27), and Akbarabad (DI=0.31) rank lowest in livability and require urgent prioritized interventions. The study emphasizes the urgent need for planning and rehabilitation in Bonab’s southern and southeastern neighborhoods to improve physical-spatial deficiencies and enhance urban livability.

Abstract Background and Objective: Financing is a critical pillar for the growth and sustainability of small and medium enterprises (SMEs), which play a key role in job creation, GDP growth, and innovation. In East and West Azerbaijan provinces, despite potentials such as border locations and free trade zones, SMEs face challenges like complex loan acquisition processes, heavy collateral requirements, and high interest rates. This study aims to identify, analyze, and rank factors affecting SME financing in these provinces to provide practical guidance for policymakers.
Methodology: This study employed a mixed-method (qualitative-quantitative) approach. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews with 18 experts (purposively selected) and thematic analysis using Jupyter Notebook identified initial factors. In the quantitative phase, data from 100 SME managers were analyzed using DEMATEL and DANP techniques. Calculations were performed in Python, with reliability (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.918) and validity (factor analysis explaining 69.9% of variance) confirmed.
Results and Findings: Key factors include access to loans (weight: 0.076602), government support (weight: 0.077008), and financial credit (weight: 0.076977). Critical components identified include a detailed business plan and managerial experience. It is recommended to enhance SME access through flexible financing and targeted support.The study’s innovation lies in using DEMATEL and DANP to analyze complex relationships in the specific context of these provinces, offering a practical framework for policymaking that can serve as a model for other regions.

Abstract Background and Objective: The present study aimed to design a model for the development of horse tourism in Khuzestan province based on databased theory. This study was conducted using a qualitative method by conducting semi-structured interviews with 15 professors and specialists in sports and youth departments who were selected using a purposive sampling method.
Methodology: The method of collecting information was through the study of previous research and conducting semi-structured interviews. To examine the face and content validity, the research findings were presented to the participants and they studied the text of the theory and then their opinions were applied. The method used to examine reliability was the intra-subject agreement method. The average intra-subject agreement was reported to be 0.83.
 Results and findings: : Based on a comprehensive analysis of interviews, the development of horse tourism in Khuzestan province is influenced by causal factors (human resources, economy, management), contextual conditions (infrastructure, security, environmental attractions), effective strategies (planning, participation, monitoring), and intervening factors (environment, technology, education). The successful development of this industry will lead to positive outcomes such as economic growth, social advancement, entrepreneurship, and cultural enrichment. Therefore, it is suggested that in order to develop horse tourism, considering the identified factors, focusing on improving infrastructure, strengthening management and strategic planning, and paying attention to intervening factors (environment, technology, education), the ground should be prepared for the active participation of stakeholders and benefiting from positive economic, social, and cultural outcomes.

Abstract Background and Objective: In recent decades, digital transformations and globalization have created novel opportunities for digital startups to expand beyond national borders. In Iran, despite the remarkable growth of the startup ecosystem and a young, talented human resource pool, the internationalization process of these companies faces multifaceted challenges, including economic and political sanctions, financial restrictions, and weak international networks. These barriers threaten the success of startups in global markets and underscore the need for a systematic analysis of influencing factors. The objective of this research is to identify and model key factors affecting the internationalization process of Iranian digital startups, focusing on barriers, opportunities, and interrelationships, to provide a practical conceptual framework for stakeholders such as policymakers, investors, and entrepreneurs.
Methodology: This study employs a mixed-methods qualitative-quantitative approach. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 24 experts from Iran's startup ecosystem (using snowball sampling until saturation), identifying influencing factors and categorizing them into 6 dimensions and 41 components via thematic analysis (using MaxQDA software). In the quantitative phase, inter-dimensional relationships were analyzed using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and a self-interaction matrix, with model stability assessed through MICMAC analysis.
Results and Findings: The findings reveal six main dimensions: strategic and business model, marketing and customer interaction, cultural and international, infrastructural and legal, human resources and team, and supportive and financial. Marketing and cultural factors rank at the first level (linkage and vital), infrastructural and human at the second (autonomous), and financial at the third (independent). The ISM model emphasizes that successful internationalization requires a focus on cultural adaptation and marketing strategies, while financial and infrastructural supports play a facilitating role. The results urge policymakers to strengthen international networks and cultural empowerment, offering suggestions for future research such as comparative analyses and the role of emerging technologies. This model provides a practical framework to accelerate the internationalization of Iranian startups.

Abstract Background and Aim: Water is one of the most important and fundamental factors for the life of living organisms, in this regard, one of the most important categories that affects it is alteration and mineralization. In this regard, the soils of the northwest of Meshginshahr, which have been exposed to mineralization and alteration processes, contain large amounts of toxic and heavy elements that affect the water quality of this region. On this basis, the aim of the present study is to study the level of contamination of water in wells, springs and rivers by heavy metals in alteration and mineralization areas in the northwest of Meshginshahr.
Methods and Material: In the present study, library and field studies have been used as needed. Based on these data, a hydrographic map of the region was prepared using topographic maps (1:250,000, 1:50,000) and aerial photographs (1:20,000). In the following work process, water sampling was carried out from 3 sources: wells, springs and rivers, and existing standards (WHO) were used for chemical analysis of these samples. In this regard, sampling was carried out from 20 points of wells, springs, waterways and the Qara Su River in altered and non-altered areas.
Results and Findings: Studies conducted based on the Piper, Wilcox, Schuler diagrams and also the Stiff diagram showed that most of the waters in the study area are undesirable, non-potable and harmful for agriculture. The Langier coefficient also indicates very high sedimentation to corrosion. Another part of the research findings was based on the geochemical behavior of the elements (iron, arsenic, copper, molybdenum, lead, antimony and zinc). Studies conducted in this regard also showed that in most cases the waters under study contain more elements than the permitted limit and the declared standard. However, regarding the lead element, all the water samples in the area have a desirable quality compared to the recommended standard for irrigation.The results obtained from the chemical analysis of the waters in the studied area show that the groundwater of the alteration areas is mainly sulfated, magnesium and calcium, and with the intensification of alteration, the amount of earth elements and strong acids also increases. Most of the waters of the mineralization and alteration areas are among the undesirable and poorly known waters and are also harmful for drinking and agriculture. The high content of sulfate ions, low pH and high corrosiveness of these types of waters are among the factors that make them undesirable. Considering the pollution that has occurred in the surface and groundwater of the area, the purification of drinking water for the residents of the area can play an effective role in reducing the transfer of toxic metals to the biological cycle.

Abstract Background and Objective: Rapid urbanization and growing socio-economic inequalities in medium-sized Iranian cities like Bonab have led to spatial duality and reduced urban livability. This study aims to evaluate the factors affecting socio-cultural livability disparities in neighborhoods located within two distinct zones of Bonab: the worn-out texture–informal settlements (south and southeast) and the non-worn-out texture (central and northern) areas.
Methodology: This descriptive-analytical and exploratory study utilized data gathered through field questionnaires and documentary sources. The sample size was determined using Cochran’s formula. Data normality was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Statistical analyses, including one-sample t-tests and one-way ANOVA, were conducted using SPSS software, while GIS was employed to map the spatial distribution of the data.
Findings and Results: TheThe results revealed that the average socio-cultural index in the non-worn-out texture zone (mean: 3/47) was significantly higher than that in the worn-out texture–informal settlements zone (mean: 2/98). Only a few worn-out neighborhoods exhibited relatively favorable conditions. Spatial analysis further demonstrated a declining trend in livability quality from central and northern areas toward the southern and southeastern neighborhoods. According to ANOVA, the most influential factors affecting livability were security (determination coefficient: 0/740), health quality (0/694), and education quality (0/682). Additionally, the uneven distribution of educational, cultural, and recreational centers within the worn-out zone has intensified livability inequalities.

Abstract Background and Objective: Roads are one of the most fundamental means of communication between humans, states, and cultures. Throughout different historical periods, roads have always played an important role in creating links between human societies and transmitting cultures, and their existence has been a political requirement for the development of civilizations.
Methodology: The present study, using a historical-archaeological approach, examines the spatial pattern and functions of the road system in northwest Iran during the Seljuk and Timurid periods. Due to its location at the intersection of the Central Iranian Plateau with the Caucasus and Asia Minor, this region has always been at the center of Iran's political and economic developments.
Results and Findings: The findings of the present study indicate that during the Seljuk period, the concentration of power and bureaucratic authority led to the formation of a coherent network of safe roads and road bases following a radial-centralized pattern; While in the Timurid period, with the transfer of the political center to Soltanieh and the expansion of the economic role of Tabriz, the road network acquired a multi-focal nature and encompassed diverse communication areas. Spatial and functional analysis of the data indicates that the dynamics of the road network were more than anything else subject to three key factors: the stability of the central government, the adaptation of the structure of the routes to natural features, and the level of prosperity of urban trade; finally, the road management pattern of northwestern Iran can be considered a reflection of the spatial organization of power and the mechanism of continuity of security and economy in the Islamic Middle Ages.