Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS)

Abstract Background and Objective: Paying attention to public transportation is one of the most important issues in sustainable development. Access to bus stops is one of the implementation of a successful transportation system. Considering that the city of Mashhad has religious tourism, many pilgrims from all over the world travel to this city every year. Therefore, the purpose of the research is to evaluate the spatial distribution pattern of bus stops in the city of Mashhad.
Methodology: The present study is applied in nature and descriptive-analytic in method. GIS software (nearest neighbor average, low and high clustering, Moran's spatial autocorrelation, network analysis) has been used to analyze the data and research findings..
Findings and Results: The results of the research findings showed that the average ratio of the nearest neighbor indicates a clustering state and the value of G is equal to zero, therefore suggesting a high clustering pattern. Given that the value of the Moran index is 0.65 and the z-score is high and the P-value is small, the data has spatial autocorrelation. Finally, the output from the network analysis and service access showed that in most cases, bus stops in the city of Mashhad are located at a distance of 400 meters and are located at a standard distance in terms of user location (in the administrative-commercial area and the urban core).

Abstract Background and Objective: Public spaces are the most important part of the structure of cities and play an important role in the health and quality of life of citizens. In the meantime, urban sidewalks are known as the most important public areas of a city and have a significant impact on improving urban vitality indicators among citizens in a space and even in the entire city. Vitality and dynamism are important elements in the qualitative assessment of public spaces. Vitality itself is a reflection of the activities that take place in the space, and making cities pedestrian-oriented is a way to facilitate and encourage activities that can help promote vitality in cities. In this regard, the aim of this research is to answer the following questions at the core of the work. 1- What are the factors affecting the vitality of the Ferdowsi sidewalk? 2- What is the order of citizens' priority of the factors affecting the vitality of this sidewalk? 3- What is the status of the vitality of this Ferdowsi sidewalk from the perspective of citizens?
Research Methodology: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the factors affecting the vitality of the Ferdowsi sidewalk in Sanandaj city. This is a descriptive-analytical study. The variables of sidewalk vitality were identified and, from the literature review, related studies were designed in the form of a questionnaire in the form of a Likert scale (five options) and completed by 100 users of Ferdowsi sidewalk in Sanandaj city. The data were analyzed using Spss software. The statistical population of this study included residents of Sanandaj city who used Ferdowsi sidewalk between September and October 1403. Due to the fact that the aforementioned statistical population was not concentrated in a specific location, convenience sampling was used and the sample size was 100 of the aforementioned pedestrians.
Findings: The effective components of the vitality of the sidewalks were introduced in the form of 12 components, and the factor loadings and Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the vitality factors of the Ferdowsi sidewalk were the highest factor loading of 0.81 related to the component of holding social events during the year and the lowest factor loading of 0.59 related to the component of night activities. Discussion and Conclusion: 12 components were examined in this study that should be significantly prioritized in the optimal design of sidewalks in order to increase vitality. In the studies conducted, the effective factors in the vitality of the Ferdowsi sidewalk are the "accessibility-spatial" factor with a correlation coefficient of 0.94, "functional-environmental" with a correlation coefficient of 0.92, and "social-cultural" with a correlation coefficient of 0.88, respectively. In examining the level of satisfaction of citizens with the vitality factors of the sidewalk, the highest level of satisfaction was with the "accessibility-spatial" factor with an average of 3.85, and the lowest level of satisfaction was with the "social-cultural" factor with an average of 3.61. The average satisfaction with the vitality of the Ferdowsi sidewalk is 3.70, which is average.

Abstract Background and purpose: Government financial policies are one of the macroeconomic policies to improve or control economic variables, including the level of total consumption and employment. Based on this, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of government financial policies, including changes in government expenditures and taxes, on private sector consumption and employment in Iraq in different economic conditions.

Methodology: This research was conducted using vector autoregression model to analyze time series data. This method provides the possibility of examining dynamic relationships between financial policies and macroeconomic variables such as consumption and employment.

Findings and results: The findings show that increasing government spending generally increases private sector consumption, but the effects of taxes are more complex and depend on economic conditions. Also, tax changes have different effects on employment and can be positive or negative depending on the initial employment level and economic conditions. Therefore, the findings show that the government's financial policies act as an effective tool in stimulating or reducing private consumption and employment. Therefore, based on the findings, it can be concluded that in order to improve the effects of financial policies on economic variables in Iraq, there is a need to regulate financial policies in order to reduce their negative effects on macroeconomic variables.

Abstract Background and Aim: Background and Aim: In order to create a healthy society for further development, resorts and tourist areas must be created, developed and maintained to meet the ever-increasing demands of the people. On Ibn Ali in Tabriz is one of the main tourist areas of Tabriz city. The purpose of this research is to identify and evaluate the factors affecting the satisfaction of foreign tourists of this resort.
Methods: The statistical population of the study consisted of non-local tourists who visited the Aoun Bin Ali resort. The non-random sample size was calculated using Cochran formula of 380 people and finally the collected data was analyzed using SPSS 25.
Findings and Conclusion: Based on the factor analysis, the independent variables were classified into four factors (social supervision, safety of the promenade, legibility of (path, quality of access) and the dependent variable was classified into three factors (picnic facilities, quality of furniture and sports facilities of the promenade). The result of the regression analysis also showed that the factors of resort security and quality of access could significantly predict the satisfaction of 40% of tourists with the resort, with quality of access having the largest influence (0.50) on the level of satisfaction. The results of analyzing the age status of tourists in On Ibn Ali resort showed that most tourists are young respondents. Therefore, the plans should be more tailored to the tourism needs of this age group and the tastes of these people, as well as to the environmental strength and potential of the tourism area, since in each age group the individual and social characteristics of a person are different and express particular leisure needs. There are obvious differences between the leisure needs of young and older people Understanding the factors that influence foreign tourist satisfaction provides designers and resort managers with useful information for planning new resorts.

Abstract Abstract
Introduction: Ecotourism and geotourism, as specialized branches of sustainable tourism, play a vital role in the conservation of natural resources and geological heritage. Ecotourism promotes responsible tourism in pristine natural environments, focusing on the conservation of biodiversity and promoting the participation of local communities. While geotourism emphasizes the identification, conservation, and scientific and educational exploitation of geosites and geomorphosites of geological value, these two complementary approaches provide a comprehensive framework for the sustainable development of natural and cultural tourism.
Research Method: In this study, the geotourism potential of ten regions was assessed using two valid methods: Facilus and Nicolas. The Facilus model, emphasizing scientific, tourism, and conservation value indicators, and the Nicolas model, with a multi-criteria approach including scientific and educational value, geological diversity, ecological and cultural value, conservation threats, and usability, provided accurate quantitative and qualitative analyses of geotourism potential.
Conclusion: In the study of prominent geotourism and ecotourism areas in the two cities of Khalkhal and Kowsar, the results showed that the Firouzabad geosite and Aznav village, by obtaining the highest scores in both models, were recognized as key areas for the development of scientific, educational geotourism and environmental protection. Also, combining data from these two models allowed for accurate identification of the strengths and weaknesses of each region and the provision of targeted management solutions to promote tourism conservation and development. This study emphasizes the need for simultaneous use of multi-criteria models for comprehensive assessment of geosites and suggests that in future studies, economic and social indicators should also be considered in order to achieve comprehensive and sustainable tourism development.

Abstract Background and Objective: The use of information technology tools plays an important role in the financial efficiency of small businesses. These tools enable better resource management, cost reduction, and operational process improvement. In small businesses with limited financial and human resources, the use of information technology as a strategic factor can help improve financial performance.
Research Methodology: The purpose of this study is to investigate how to use information technology to optimize processes and increase productivity in local businesses (case study: Urmia city). This research is applied-theoretical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The required information and data were collected through library and field methods. Fuzzy Delphi and Fuzzy BWM methods were used in this study.
Findings and Conclusion: The main goal is to identify and analyze the opportunities and challenges facing these businesses in the field of IT application, and to provide practical solutions to improve their performance. The importance of this research stems from the vital role of local businesses in the city's economic development, job creation, and improving the quality of life of citizens. The results are that the criterion, online presence (C2) with a weight of 0.16 has obtained the first priority, the criterion, internet access (C1) with a weight of 0.132 has obtained the second priority, and the criterion, increasing productivity (C9) with a weight of 0.082 has obtained the third priority. Also, the research consistency rate is 0.076, which indicates high consistency of the pairwise comparison.

Abstract Background and Objective: Today, the tourism industry has become one of the main sources of income and employment creation at the international level. Identifying the geotourism potential and tourist attractions of each region, along with proper planning, can help develop this industry and attract tourists. Despite having high tourism capabilities, the tourist village of Bileh Darq has remained unknown due to lack of attention and investment, insufficient advertising, etc. The main objective of this research was to investigate the ecotourism capabilities of Bileh Darq village using the Pereira model.
Methodology: This region has always been of great interest to tourists due to its many natural attractions (ecotourism and geotourism). This research has investigated and analyzed the geotourism and ecotourism capabilities of the village of Bileh Daragh using the Pereira model. For this purpose, using the opinions of experts, local people and tourists, questions designed for the Pereira model (40 questionnaires) were conducted, tested and analyzed.
Findings and Conclusion: After calculating the data with the Pereira model, the geomorphological grade of the region was 3.7, which was obtained from the scientific value indices of 4.25 and the complementary value indices of 3.05. In addition, the management grade of the researched area was 7.6, which was obtained from the calculation of the conservation value indices of 2.05 and the functional value indices of 4.65. Finally, the tourist village of Bileh Daragh has obtained a score of 14 out of a maximum of 20 points in total values, which indicates the high ecotourism capabilities. However, the region's geotourism attractions remain unknown due to lack of investment and adequate advertising. The results of this study can help tourism managers and planners to plan properly and develop the tourism industry and attract tourists with scientific support and considering the region's geotourism capabilities.

Abstract Background and Objective: One of the effective educational factors in modern education is the architectural style of educational spaces. In such a way that in designing an architectural space, architectural principles are considered in relation to the use of that place. In this regard, the appropriate use of some visual elements, including form and color, is important. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of form and color components in promoting children's sensory perception in the kindergarten educational environment.
Methodology: This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology. The data collection of the present research is based on library and survey methods. The statistical population of the research is 100 kindergarten teachers and 30 school children in Ardabil city, who were selected by simple random selection. SPSS software was used to analyze the data.
Findings and Conclusion: The results of the study showed that children are very interested in colors and that colors remain in their minds well and can affect the mental states of individuals and children. Therefore, colors can act as a dependent variable in the design of the kindergarten environment in improving the psychological performance of the space and forms as a dependent variable in improving the physical performance of the space have significant effects in helping to increase the child's sensory perception and recognition of the environment. The architecture of the kindergarten space should be such that it provides a calm and joyful space for the growth and increase of children's creativity and increases the motivation for innovation and the implementation of their imaginations. The results of the study indicate that recognizing the individual characteristics of children and various factors such as color, form and different spaces have a significant effect on creating creativity and strengthening children's intelligence.          

Abstract Background and Objective: Parks and public green spaces are part of the ecological fabric of cities to the extent that the environmental life and sustainability of cities depend on them. This study aims to assess the level of satisfaction of women with women's parks. For this purpose, Pardis Women's Park and Shahed Women's Park in Kermanshah were selected. The better design of green space in women's parks leads to attendance, promotion of social interactions, reduction of depression, and ultimately their satisfaction with this space. The aim of the present study is to assess the level of satisfaction of citizens with the quality of urban parks in Kermanshah.
Research Method: The effective components in their satisfaction were identified and a researcher-made questionnaire was developed from the review of texts, related studies, and expert opinions. It was designed with the approval of relevant experts in the form of a Likert scale (five options) and completed by 400 women from Pardis Women's Park and Shahed Women's Park in Kermanshah. The data were analyzed using Spss software. The statistical population of this study includes all women visiting Pardis and Shahed Parks during the period from June to January 1403.
Findings: The effective components of green space in urban women's parks were introduced in the form of 23 components, with the average satisfaction level of women in Pardis Women's Park being 3.43 and Shahed Women's Park being 3.07, meaning that women's satisfaction level with Pardis Women's Park is higher than Shahed Women's Park. The frequency distribution of interests of the studied individuals showed that 30.0 percent of women were interested in green space and 24.5 percent of women were interested in sports.
Discussion and Conclusion: 23 components were examined in this study, which should be significantly prioritized in the optimal design of green space in urban parks to increase their satisfaction.

Abstract Background and Objective: The building breach is the difficulty that still remains unsolved as the cities are becoming more problematical and challenging. The increased extent and size of building breach and the harms on cities is undeniable and it is necessary to suitable action to prevent it. The present study aims to investigate the patterns that violate the constructions in Ramshir city.
Methodology: It is an applied study that uses a descriptive- analytical method to examine the breach patterns and identify the preventative factors and their spatial distribution in that city. The required data was collected using a questionnaire filled by citizens that followed by recognizing the spatial construction breach distribution using ARCGIS package. To analyze the data, in addition to ARCGIS, the SPSS and EXCEL packages as well as combinational –analytical model ANP- DEMATEL were used.
Findings and Conclusion: The results showed that the   dominantly violating patterns in Ramshir is the addition of building index with an average 2.33 within five past years out of 8 indices. The elements affecting on the construction breach from citizens’ perspective, is the social factors with an average 3.95. Among the influencing measures for evaluating the rate of breach in Ramshir, it should be said that the most influential index is “having too little information of construction rules” index. The neighborhood3 and4 have the highest breach in construction. Finally, the recommendations and solutions were given.

Abstract Background and Objective: Rural settlements as a context for human life and activities are a multidimensional issue. The issue of rural settlements is part of a broader issue that is manifested under the title of sustainable development at the national and regional levels. Therefore, it is considered by rural, urban and regional planners. Since the peri-urban spaces and villages of Iran, especially in North Khorasan Province, are at a critical juncture in their rural-urban transformation and development process, they must have precise planning in line with unbridled growth. In this regard, this research intends to envision a sustainable role for the village by designing a 5-year plan for Khodagholi village.
Methodology: The method of this research is descriptive-analytical in nature. Library and field methods (questionnaire, interview and observation) were used to collect information. Also, focus groups and qualitative methods were used to analyze the information. The geographical territory of Khodagholi village is one of the villages within the Bojnord city limits.
Results and Findings: The research findings show that the location of Khodagholi village within the Bojnord city limits has increased the rate of migration to this village and has caused many problems. According to the SWOT results, the strengths and opportunities of this village are more than the weaknesses and threats. Therefore, its most important development strategy is aggressive. According to the QSPM results, creating the necessary infrastructure for tourism and accommodation, developing the services, infrastructure and facilities required by the village, completing the rural guide plan, developing small, home and modern jobs, developing the industrial-workshop sector of the village and completing the value chain of village products are the most important strategies for sustainable development of the village.

Abstract Abstract Background and Aim Land use change modeling is an essential tool for environmental analysis, planning, and management. Among the basic objectives of this research is to investigate and understand the changes in land uses in Region 7 of Tabriz between 2000 and 2020 using remote sensing technology and satellite images. And also to predict these changes for the next 20 years. To predict the changes, the Markov chain cell model was used for prediction. Among other objectives, it can be mentioned to find out the use that has and will have the most changes and increases.
Methodology: Land use change modeling is an essential tool for environmental analysis, planning, and management. The main objective of this research is to investigate and evaluate land use changes in Tabriz city over a 20-year period (from 2000 to 2020). This goal is achieved by extracting land use maps for the years 2000 and 2020 through satellite images and obtaining the changes that have occurred in land use during this period, and finally predicting these changes using a Markov model.
Results and Findings: The results indicated that although the region has a large area of barren land, the residential area has grown significantly between 2000 and 2020 and will continue to grow in the future. This indicates a positive and increasing trend in urban and residential areas that should be taken into account. Between 2000 and 2020, we have witnessed a sharp decrease in green space, which can be a warning for managers and decision-makers. Urban green space is an important land use within the city and on the outskirts of the city, and its absence causes environmental problems and .... Also, residential land use will have the most changes at the regional level for the next 20 years, and it was proven that the maximum likelihood classification model has appropriate accuracy for classifying satellite data.
Conclusion: The overall results showed that although the region has a large area of barren land, the residential area has grown significantly between 2000 and 2020 and will continue to grow in the future, indicating a positive and increasing trend in urban and residential areas that should be taken into account. Between 2000 and 2020, we have witnessed a sharp decline in green space, which can be a warning for managers and decision-makers. Urban green space is an important use within the city and on the outskirts of the city, and its absence causes environmental problems and .... Industrial areas have also enjoyed significant growth in the past 20 years, and the growth of this use and its positive and increasing

Abstract Background and Objective: Geotourism is a type of tourism that is based on geological and geomorphological phenomena and landscapes and has expanded in recent decades with the aim of socio-economic development of geotourism destinations. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the geotourism capabilities and geomorphological destinations of Hir Township for economic development.
Methodology: The nature of this study is descriptive-analytical-applied and to investigate the geotourism potential of the Hir region, the Renard models that examine geomorphosites based on three scientific, added and combined values; the Feuillet model that is based on four criteria of origin of formation, geographical distribution, tourism and accessibility; and finally the Kobalikwa model that emphasizes more on scientific, educational, economic, conservation and cultural criteria were used.
Findings and Results: Based on the results obtained from the Reynard model, the Hair Suspension Bridge has a high geotourism potential and is ranked in the top category, with an average score of 0.7 in the scientific value index, 0.39 in the added value sub-index, and 0.74 in the composite value sub-index. Also, the Hair Suspension Bridge has various capabilities to introduce the region to domestic and foreign tourists based on the Feulet evaluation model in the management and tourism rates, with values ​​of 0.65 and 0.61, respectively. The results also indicate that based on the Kobalikwa model, the Hair Suspension Bridge has a high geotourism value among the studied geosites with a total score of 75.8 and has attracted many tourists to this region. Therefore, it is concluded that the Hair Glass Suspension Bridge in the city of Hair has diverse geotourism and geomorphological potentials and capabilities in the region and is ranked in the top category in terms of attracting tourists to the region and increasing economic power. Therefore, it is suggested that by using virtual and online tourism and introducing different regions of this city to tourists, preparations should be made to attract domestic and foreign tourists to this region.

Abstract Background and Aim: Energy and technology, as two main factors of production, play a prominent role in improving and sustaining the economic growth of countries. Today, a larger part of economic growth is attributed to the efficient use of energy and technology than in the past. Awareness of the impact of technology and energy on economic growth can lead policymakers to pursue more optimal strategies to promote sustainable and inclusive economic growth and development, and in the long term, economic prosperity will affect the well-being of society. Given the importance of the research and the necessity of the present study, the aim of this study is to examine the impact of energy and technology consumption on the economic growth of Iraq.
Methodology: In the present study, the auto-explanatory model with extended lags (ARDL) was used to examine the impact of energy and technology consumption on the economic growth of Iraq during the period 2000 to 2022.
Findings and Conclusion: The results of this study show that the coefficient of the impact of energy consumption on economic growth in Iraq was 0.073 and the estimated T-statistic was 2.16. Given that the absolute value of the t-statistic was greater than the critical value at the 95% confidence level (1.96), it can be stated that energy consumption had a positive and significant effect on economic growth. Another result showed that the coefficient of influence of the technology index on economic growth in Iraq was 0.129 and the estimated T-statistic was 3.34. Given that the absolute value of the t-statistic was greater than the critical value at the 95% confidence level (1.96), it can be stated that the technology index had a positive and significant effect on economic growth. Also, the error correction coefficient was -0.576, which was statistically significant, indicating that if a shock were to occur to the economic growth rate in Iraq, 0.576 percent of the imbalance in the economic growth rate would be adjusted during each period and would approach its long-term trend.

Abstract Background and Objective: Information and Communication Technology and competitiveness are mentioned as factors affecting economic growth in the last decade. In line with this discussion, the aim of this study is to examine the impact of information and communication technology and the competitiveness index on economic growth of selected developing and developed countries during the study period.

Research Methodology: The present study uses an applied approach that combines descriptive and analytical methods to create a complete survey. To facilitate this research, the analysis uses both cross-sectional and panel data methods. Cross-sectional data allows for the examination of variables at a single point in time across multiple subjects. In contrast, panel data includes multiple observations of the same entities over different time periods. It also analyzes panel data through the generalized method of moments.

Findings and Conclusions: The findings of this study emphasize the positive and significant relationships between information and communication technology, competitiveness index on GDP in developing and developed countries. In a way that is consistent with the literature on the subject. The findings also indicate that the effect of these two variables is greater in developed countries than in developing countries. Therefore, policymakers should consider the socio-economic factors and unique contexts of their countries to effectively use these dynamics for sustainable and inclusive growth.

Abstract Background and Objective: Increasing population density in urban areas and the rising concerns regarding sustainability and public health have encouraged residents to adopt active mobility patterns. In this context, the concept of the 15-minute city has emerged as a modern urban model aiming to ensure that residents can access essential daily needs (such as work, education, healthcare, and recreation) within a maximum 15-minute distance using non-motorized modes.
Methodology: This applied research was conducted with a descriptive–analytical approach in the Hamidian neighborhood of Rasht. Data were collected through library studies, field observations, maps, satellite images, and upper-level planning documents. Strategies for realizing the 15-minute city were formulated using the SWOT technique and prioritized through the QSPM matrix.
Findings and Conclusion: The findings indicate that the most fundamental requirement for steering the Hamidian neighborhood toward a 15-minute city is improving accessibility and mobility systems. The top three strategies holding the highest priority directly relate to enhancing safe and efficient non-motorized mobility (walking, cycling, and public transport), emphasizing that without adequate transport infrastructure, other objectives of the 15-minute city cannot be achieved. Based on the QSPM scoring, “the quality of pedestrian pathways and pedestrian safety” was identified as the key factor with the highest score, while “smart technologies and tourism development” were recognized as the lowest-priority factor under the neighborhood’s current conditions. Despite challenges such as limited public spaces and weak transport systems, the neighborhood possesses notable potentials, including its suitable connectivity and the presence of the Einak Lagoon. Priority strategies include improving the transport network, enhancing pedestrian pathways, and developing non-motorized access to services and green spaces. Ultimately, the successful implementation of this model requires collaboration among management institutions, citizen participation, and the adoption of smart technologies.

Abstract Background and Objective: The rapid growth of urbanization and the increasing number of vehicles in cities have led to serious issues such as traffic congestion, parking shortages, and a decline in quality of life. Izeh, due to the concentration of commercial and service centers in its central core and the limitations of urban streets, faces a severe parking shortage. This study aims to determine the optimal locations for multi-story public parking facilities in Izeh to alleviate traffic problems and optimize urban parking spaces.
Methodology: This research follows a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing field studies, document analysis, and expert opinions for data collection. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed to prioritize location criteria, while the SWOT matrix was used to assess environmental conditions. The key evaluation criteria included population density, traffic volume, accessibility, proximity to commercial centers, available land area, feasibility of construction, and land cost.
Results and findings: The results indicate that the central core of Izeh, due to its high concentration of commercial and administrative activities, has the greatest demand for multi-story parking facilities. The most influential factors in site selection were population density and traffic volume, whereas land cost and physical constraints posed major challenges. Based on the SWOT analysis, the aggressive (SO) strategy was identified as the most effective approach, leveraging available opportunities and strengths to optimize parking facility implementation. The study suggests that private sector investment should be encouraged to overcome execution challenges and enhance project efficiency. Additionally, this model can be applied to other cities facing similar urban parking challenges.

Abstract Background and Objective: Social security is a multidimensional and complex concept that directly affects the development and advancement of any society. Undoubtedly, no factor is more important in advancing the process of progress, development, and evolution of societies, as well as in the flourishing of individual and collective talents, than creating and strengthening a sense of security and ensuring peace in the social context. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between cultural capital and the sense of social security among women living in Darehshahr.
Methodology: The present research method is quantitative and survey-type. The data collection tool was a questionnaire that was administered to a sample of 365 women aged 19 and older using cluster sampling. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and Smart PLS software.
Findings and Conclusion:  The findings showed that the average sense of social security among middle-aged women is on the decline. Also, cultural capital and its dimensions (embodied, objectified, and institutional) have a significant and positive relationship with the sense of social security. Based on the findings, the feeling of social security has a significant difference with marital status, employment, and level of education, but no significant relationship was observed with the age variable. Finally, the results of structural equation analysis showed that independent variables were able to explain 24% of the changes in women's sense of social security. It is recommended that policymakers and local administrators strengthen women's cultural capital by developing educational, cultural, and social participation opportunities to enhance their sense of security.

Abstract Background and objective: Global soil maps, such as the data provided by FAO and other data sets, serve as an important basis for modeling hydrological processes. However, these maps are often not suitable for accurate calibration of models such as SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Model) due to their large scale or lack of sufficient detail. This challenge is especially evident in marginal logic with limited access to data.
Research method: The present study aims to prepare a soil map and its parameters for the hydrological SWAT model of the Sehazhar watershed in northern Iran, Tonekabon County, Mazandaran Province. Therefore, using remote sensing and geological map data and slope map, it takes a step towards helping to solve this problem that exists in watershed studies in areas lacking soil data. For this purpose, first, from the World Soil Map (FAO), then by averaging based on geological map information such as formation type, period, rock type and hydrological group, and slope map, 5 general soil types with their characteristics were extracted. Then, they were converted into soil maps in Geographic Information System (GIS) software. The adjacent basin of the Sardabrood region (Kalardasht) was also used for comparison and validation.
Findings and conclusions: In this study, 10 soil factors required for use in the SWAT model were extracted, including: number of layers, soil depth, horizon thickness, bulk density, available water capacity, saturated electrical conductivity, soil organic matter, clay, silt, sand, rock in the horizon, and albedo ratio. According to the results of the study, 5 general soil types of the basin include: chernozem or pseudo-chernozem soils, verticillium, molly-soil, podzol, and lithosol. The results of the validation of the present study showed that using the above method to facilitate the preparation of soil maps and the estimation of soil data values ​​has acceptable accuracy. Therefore, in areas without soil data and in studies with time constraints, the soil data preparation method is the appropriate method. Therefore, a promising solution is to use geological maps and remote sensing analyses to extract soil characteristics.

Abstract Background and Aim: According to economic literature, excessive inflation (more than the sustainable level of inflation) destroys purchasing power, distorts economic decision-making, and leads to uncertainty in economic factors, while deflation (less than the sustainable level of inflation) can lead to a decrease in spending (consumption) and investment, and potentially stop economic growth. The aim of this research is to use the results obtained from examining the factors affecting the inflation rate in order to increase the efficiency of monetary policy and control inflation.
Methodology: In this study, time series econometric techniques (unit root and stationary concepts, variability models, and autoregression with distributed lags (ARDL) model) have been used. First, the stationary variables are examined by performing classical and nonlinear unit root tests with respect to structural failure. Next, the long-term relationship between the research variables is examined by the bounds test, and then long-term and short-term elasticities are extracted. Exchange rate fluctuations are also extracted by conditional heteroskedasticity models (GARCH) and then these variables will be entered as new explanatory variables in the autoregression with distributed lags (ARDL) model.
Findings and Conclusion: According to the results obtained, the two variables, the exchange rate volatility index and the degree of trade openness, are the most important determinants of the inflation rate in Iraq in the long run. Meanwhile, in the short run, the exchange rate volatility index does not affect the inflation rate. Exchange rate fluctuations can affect trade and investment between affect the international economy, because uncertainty in the exchange rate can stop foreign investment and affect export competitiveness, and also increase import inflation. The increase in the degree of trade openness causes global commodity inflation to quickly affect the Iraqi economy and increase the consumption costs of Iraqi citizens. Also, according to the results, the error correction coefficient is negative and equal to -0/36 Therefore, in each year, 0/36 of the imbalance in the inflation rate in one period is adjusted in the next period. It can be said that the adjustment towards equilibrium is carried out slowly, which depends on the macroeconomic environment of Iraq.

Abstract Background and purpose: Construction violations are a global problem that can have serious consequences for individuals, communities, and the environment, so identifying its factors to prevent its consequences in the cities of the country is important. Identifying the causes of construction violations in Sarein and presenting it to the foundations involved with the problem of construction violations such as the municipality and the Islamic Council, etc.
Methodology: The method of this study is descriptive -analytical and can be used in the application category in terms of its use. To analyze the factors that have been dealt with in a 5 -year period. With quantitative data and Pearson correlation test and single sample test method and mean analysis of SPSS software and EXEL software was used to provide tables and charts.
Results and Conclusion: The results of the analysis show that economic factors with correlation coefficient of 0.781 and high value of t = 49.111 and an average of 30.1286 have the most impact on construction violations compared to other factors. Other factors, respectively: physical factors with correlation coefficient of 0.653 and T = 38.251 and mean 25.3571, management factors with correlation coefficient 0.718 and T = 30.499 and mean 24.1857 and social factors with correlation coefficient 694 and T = 29.796 It is effective in the occurrence of building violations in the city of Sarein and the relationship between these factors and construction violations is significant. 5 The main factors affecting construction violations of the total factors measured 1-Dodge and More Revenue 2-Municipal Solidarity to Income from Crimes 3-Article 100 and Regulations of Engineering and Urban Development44 Physical divisions or zoning are 5- The fields of tendency to deviate from the rules of construction such as compression ceiling and occupation level, etc., finally comparing this analysis with other previous internal studies in this field, it can be concluded that the city of Sarein is similar to the same situation. It has the opinion of the causes of construction violations with other cities in this article.

Abstract Background and Objective: The development of public transit infrastructure and the creation of station complexes, beyond traffic and physical functions, play a key role in redistributing urban resources and services, as well as balancing spatial justice. Hence, with the aim of analyzing the role of creating the Ahang Metro Station Complex project in mitigating or exacerbating spatial inequalities in District 14 of Tehran, the present paper has been conducted by drawing upon the theoretical framework of spatial justice (encompassing the three dimensions of distributive, procedural, and cognitive justice) and employing a mixed-methods methodology. Methodology: In the qualitative phase, using the semi-structured interview method, 17 in-depth interviews were conducted with key stakeholders (neighborhood councilors, municipal deputies, shopkeepers, and real estate agents) through thematic analysis and three-stage coding, and in the quantitative phase, through a survey and random sampling among citizens over 18 years old in the four surrounding neighborhoods of the project, 400 face-to-face questionnaires were completed by residents and the results were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Results and findings: The quantitative findings showed that the study area faces accumulated spatial inequality and low satisfaction with urban services (a mean score of 37.3 out of 100). Although the construction of the station complex is perceived by citizens as a response to the urgent distributive needs of the neighborhood (particularly shopping centers with a priority mean of 8.06 and cultural-recreational centers with a mean of 7.86), on the other hand, the analysis of the integrated findings indicates serious threats in exacerbating the inequalities. These threats include the risk of physical gentrification and the forced displacement of low-income tenants, the weakening of the local micro-economy in competition with the mega-mall, traffic overflow along with a severe parking deficit (satisfaction score of 7.2 out of 100), and the degradation of the cultural-religious identity of the historic Hosseinabad-e Doulab neighborhood.Furthermore, the procedural dimensions of justice were assessed as compromised due to the participatory exclusion of residents and a 37% lack of awareness among citizens regarding the project's planning process. Ultimately, the results show that the success of the project in mitigating inequalities hinges on transitioning from a purely speculative economic logic toward a justice-oriented approach; this requires reviewing the design of land uses to align with local purchasing power, securing the genuine participation of local stakeholders in decision-making processes, implementing supportive policies for micro-businesses, and physically respecting the religious-traditional identity of the neighborhood.

Abstract Background and Aim: Rapid physical and social transformations in Iranian cities over recent decades have rendered neighborhood social security a multidimensional and complex phenomenon, necessitating simultaneous analysis of spatial attributes, social relations, and institutional mechanisms. This study aims to conduct a multidimensional analysis of social security and evaluate the explanatory power of physical, social, and institutional-governance dimensions in the Azadshahr neighborhood of Yazd.
Methodology: Employing a sequential mixed-methods exploratory-explanatory design, the research was implemented in two phases. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews were conducted with residents, security experts, and urban specialists, followed by thematic analysis to identify context-specific indicators of social security. In the quantitative phase, data were collected from 367 residents and analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM).
Results and Discussion: Results indicated that the proposed model exhibited satisfactory fit, with all three dimensions—physical, social, and institutional-governance—exerting statistically significant positive effects on social security. The social dimension emerged as the strongest predictor (β = 0.56, t = 11.74, p < 0.001; R² = 0.57), driven particularly by neighborly relations, social capital, and a sense of belonging and ownership. The physical dimension demonstrated a moderate-to-strong effect (β = 0.31, t = 4.21; R² = 0.23), with the highest correlations observed for public space design and lighting. Although the institutional-governance dimension was significant (β = 0.29, t = 3.98; R² = 0.19), it exhibited the weakest direct influence. Collectively, the integrated model accounted for 63% of the variance in social security. These findings underscore that social security in the studied neighborhood is fundamentally a socio-perceptual phenomenon, contingent upon local cohesion, trust, and participatory dynamics rather than purely physical or supervisory measures. Consequently, strategies to enhance urban security—particularly in Iran’s medium-sized cities—should prioritize strengthening social capacities and local capital, complemented by physical restructuring and improvements in the quality of local governance.

Abstract Background and Objective: This paper analyzes the factors affecting urban tourism development using a futures studies approach in Delfan County. Urban tourism, as a key aspect of global economic development, faces challenges in Iran's smaller cities where its potential is limited due to inadequate infrastructure and a lack of effective policies.
Methodology: This research adopts an applied approach in terms of purpose and a descriptive-survey method in terms of nature and research method. Employing analytical methods and expert surveys, the study identifies and examines key indicators using the MICMAC software, analyzing their mutual impacts on sustainable urban tourism development. Data collection methods include documentary (library-based) and field (questionnaire-based) research. The statistical population of this study comprises 30 experts in tourism, local authorities, and futures researchers.
Findings and Conclusion: The findings indicate that infrastructure development, the establishment of sanitary facilities, and the reduction of administrative bureaucracy are key factors in attracting tourists and increasing their satisfaction. Furthermore, ensuring safety and enhancing the sense of security in tourist areas are identified as crucial factors. Finally, the paper provides recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders to promote sustainable tourism development in Delfan County.
Background and Objective: This paper analyzes the factors affecting urban tourism development using a futures studies approach in Delfan County. Urban tourism, as a key aspect of global economic development, faces challenges in Iran's smaller cities where its potential is limited due to inadequate infrastructure and a lack of effective policies.
Methodology: This research adopts an applied approach in terms of purpose and a descriptive-survey method in terms of nature and research method. Employing analytical methods and expert surveys, the study identifies and examines key indicators using the MICMAC software, analyzing their mutual impacts on sustainable urban tourism development. Data collection methods include documentary (library-based) and field (questionnaire-based) research. The statistical population of this study comprises 30 experts in tourism, local authorities, and futures researchers.
Findings and Conclusion: The findings indicate that infrastructure development, the establishment of sanitary facilities, and the reduction of administrative bureaucracy are key factors in attracting tourists and increasing their satisfaction. Furthermore, ensuring safety and enhancing the sense of security in tourist areas are identified as crucial factors. Finally, the paper provides recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders to promote sustainable tourism development in Delfan County.

Abstract Background and Objective: This study aims to investigate the role of virtual social networks in crisis management of firefighting in the rural areas of Lali Township. The statistical population includes rural council members, district office experts, village administrators (Dehyars), and literate residents of Lali Township and its rural districts (Taraz, Poli, Sarkamari, Hoseynabad, Pachekola, Iranshahr, Sarkuli, and Anbarsafid villages). From this population, a sample of 384 individuals was selected through convenience sampling.
Methodology: The research instrument is a researcher-made questionnaire comprising 30 questions across five dimensions: educational, participatory and social, economic and welfare, and cultural. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS and AMOS software. Potential threats and usability are used to evaluate geosites, and each of the criteria used also has sub-criteria.
Findings and Conclusion: The results indicated that regression analysis predicts the role of virtual social networks in crisis management across the mentioned dimensions in the rural areas of Lali Township (F = 14.32, p < 0.0001). The educational dimension had a standardized beta coefficient of 0.31; the physical and infrastructural dimension, 0.17; the participatory and social dimension, 0.11; the economic and welfare dimension, 0.31; and the cultural dimension, 0.06. These findings suggest that each of these dimensions can be influenced by virtual social networks in managing and predicting crises. Additionally, the R² value showed that 31% of the variance in crisis management can be explained by the role and impact of virtual social networks on these dimensions. The dimension with the greatest perceived impact of virtual social networks in firefighting crisis management was the physical and infrastructural aspect, which achieved the highest mean rank (3.99) according to experts, council members, Dehyars, and literate villagers. Following this, the most significant dimensions in order were educational, participatory and social, economic and welfare, and finally, cultural. The chi-square statistic was 849.83, which is significant at a p-value less than 0.05 (p < 0.05). Overall, it is expected that media—particularly modern digital media—play a significant role during times of crisis, impacting both individuals and society at large. Social networks, in particular, can contribute to stability, peace, and calm during crises and may also help prevent crises due to the increasing influence they have acquired in recent years.