Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS)

Abstract Background and Objective: Urban public services are key elements in shaping the physical, social, and spatial structure of cities. In many urban Regions, especially in developing countries, access to services such as healthcare, education, transportation, and infrastructure is significantly unequal. The main objective of this study is to identify the key factors contributing to inequality in the provision of public services in the study area Urmia city and to develop future-oriented scenarios using futures research tools.
Methodology:This applied futures study employs a descriptive, analytical, and exploratory research approach. In the first stage, the TOPSIS ranking model was used to evaluate and rank the five urban regions based on their level of public services. Subsequently, possible future scenarios were generated using the MicMac and Scenario Wizard software.
Results and Findings: The results indicate that Region Five has the highest level of desirability, Regions One and Four are in a moderate state, and Regions Two and Three are in an unfavorable condition. Scenario analysis reveals two contrasting paths: a favorable scenario characterized by transparency, anti-corruption measures, and equitable resource distribution, which leads to reduced service gaps and improved access; and a crisis scenario marked by budget concentration in select Regions and institutional weakness, which intensifies inequalities. The study underscores the urgent need for action to address disparities in public service distribution and to ensure equitable access to essential urban facilities for all citizens, regardless of geographic location or economic status.

Abstract Investigating and analyzing motivations of tourists are some of the most important sections in tourism industry with the purpose of giving appropriate services to the travelers. Health tourism is a type of tourism which plays a main role in tourism development. Lake Urmia is one of the best tourist attractions from natural and adventurous view. Therefore, we can provide the conditions for the growth of tourism and regional development in different aspects with an approach of resource conservation if we recognize the potential of this area and make strategies for future. In order to do it better, it’s required to recognize the motivations of the tourists. So, the main aim of this paper is to investigate the motivations of tourists in Lake Urmia. The population of research includes all the travelers to Urmia City that 384 of them were chosen as the sample by the table of Krejcie and Morgan. The data was gathered by the use of questionnaires (with 0.925 Cronbach’s Alpha) of Alizadeh Sani et al. The questionnaires were given to the tourists by Cluster Sampling Method. To analyze the data, Confirmatory Factor Analysis was done in SPSS software. The findings reveal that 8 repulsive motivational factors of gain of knowledge and cure for diseases, increase of communications, thinking and taking advice, pursuit of peacefulness, increase of social cycle, sightseeing, meditations and getting to know with other cultures and also 4 attracting motivational factors of easy and various access to services, adventures, history and culture, and events and activities are recognized as the most important motivational factors among health tourist of Lake Urmia

Abstract Background and Aim: Tourism, which is called a green industry in today's world, is a way to transfer culture and civilization from one society to another; In that process there are many positive economic, social, political, environmental and cultural effects. Every tourism destination offers different products and services to attract tourists. The success of a region in the tourism industry is not only limited to show the unique attractions, but also depends on various factors such as the level of awareness and knowledge about those attractions. The aim of this paper is to determine the level of awareness of tourists with the local attractions and the level of their familiarity with the attractions and its relationship with the frequency of visiting.
Methods: The research method is applied in terms of purpose, and descriptive-analytical in terms of research methodology, which was carried out using library-documentary and field study. The statistical population includes all of the people of Chabahar city and tourists who came to visit this city; 382 people were studied using Cochran's sample size method. The field data of the research was collected using a questionnaire and SPSS19 software was used for data analysis and Pearson correlation test was used to test the hypotheses.
Findings and Conclusion: The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the level of awareness and frequency of visits and the tourists’ tendency to visit attractions. The level of visit of attractions increases by enhancement of awareness on attractions. The results also showed that the most common way of familiarity with the city attractions is the word of mouth advertising (53.7%).

Abstract Background and Objective: The Tehran-Alborz urban complex faces numerous environmental problems due to its large population and rapid urbanization growth. Thus, planning for the development of human activities should be done in a way that causes the least damage to the region and its urban environment. In the present study, strategic planning and identification of environmental strategies were addressed in the macro-vision of the development of the Tehran-Alborz urban complex with the aim of achieving optimal management in the exploitation of natural resources.
Methodology: In this study, management strategies in sustainable urban development planning were identified and formulated using the SWOT-PESTLE model. The methodological steps of the present study include "identifying and analyzing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats", "preparing an internal and external evaluation matrix", "scoring internal and external factors in the form of a 5-point Likert scale", "determining strategic position (SO, ST, WO, WT)", "formulating and prioritizing strategies according to the opinions of specialists and experts and using the ANP weighting model.
Results and Findings: According to the results, among the internal and external factors, threat points have the highest score with a sum of -0.525. Also, external factors (opportunities and threats) with a total score of 0.091 have a higher score than internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) with a total score of 0.042. Also, the proportion of strategies in each of the strategic areas includes 29 percent of the status quo strategy (WT), 24 percent of the participatory development and empowerment strategy (WO), 26 percent of the performance improvement strategy (ST), and finally 23 percent of the comprehensive development strategy (SO). Therefore, the strategic position of the Tehran-Alborz urban complex is equivalent to the "WT" strategy, considering the percentage allocated to each of the strategies. According to the strategies presented in this study, the strategic and management planning of the Tehran-Alborz urban complex strives to help planners and decision-makers achieve integrated management and formulate development models based on the ecological potential and biological capacities of the region and control and manage environmental threats to protect natural areas and biological resources for the benefit of present and future generations.

Abstract Background and Objective: Optimal location selection for agricultural areas refers to the process of identifying the best lands for crop cultivation while considering various factors such as climatic conditions, soil properties, and water resources to enhance productivity and sustainability. This study aims to identify suitable agricultural areas in Ardabil County by utilizing remote sensing data and the Analytical Network Process (ANP).

Methodology: In this research, environmental factors influencing agriculture were first identified and classified into four main categories: topography (elevation, slope, aspect), climate (temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration), water resources (surface runoff, soil moisture, groundwater reserves, distance from streams), and land cover (soil texture, land use, NDVI). Satellite data from reliable sources such as MODIS, CHIRPS, GRACE, Landsat 8, and TerraClimate were used, and necessary analyses were conducted within the Google Earth Engine environment. The weighting of criteria was carried out using Super Decisions software and ANP analysis. Finally, the optimal agricultural area map was generated using ArcGIS software.

Findings and Conclusion: The results of the study indicated that the western and southeastern regions of Ardabil County have high potential for sustainable agriculture due to favorable climatic conditions, adequate water resources, and suitable topography. In these areas, factors such as elevation, precipitation, soil moisture, and slope have had positive impacts on agricultural growth and productivity. In contrast, the central and eastern regions face more challenges in agriculture due to reduced precipitation, low elevation, and limited water resources. The increase in evapotranspiration and the lack of groundwater reserves highlight the need for modern irrigation methods and the cultivation of drought-resistant crops in these areas.

Abstract Background and Aim: In recent years, paying attention to inefficient tissues and recognizing the damage caused in the body and city space has become a serious issue, which necessitates finding appropriate models and methods in order to improve the physical and social dimensions., economic and environmental has made inefficient tissues more necessary. In this regard, the current research was conducted with the aim of pathology of dysfunctional tissues in Urmia city.
Methods and Material: The present research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of data collection, and the field-library method was used to collect information. In this research, infrastructure security risk assessment (FMEA technique) has been used in the first place to identify the risks of inefficient structures in Urmia city, specify the risk priority number and determine the operators, and in the next place, the BWM model has been used to check the amount The compatibility of indicators and their calibration have been used.
Results and Discussion: The investigations carried out in the form of FMEA technique have shown that out of 34 damages with 8 potential effects (vulnerability to earthquakes, increase in social disorder, increase in pollution, decrease in belongingness, physical conflict, financial-financial disability of residents, managerial weakness, weakness in event management) have a significant level of risk and the results of the BWM model have shown that improving the quantity and quality of the platforms for holding ceremonies and historical-cultural events (recreation based on the model event-oriented) and accurate identification of events in worn-out tissues are placed in the first priority of organizing inefficient tissues of Urmia city.

Abstract Recognition of spatial inequality and regional imbalances in the context of different geographical areas and policy-making to eliminate and reduce item is one of the most important categories of regional planning. The dimensions of spatial inequality in various economic, social, medical, and other fields are debatable. Therefore, achieving comprehensive progress and development in the future requires recognizing the position of regions and areas in different dimensions. In this regard, the present study has been conducted to measure the spatial inequality of the metropolitan area of Ahvaz in terms of possessing a combination of development indicators. According to the studied components, the article approach of this study is "descriptive-analytical". This study tries to determine rating and measuring of inequalities amone the regions of Ahvaz city using 54 variables and applying the ELECTRE model. The results of this study show that the distribution of development is unbalanced and there are inequality and gap between regions in terms of development, and this inequality appears to be in different sectors of social, economic, service, health, and physical. According to the results of the electrical technique, region 2 is at the level of enjoyment, region 1 and 3 are at the level of semi-enjoyment, region 4 is at the level of low enjoyment, and regions 6, 7, and 8 are in the category of deprived or lack of enjoyment; Therefore, to reduce the level of development inequalities in Ahvaz؛based on the research findings, it is suggested that the distribution of development indicators Should be directed towards balanced growth.

Abstract Context and purpose: Citizen Responsibility provides a platform for civic participation and through that, improving the social dimensions of urban development issues. Although citizen participation has been explored by many scientific researches, citizenship responsibility as the internal motivation of citizens to participate is still not well known. This research tries to discover the indicators related to the responsibility of citizens and examine them depending on the two old and new urban contexts.
Research method: This research chose a quantitative research method with a questionnaire in response to what variables have the greatest impact on the responsiveness of citizens and whether the residents of the old and new urban fabric show different levels of responsibility. Effective criteria were extracted based on theoretical studies and Delphi method by a number of university professors and completed in the form of a questionnaire including 24 questions among 300 people present in the old and new context of the city.
Findings and conclusions: The findings show that the residents of the new context of Kazeroon show a significant difference in responsibility with 0.55 compared to the residents of the old context with 0.09 and variables such as the conscientiousness of citizens, their civic participation and the informativeness of the living environment have a significant effect. It will have an effect on the researched variable. As it is known, some of these variables are related to the environment and some are related to the psychological and personal characteristics of each citizen. Therefore, by modeling the different conditions of the new context, it is possible to provide the conditions for more responsibility of citizens in different urban contexts, at least physically.

Abstract In Shahin Shahr, measures have been taken regarding the electronic city by the municipality, this city has been designated as a smart city pilot in the country and it moves among the smart cities with the slogan: smart citizen, smart city and smart municipality. The dry structure of urban management in the city of Shahin Shahr and insufficient understanding of the capabilities of information and communication technology have caused the slowness of smart building in Shahin Shahr. The main purpose of the current research was to identify the most important indicators of smart city development in Shahinshahr Municipality's Urban Development and Architecture Vice-Chancellor. Therefore, the method of this descriptive-analytical and survey research was chosen. In the first step of the research, a list of primary factors that play a role in the development of the smart city in Shahin Shahr municipality's urban planning and architecture department, were identified as research variables, using documentary sources and previous researches and experts' Delphi questionnaire. In the following, by using the mutual effects analysis method and Micmac software, the influence of primary factors on each other was evaluated in the form of experts' questionnaire. The results of the studies show that seven key factors play a role in the development of the smart city in ShahinShahr Municipality's Urban Planning and Architecture Deputy.  These seven factors include the improvement of access to services with the help of technology, the level of political participation of citizens, the level of satisfaction with the transparency of bureaucracy, the creation of a network platform for the cooperation of all stakeholders, the availability of software and hardware infrastructures, the use of information technology in order to reduce The process is based on paper and providing online public services to citizens.

Abstract Background and Objective: Determining the optimal distribution of land uses and service centers is an issue frequently encountered by urban planners. Due to the rapid population growth and urban sprawl, problems such as insufficient and inappropriate spatial distribution of land uses have emerged. The lack of proper spatial distribution of secondary education facilities in Zabol city has led to numerous challenges, including incompatibility, limited access, and inadequate open spaces. Many of the city's educational spaces lack the essential characteristics of a suitable learning environment. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the spatial-temporal distribution of secondary education facilities in Zabol city.
Methodology: The methodology of this research is descriptive-analytical, based on library and document studies. After gathering field data and information, spatial distribution, school location, and functional coverage radius of secondary schools in Zabol were analyzed using GIS and SPSS. The study identified schools that were located outside the coverage radius of existing schools and in proximity to incompatible land uses.
Findings and Conclusion: The results of the analysis indicate that nearly 50% of the secondary schools in Zabol do not meet standard criteria and are in suboptimal conditions in terms of their proximity to incompatible land uses, accessibility, building conditions, and open spaces. Overall, based on the research findings, it can be concluded that the spatial-temporal distribution of secondary education centers in Zabol city faces numerous issues.  Reforms in urban policy, improved access to schools, and enhancement of the educational environment can lead to improved educational conditions and the well-being of students in the city.

Abstract Background and Aim: Strengthening rural entrepreneurship as an effective lever in accelerating economic growth and social empowerment plays an important role in the process of rural development. Meanwhile, there are capabilities and obstacles that by identifying them, in addition to the growth and development of entrepreneurship among rural communities, can provide the grounds for achieving sustainable development. Considering the place of entrepreneurship in the process of rural development and the need to identify obstacles and challenges in this field, the aim of this research is to identify the obstacles and challenges of entrepreneurship development in Zafarabad Village, the results of which will help strengthen entrepreneurship and economic development of the studied area.
Methods: The current research is of applied type, and its research method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the research is 567 people of Zafarabad village, according to Morgan's standard table, 200 people were selected as a sample. A systematic random method is used to select the samples. In order to understand the basic variables of the research and summarize them, factor analysis model (varimax rotation method) is used for confirmatory and exploratory purposes. In this method, after removing the ineffective items, the most important effective factors in the capabilities and obstacles of entrepreneurship development in the village are identified and analyzed in order of priorities.
Findings and Conclusion: The results of the research showed that this village has the potential and capabilities of entrepreneurship, but the level of entrepreneurship development in it is low, among the existing obstacles, individual factors have the greatest impact on the development of rural entrepreneurship in the studied area.

Abstract Background and Objective: Teleworking and urbanization with the theme of home coriander is one of the newest challenges facing the cities of the world in the 21st century. According to the uncertainty index Covid 19 disease, the largest modern urbanization event in recent years. Therefore, here is housing as a spatial crystallization and physical embodiment of human residential activity in these conditions and occurs. On the one hand, the quality of housing, in terms of the impact it has on health, safety and good living conditions, has a direct and significant effect on the well-being of the people. On the other hand, telecommuting continues to operate in the smallest urban unit (housing) using digital tools and cyberspace.
Methodology: The present study uses descriptive, field and analytical research methods in the most critical example of urban infrastructure, namely the staff of ABFA Dezful by combining three issues of telecommuting caused by Corona, housing and the virtual world, it has investigated the issue. It should be noted that the findings were done in the form of a questionnaire with the entire statistical population of this organization after confirmation of validity and reliability.
Results and findings: To analyze the findings, exploratory factor analysis technique, weight homogeneity measurement and Grafer, Visio, Excel, GIS and SPSS software were used. Research findings have shown Teleworking of employees only as a job (22.42), number of rooms in housing for Corona teleworking (13.83), private space (comfort) housing for Corona teleworking (11/13), internet status in housing for Corona teleworking (9/16), access and quality of mobile phones in housing for corona telework (9/10), TV efficiency in housing for corona telework (7/16), interference in the use of equipment in housing for corona telework (8/8) 5) The most and the most influential variables for housing health it has been a virus for staff telecommuting in coronary conditions.

Abstract Background and Aim: Urban heat islands (UHIs) are a growing concern in metropolitan areas, leading to temperature differences between urban centers and surrounding areas due to various ecological, morphological, topographical, and demographic factors. Major Iranian cities have undergone rapid land-use transformations and expanding urbanization, facing the challenge of UHIs.
Methods:  This study investigates UHIs in Tabriz, focusing on District 1, Neighborhood 1 as the first area and District 6, Neighborhood 4 as the second area. The study employed Landsat 8 remote sensing images to analyze UHIs in Tabriz, Iran. The images were acquired for the summer season, representing the period of maximum UHI intensity. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was calculated to assess vegetation cover, while land surface temperature (LST) was derived using the single-channel algorithm. Morphological indicators were extracted from OpenStreetMap data.
Findings and Conclusion: The study aims to extract, locate, and analyze UHIs in the study area using specific formulas and prepare relevant maps, focusing on ecological and morphological indicators. The minimum and maximum temperatures in District 1 were 15.88°C and 37.65°C, respectively, while in District 6, they were 24.11°C and 40.87°C. Analyzing the extracted maps based on the selected ecological indicators (vegetation cover, wind, solar radiation, and elevation) and morphological indicators (building height, building density, building façade, and building roofs) in both districts, we concluded that District 1 is cooler due to several factors: higher elevation, better reception of prevailing northeastern winds, more suitable street orientations, lower building heights (mostly one-story), and a higher prevalence of reflective roofs compared to District 6. Although District 6 has better vegetation cover and lower building density.

Abstract Background and Objective: Urban differential refers to a key phenomenon in urban geography and planning that expresses differences, inequalities, and spatial – socio – economic discontinuities within a city or between different areas of an urban area. The city of shanderman ,located in gilan province in northern iran , is known as one of the important and historical cities of this region with its unique features.
Methodology: the present study uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods to examine the urban differential in shanderman from 1365-1400, this study was a descriptive –analytical study that focused on the small population,access to public services ,immigration,unemployment rate,and also on the hierarchical system of ranking and position of the city of shanderman among the cities of Gilan province,qualitative data that shows the depth of the issue ,including semi-structured interriews with experts and scholars,as well as a paradigmatic model,was used to identify causal ,contextual, and intervening conditions.
Findings and Conclusion: the data in integration shows that investment in health and education has been insufficient and local governance, as an effective factor in this field, has deepened socio -economic issues for this region due to the lack of balanced budget allocation. this in balance has caused the central parts of the city to be at the top of the pyramid in terms of health and education services, access to services, and welfare levels, which the peripheral and rural areas of the city are in a weaker position in terms of access to facilities such as small productive industries and welfare and education services.

Abstract Background and Objective: Urban megaprojects, as driving forces of transformation, play a decisive role in shaping the structure of cities; however, their impacts on the sustainable development of surrounding neighborhoods are complex and sometimes contradictory. The establishment of the Grand Mosalla of Tehran in the Abbas Abad neighborhood, in addition to significant physical changes, has led to the emergence of a paradox between economic prosperity and the quality of life of residents, which necessitates a scientific investigation of its underlying components. This study aims to identify and analyze the components affecting local sustainable development around Tehran’s Mosalla and to examine the interrelationships among these components.
Methodology: In terms of nature, the research is descriptive–analytical, and in terms of purpose, it is applied. Field data were collected through a researcher-designed questionnaire from 384 residents of the Abbas Abad neighborhood. To analyze the data and extract the latent dimensions of the project’s impacts, statistical tests including the t-test, factor analysis, and Pearson correlation analysis were employed using statistical software.
Results and Findings: The results of the factor analysis revealed that the impacts of the project can be classified into nine main factors encompassing infrastructural, economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Moreover, the findings of the correlation analysis indicated a significant relationship between infrastructural and economic growth and environmental challenges as well as demographic changes. In other words, although the presence of the Mosalla has led to increased employment, improved services, and physical transformations, this development process has simultaneously been accompanied by a reduction in green space per capita, increased pollution, and the displacement of the indigenous population. The study concludes that achieving sustainable development in this neighborhood requires managing the conflict between the components of economic growth and the preservation of environmental quality and social stability.

Abstract Background and Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the geotourism potential of Germi County using Kirchner and Gam models. The study area is located in the geographical range of 38 degrees and 50 minutes to 39 degrees and 10 minutes north latitude from the equator and 47 degrees and 25 minutes to 48 degrees and 12 minutes east longitude from the Greenwich meridian.
Methodology:. In this study, first the geomorphological and geological features of Germi County were identified and analyzed. The necessary data were collected from various sources including geological maps, satellite images, and field studies. Then, using the Kirchner model, the geotourism potential of different areas of the county was evaluated. This model determines the ability to attract tourists using criteria such as geological diversity, accessibility to attractions, and environmental quality. In the next step, the Generalized Linear Analysis (GAM) method was used to analyze and predict the effects of different variables on geotourism capabilities. This method allows for the examination of nonlinear relationships between variables and can help identify factors affecting tourist attraction.
Findings and results: A review of the geotourism indices of the regions shows that the Sholler Waterfall in Darreh Si has the highest score with a score of 35.11 in terms of the GAM model. This region has an incremental value of 33.3, while its conservation value of 68.1 points indicates the need for further protection to preserve this natural resource. The results of the Kirchner model calculations also show that the Shule-Lor waterfall in Darreh-e-S has obtained a total score of (2.190). Also, in this geosite, the scientific value is the highest with (0.650) points and the conservation value is the lowest with (0.225) points.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that some specific areas of Germi County have high potential to attract tourists, especially the areas around hot springs and mountainous areas with beautiful natural landscapes. This study also examines the challenges and obstacles in the development of geotourism in Germi County and provides suggestions for improving infrastructure, effective advertising, and educating local communities. Finally, it is suggested that the analysis and evaluation of the geotourism capabilities of Germi County be based on artificial intelligence and geotourism occurrence models.

Abstract Abstract
One of the serious problems that many Iranian cities are facing is the wear and tear of urban fabrics. Exhaustion represents the existence of conditions that threaten human life in different dimensions. The main goal of the current research is to investigate and evaluate the resilience of the physical components of the worn-out urban fabric in the city of Masjid Suleiman. This research has been done as a theoretical-applied study based on descriptive-analytical method. The method of collecting information is a combination of library and field methods. In this study, reliable domestic and foreign scientific sources and conversations with experts were used. In addition, by using a researcher-made questionnaire and using the fuzzy hierarchical weighting method (FAHP) and using Buckley's geometric mean technique, the relative weights of the criteria were calculated. Based on the results obtained, most of the variables affecting physical resilience such as: building skeleton, material type, number of floors, age of the building, building quality, number of units and width of the corridors of the worn-out fabric of the city of Suleiman Mosque are non-resilient or with low resilience and based on Among the 7 studied indicators, the studied area in the city of Masjid Suleiman is not in a favorable condition. In fact, it can be said that more than half of the worn fabric in Masjid Suleiman city (80.2%) has unfavorable resilience. The order of influence of physical resilience components in the worn-out fabric of Suleiman Mosque, based on their weights, from low to high, is: number of units, number of floors, width of passages, age of building, quality of building, structure of building and type of materials.
Key words: evaluation, physical resilience, worn tissue, Masjid Suleiman city

Abstract Background and Objective: Today, considering that social health has different effects both at the individual and family level and at the social level, paying attention to women's social health as the first caregivers of family and community health is of great importance.Thus, this study examines the effect of gender inequality on women’n social health.
Methodology: The method used in this research is survey,data were collected using a questionnaire and random sampling method from 138 women working in the Behzisti (Welfare)organization.The validiy of the tool was confirmed by content validity method and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability and the data were analyzed using SPSS 25 and LISREL 8.8 software. The impact of women’s social health (as a dependent variable)has been measured in 5 dimensions of social solidarity ,social cohesion, social prosperity ,social acceptance and social participation from an independent variable(gender inequality).
Findings and Conclusion: According to the results of inferential statistics tests in this study, it can be claimed with 99% probability that the variable of patriarchal ideology (social factor of inequality), gender stereotypes in textbooks and mass media and religiosity (cultural factors of inequality) have a negative effect. And is significant on all 5 dimensions of women's social health and the variables of job rank, family social status, level of education, age (underlying factors of inequality), personal income and the amount of personal property of women (economic factors of inequality) have a positive and significant effect. It focuses on all 5 dimensions of women's social health but, the variable of marital status (one of the underlying factors of inequality) is not effective in women's social health (for the four dimensions of social prosperity, social participation, social adaptation and social cohesion) and only in the dimension of "social acceptance" which averages four different groups. Therefore, the marital status variable only affects the "social acceptance" dimension of social health.

Abstract Introduction: As educational centers, universities play an important role in the development of society and the promotion of sustainable concepts. Despite their size, the green spaces and landscape of universities, including the University of Tabriz, were less welcomed by students. The aim of this study is to improve the design of university open spaces and to identify the qualitative components of these spaces. The university landscape, including green spaces, plays an important role in communication between students and also provides them with opportunities to rest and study.
Method and Material: The research was conducted through semi-structured interviews with 10 experts (architects, landscape architects and urban planners) and focused on the role of green spaces in reducing stress, promoting social interactions and increasing visual appeal. The results indicate that university open spaces should be designed as social places for student exchange and interaction. It is recommended to design rooms with unobstructed views, beautiful visual quality, a calm environment and the use of native elements and compatible plants.
Result and discussion: The results show that the design of university open spaces should be viewed as a social place for students' social exchange. Creating publicly accessible spaces, increasing social oversight, eliminating low-canopy species, or mass planting can have an impact on the environment.
Conclusion: These changes can have a positive impact on students' mental and physical recovery and increase their mental readiness to learn, as well as increase social interactions and improve student culture. These insights can be used for better planning and management of university campuses.

Abstract Background and Objective: In recent years, with increasing energy costs, global warming, and the need for greater attention to the environment, attention to investment in renewable energies such as wind energy has increased sharply. Wind energy is a significant opportunity for economic growth. Investment in wind energy infrastructure can improve employment, attract investment, and stimulate economic activities in areas where wind resources are abundant. Consequently, studying the impact of wind energy on economic growth is essential to unlock the full potential of renewable energy resources, drive sustainable development, and foster a greener and more resilient economy for future generations. Given the importance and position of renewable energies such as wind energy in recent years and their major advantages over fossil fuels, and the current gap in studies of this kind in Iraq, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of investment in wind energy on economic growth in Iraq.
Methodology: In this research, Autoregressive Distributed Lag model (ARDL) was used to examine the effect of investment in wind energy on the sustainability of economic growth in Iraq from 1995 to 2022. These methods provide the ability to examine the long-term and short-term effects of variables and allow for the analysis of the effect of investment in wind energy and other variables under study on economic growth.
Findings and Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that investment in wind energy had a positive and significant effect on economic growth in Iraq at a 90% confidence level. Also, other variables under study, including the human development index, foreign trade, and fixed capital formation, have a positive and significant effect on the sustainability of economic growth in Iraq. The error correction coefficient was -0.465 and was statistically significant, indicating that if a shock is introduced to the economic growth rate during each period, 0.465 percent of the imbalance in the economic growth rate will be adjusted and it will approach its long-term trend. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the priority of energy policies should be to increase investment in renewable energies, including wind energy.

Abstract Introduction
Urbanization has triggered massive development activities which led to significant changes in land use and land cover (LULC). Fundamentally, the changes in LULC have to be monitored to detect the presence of regional environmental changes and impacts. Reducing the suburban area of arable lands, destruction of vegetation, and increase of land surface temperature in urban areas, and the effects of rising temperatures are some negative consequences of urban development, building street and other malicious activities within cities. This research aims to use remote sensing to assess the consequences of destruction, and changes in land use in the city of Mashhad, was performed, and this project is trying to focus on determination and comparison of its negative effects on vegetation loss and increase of temperature and the response of city management to these changes.
Methodology
The methodological framework adopted in this study involved different analytical processes of Landsat imagery to examine the effects of the LULC changes on land surface temperature. Satellite images for 1979 from Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager and Thermal Infrared Sensor (OLI-TIRS) for 2009 and 2023 were obtain and were used to analyze the changes in LULC in Mashhad. All the images were selected based on the clarity of the images with less cloud coverage; moreover, the images were all captured in the month of May for the
corresponding years. In this study, Orthorectification of images for 1987 and 2009 and 2023 in this study area, which has a geographic coordinate system, was carried out by the ILWIS software capabilities, and by using affine method. Then, using resampling on bands related to 1987, their sizes were equal to the bands of 2009. Vegetation map of the study area, using satellite data and remote sensing techniques were developed. For this purpose, a vegetation index called Normalized Difference Vegetation Index or NDVI was used.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that Based on the classified the uneven distribution of LULC in Mashhad varied by year. The built-up areas expanded tremendously in almost every part of city within 36 years. This pattern was also associated with the loss of vegetation cover as the built-up category took over the green space on a large scale. However, the land use pattern in 2009 displayed an exceptional fluctuate trend of vegetation and built-up areas dispersion. From the map roughly, there was a conversion of built-up area into vegetation land from 1979 to 2009. But in 2023, it appeared plausible that the previous barren lands which was categorized as built-up areas had turned into green space for urban agriculture or urban park. Referring to the map, it was apparent that the largest transition of vegetation cover into built-up areas occurred from the central towards the north of Mashhad. In general land-use patterns can directly impact the generation of heat in the urban climate. The identification of NDVI and LST parameters could provide useful information regarding the environmental changes for sustainable urban development and management. Hence, it can be concluded that a relative increase in urban ambient air temperature in Mashhad, therefore, vegetation is changed, which can be regarded as the negative effect of land use change in this city; but due to the development of green spaces, the process of destruction has decreased in recent years.
Conclusion
Conjointly, rapid urbanization in Mashhad city led to the occurrence of regional heating based on the increase in LST value. Therefore, sufficient allocation of vegetation and water body in the city is recommended as a measure to reduce urban heat generation. Of course, because the development of green space has reduced the speed of changes, proper and timely intervention prevents the situation from escalating. Of course, such interventions should take into account all national and local conditions. So the study further recommends that additional factors like other LULC indices, socioeconomic variables, and other factors could be considered in future studies to produce more sturdy conclusions regarding the surface climate impact study.

Abstract Background and Objective: Floods are one of the natural phenomena that can cause significant damage to infrastructure, farmlands, and the environment. This phenomenon primarily occurs due to heavy rainfall, snowmelt, or a combination of these factors. Therefore, the aim of this study is to map flood hazard zones and examine their relationship with land use using the Analytic Network Process (ANP) model in the Razi Chay watershed in Ardabil Province.
Methodology: In this study, data from Landsat 8 satellite imagery from 2022, a 30-meter ASTER DEM map, a 1:50,000 scale topographic map, a 1:250,000 scale geological map, and other detailed information of the studied watershed were utilized. Ten parameters influencing flood occurrence were analyzed, including elevation, slope, slope aspect, vegetation cover, geological formations, distance from the river, flow direction, land use, precipitation, and drainage density. The Analytic Network Process (ANP) model was employed to determine the importance of each variable.
Findings and Conclusion: Among the studied parameters, slope (with a weight of 30%), elevation (with a weight of 21%), and land use (with a weight of 17%) were assigned the highest weights, indicating their significant influence in controlling flood occurrence in the Razi Chay watershed. The results show that approximately 36% of the Razi Chay watershed falls within high-risk and very high-risk zones. These areas are typically located in the lower part of the watershed, often at the confluence of the two main streams. Considering the spatial distribution of settlements in the region, it can be concluded that most of the settlements in the lower part of the watershed are exposed to flood risks

Abstract Context and purpose: Human experience takes place in different spaces of the city through different sensory channels. In the perception of a space, the more sensory organs are stimulated, the more the impact of the space and the understanding of the space will be more complete and deeper, and the extent of the resulting experiences can be examined with the concept of sensory richness. Sidewalks are one of the manifestations of vitality and urban life, and one of the ways to improve the quality of such spaces is to increase sensory richness in order to use all the senses of the audience. The purpose of this research is to measure the sensory richness and the effect of each sense in different parts of this pedestrian Bazar. What seems to be the case is that the markets, especially Jannat Bazaar, do not have the necessary potential to attract the audience and have lost their place among the people. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the sensory richness and the effectiveness of each sense in different parts of this market.
Research method: This research has been conducted in terms of applied purpose, in terms of mixed nature and descriptive-analytical method. In order to collect background information and theoretical foundations, the method of library studies was used, and in order to collect and analyze information in the field study, the method of sensory walking and taking sensory notes was used. Findings and conclusions: do In order to measure the sensory richness in each of the main points of Mashhad Jannat Bazaar, the stimulating factors and the level of involvement of each of the five senses were investigated. In order, the largest painted area is related to point number 6, 1, 4, 3, 5 and 2. At point number 1 (entrance plaza), the richness of the visual sense is high due to vegetation, visual proportions, sky line and colored paving stones. Also, the sense of touch is well stimulated at this point due to the texture of materials, plants and water. In point number 2 (coffee shop), the sense of smell with the highest score has the first priority and the main sensory stimulus is the smell of coffee from the coffee shop located in Jannat 2. In point number 3 (Khatam al-Anbia Mosque), two senses of hearing (due to hearing the unique sound of the call to prayer and other religious prayers on different occasions) and sight (due to the use of traditional materials such as bricks and tiles with various textures and colors), They have created the most sensory richness. At point number 4 (juice shop), the sense of smell and taste are stimulated (because of the smell and taste of juice, corn and sweets). In point number 5 (elements of passing through history), the sense of sight has a high priority due to the observation of celebrity introduction boards and vegetation. At point number 6 (Moustofi's historical house), the sense of sight (due to rereading the body of the historical identity of the region, vegetation, pond and waterway) creates the most sensory richness.

Abstract Background and Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate urban regeneration and evaluate informal settlements with a case study of Qanat Naseri neighborhood in Arak city. Qanat Nasseri neighborhood is one of the informal settlements that faces numerous challenges in physical, social, economic, and environmental dimensions. For this reason, it was necessary to identify the neighborhood's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats and provide solutions to organize them.
Methodology: The research method was descriptive-analytical and its purpose was applied. Survey and documentary methods were used to collect data and information. The statistical population of the study was the residents of Qanat Naseri neighborhood in the northeast of Arak. For this purpose, 37 educated residents of the area and 21 experts and specialists from the consulting company and the Arak Construction and Reconstruction Organization were selected and they answered the questionnaire questions. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and SWOT and QSPM models.
 Findings and Conclusion: The findings showed that public participation, improving physical infrastructure, addressing environmental problems, and economic empowerment are among the key factors in regenerating this neighborhood. The analyses conducted showed that the Qanat Nasseri neighborhood is located in the WO (conservative strategies) section of the SWOT matrix, which relies on using external opportunities to reduce internal weaknesses. Accordingly, it is necessary to use the marginal texture organization equation. In the absence of careful management and complete oversight, those with more power control all the resources and make things even more difficult for others. Sometimes, the government itself oppresses marginalized people by imposing restrictions or forced evictions. In such circumstances, the situation of each of the marginal areas should be analyzed separately and a solution should be proposed based on that. According to the findings of this study, marginal neighborhoods face numerous bottlenecks. The methods used for organization have not been very successful so far. According to this study, using the equation for organizing marginal textures does not have these shortcomings of previous methods. The second stage is dedicated to the preparation and transformation of the human condition. Ultimately, with the change in social status, positive and sustainable changes will occur in this area.

Abstract Background and Aim: Urban growth in the 20th century greatly increased the share of the urban population and turned urbanization into the dominant way of life. Today, with the expansion and complexity of the urban system and urbanization, statesmen and other officials alone are able to control and guide urban communities and respond to the ever-increasing needs of development. They are not urban. In this case, a process of collaboration between the government, the public sector, civil society and the private sector is formed, which is called urban governance.
 Methods: This research was conducted with the aim of comparative analysis of good urban governance (case study of areas 4 and 5 of Ahvaz city). It is practical and in terms of the method, it is descriptive and analytical research. Data and information collection has been done by documentary, library and survey methods. In this regard, the community and sample size of 30 experts and experts working in the municipality of regions 4 and 5 For weighting and ranking indicators, hierarchical analysis (AHP) was used, and for statistical analysis, T-test was used.
Findings and Conclusion: The findings show that region 4 is a rich region and region 5 is a low region. The examination of the indicators of good urban governance in these areas of Shahr-e-Hawaz shows that the level of desirability of the state of good urban governance in region 5 was lower than the average level. The results of the analysis for the ranking of regions show that region 4 had a better situation. And region 5, as a less privileged region, is the first priority for improving the conditions for implementing good urban governance.