Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS)

Abstract Background and Objective: his study aims to examine the regional impact of the glass ceiling phenomenon on women's entrepreneurship indicators in selected countries (Egypt, Iran, Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, and Turkey) over the period from 2008 to 2024. The glass ceiling, as an invisible barrier preventing women from accessing senior managerial positions and entrepreneurial opportunities, is the focus of this research. The objective is to analyze the dynamics of these constraints and their effects on key indicators such as parliamentary participation, wages, economic participation, gender equality index, managerial positions, and board membership.
Methodology: This study employs the Quantile Vector Autoregressive (QVAR) panel method based on the Diebold and Yilmaz (2012) framework. Annual data for the mentioned variables were collected and standardized by creating a composite index. The analysis was conducted across the 25th, 50th, and 75th quantiles to examine connectivity and volatility spillovers among variables under various conditions (stable, moderate, and volatile). A rolling window approach was used for temporal dynamics analysis, and unit root tests ensured data stationarity.
Findings and Results: The results indicate that the glass ceiling has a significant negative impact on women's entrepreneurship during crises (e.g., the 2014–2016 oil price collapse) and prosperity periods (e.g., 2018 women's rights reforms). Parliamentary participation emerges as the primary receiver of volatility, particularly vulnerable in crises, while board membership and the gender equality index serve as transmitters and stabilizers. The U-shaped pattern of the Total Connectedness Index (TCI) confirms reduced connectivity in intermediate conditions and increased connectivity during crises and prosperity. Lebanon and Iran showed greater vulnerability, while Qatar and Oman exhibited relative resilience. To mitigate glass ceiling effects, recommendations include implementing women's entrepreneurship mentoring programs in Iran and Lebanon, increasing women's parliamentary quotas in Lebanon and Egypt, developing women-supportive organizational cultures in companies in Iran and Turkey, conducting public education to reduce gender stereotypes in Iran and Jordan, and strengthening local databases for more accurate data collection.

Abstract Background and Objective: Geotourism examines geological features, such as rock structures, tectonic processes, and natural phenomena such as caves, springs, and mountains. These features can be used in the present study to evaluate and quantify the capacities of tourism land in order to attract tourism in Karaj city based on quantitative models (case study: villages of Berghan, Varian, Sanj Kordan).
Methodology: In this study, two quantitative models, Kobalikva and Feullet, which are indicated by the abbreviations (K) and (F), have been used. In the Kobalikva method, which emphasizes more on scientific, educational, economic, conservation and additional criteria, and evaluates the studied areas by comparing sub-criteria. In the national park model, geotourism areas are examined based on four criteria: origin of formation, geographical distribution, tourism and accessibility.
Results and findings: The results of the evaluation of the Kobalikva geotourism model showed that the village of Berghan has a high potential for attracting tourists, with a score of 11.5. Also, according to the results, the water village of Varian is in second place with a score of 8, and the reason is that compared to the village of Burghan received a lower score due to difficult access and its only waterway. And the third region in terms of tourism with a score of 6 is the village of Sanj Kordan. The Violet model also showed that Burghan tourism region has the highest potential in the studied areas with a score of 75.10. Based on the results in this model, Burghan's management and tourism rate was estimated to be very excellent. Therefore, it is concluded that based on the results, Burghan's geotourism region has appropriate capabilities for tourism development in Karaj Township in Alborz Province compared to other studied areas. Finally, it is suggested that artificial intelligence capabilities be used in future studies to evaluate the studied areas.

Abstract Background and Objective: Rapid urbanization and a sharp 30–50% rise in housing prices_compared to only 10–15% income growth_have severely restricted low-income groups’ access to social housing in Tabriz. Given that previous research has largely focused on physical-spatial variables without employing futures-oriented methodologies, this study aims to conduct a futures study of social housing development by identifying key drivers and analyzing probable scenarios. Methodology: This applied research adopts a mixed-method design, integrating documentary reviews, semi-structured interviews with 50 urban planning experts, and surveys completed by 150 Tabriz residents. Analytical procedures involved two stages: (1) structural analysis via MIC-MAC to map driving power and dependence among factors, and (2) scenario planning using Scenario Wizard based on the Cross-Impact Balance (CIB) method to generate and evaluate consistent future scenarios. Results and findings: The analysis identifies a mandatory “strategic triangle” _comprising innovative provision models, full financial sustainability, and intelligent quality monitoring which is present across all 15 plausible scenarios, underscoring that no viable future exists without these pillars. Physical/topographical constraints and infrastructural deficits persist as structural barriers. Among the scenarios, only 2 are desirable, 12 are stagnant, and 1 is critical; the most probable scenario (No. 1, TIS 65) projects a future where the strategic triangle is maintained alongside static government investment and enduring physical limitations.

Abstract Background and Objective: The smart city, as a modern approach to urban management, aims to enhance quality of life, service efficiency, and sustainable development through advanced information technologies, citizen participation, and data-driven decision-making. This study evaluates and ranks the neighborhoods of Tehran's District 6 based on the development level of smart city indicators.
Methodology: The research is applied in nature and employs a descriptive-analytical method. Initially, smart city indicators were identified through a review of theoretical sources, followed by the development of a specialized questionnaire based on the COCOSO model. Field data were collected from 30 urban planning experts, including university professors and municipal officials, using snowball sampling. The Shannon entropy method was used to determine the weight of each indicator, and the COCOSO decision-making model was applied to rank the neighborhoods.
Results and Findings: Results indicate that Neighborhood 4, with a score of 5.442, ranks first, followed by Neighborhood 5 (5.411) and Neighborhood 6 (5.118) in second and third places, respectively. Neighborhoods 3, 1, and 2 rank fourth to sixth with scores of 4.099, 3.322, and 1.447, respectively. The findings suggest that balanced smart city development in this district requires targeted policymaking, enhanced digital infrastructure, and leveraging local capacities in each neighborhood.
Conclusion: These results highlight that utilizing local advantages, particularly in lower-performing neighborhoods, can significantly contribute to improving smart city indicators and reducing spatial inequalities.

Abstract Background and Objective: Tourism as a modern phenomenon has an economic nature and has a special role and importance for countries that have this capacity. Geotourism is a combination of the words "geo" meaning earth and "tourism" meaning tourism. The purpose of this research is to evaluate geotourism potentials and its management in the tourist area of ​​East Azerbaijan province.
Methodology: The research method in this study is based on three models: Kobalikova, Kirchner and GEM. In the Kobalikova and Kirchner model, the criteria are classified into five groups: scientific and intrinsic values, educational values, economic values, conservation values ​​and other values, which cover almost all features of geotourism. The GAM model is a method of physical evaluation of primary geomorphosites to assess the sustainable planning and management of natural heritage sites and their transformation into tourism destinations. This method consists of two main and complementary values. The main values ​​include scientific and educational values, aesthetic and scenic values, and conservation values, and the complementary values ​​include performance values ​​and tourism values.
Results and Findings: The results of the evaluation based on the Kobalikva and Kirchner model showed that the geomorphosites of Arasbaran forests and the village of Shtebin received the highest score and the Aladagh region received the lowest score. Therefore, based on the validation of the models, it can be concluded that the forests of Arasbaran and the village of Shtebin received the highest score and have great potential for development. Finally, it is suggested that artificial intelligence be used in future studies to evaluate the geotourism areas under study and achieve more accurate results.

Abstract Background and Objective: Given the increasing trend of global urbanization, studying and monitoring the expansion of urban constructions is of great importance, as the growth of such structures often leads to significant changes in land surface cover. Accordingly, the objective of this study is to analyze and investigate the trend of expansion of urban constructions in a part of Noor County, Mazandaran Province.
Methodology: In this study, land use maps of the study area for the period 2005–2025 were extracted using Landsat 5 and 8 satellite imagery and the Support Vector Machine (SVM) model. Additionally, the Land Change Modeler (LCM) tool was employed to assess the temporal-spatial patterns of change during this period.
Results and Findings: The The findings of this study indicate that the area of urban constructions in the region increased from 33.07 km² in 2005 to 92.7 km² in 2015, and further to 97.15 km² in 2025. Accordingly, the extent of constructions in proximity to the cities of the region has shown greater growth due to increased construction activities. Assessments reveal the inevitable impact of the expansion of constructions on the reduction of other land use types in the region. By 2025, approximately 99.8 km² of the region have been directly affected by the expansion of constructions, with pastures and agricultural lands experiencing the most significant impacts in this regard. The results of this study highlight the increasing trend of expansion of human constructions in parallel with the region’s population growth and underscore the importance of adopting land use planning and programs to optimally manage land use in line with sustainable territorial development.

Abstract Background and Objective: The tourism industry, as one of the largest and most important industries in the world and as a key component in the economic and social development of various regions, requires careful attention to the factors affecting it. This research has contributed to an in-depth understanding of the factors that influence tourists' decision-making to choose a destination and can be used as a roadmap for the sustainable development of the tourism industry in countries, especially developing regions. Finally, the findings provide suggestions for improving tourist attraction and developing tourism products.
Methodology: The present study evaluates and ranks the most important factors affecting tourist attraction in four cities of Khorasan Razavi Province. Given the importance of tourism in economic development and job creation, identifying and analyzing the factors affecting tourist attraction is a basic necessity. The aim of this research is to evaluate and rank the factors of tourism attraction in the cities of Neyshabur, Quchan, Sabzevar and Chenaran.
Findings and Results: In this research, the method of collecting information and data is carried out in two ways, in the first method, the information necessary for implementing the research is collected and evaluated through a questionnaire, and the second method includes library studies. Then, the main criteria are weighted using the fuzzy Soara method and the final ranking is done with the Kopras method. In this research, the cities of Neyshabur, Quchan, Chenaran and Sabzevar were examined and ranked based on natural, religious, historical, cultural, facilities and services factors. The results of the research show that the presented hybrid model has high accuracy and also Neyshabur city has the six criteria mentioned in the first rank in terms of examination. Finally, based on the research results, suggestions have been made to improve the tourism situation.

Abstract Background and Objective: With increasing environmental pressures and the growing need for clean energy, the use of biofuels has been considered as a solution to improve the sustainability of the agricultural supply chain. This study aimed to analyze the role of biofuels in the sustainable development of the agricultural supply chain using a systematic, focus group, and computational intelligence-based modeling approach.
Methodology: In the first stage, a systematic review method based on the PRISMA guideline was used to identify key variables. With the participation of 20 experts in the focus group format, the most important influential parameters, including biofuel production technology, support policies, energy infrastructure, and economic and environmental indicators, were identified. Subsequently, random forest algorithms and Relief feature selection were used to analyze the data.
Results and Findings: The modeling showed that the random forest algorithm was able to effectively cluster supply chains with different levels of sustainability with an accuracy of 85% (AUC=0.98). Clustering indicated that indicators such as direct employment generation in rural areas, pollution reduction, energy cost reduction, and distance to processing centers had the greatest impact on promoting sustainability, while the type and amount of biofuel consumed had a lesser impact. The findings indicate that sustainable development of the agricultural supply chain requires a focus on improving production technologies, biofuel infrastructure, targeted support policies, and educational programs for farmers.While providing a new framework for integrating renewable energies into the agricultural supply chain, it can provide a basis for policy decisions and optimization strategies to achieve sustainable development in the agricultural sector of Iran and other developing countries.

Abstract Introduction: Geotourism is a branch of sustainable tourism that focuses on the geological features and natural landscapes of an area. Tourism has various forms and types that are related to geography and tourism. The purpose of this research is to assess the potential for the development of geotourism in the protected areas of the eastern slopes of Sabalan.
Research Method: This research aimed to identify and prioritize the components of geotourism development in the protected areas of the eastern slopes of Sabalan. Qualitative data were analyzed using ATLAS.ti software and 17 codes were extracted under 4 main themes including education and empowerment, management and infrastructure challenges, local participation and sustainable development, and regional identification and branding. For quantitative analysis and ranking of these components, Friedman's nonparametric test was used with the participation of 278 respondents.
Results: The test results showed that there was a significant difference in importance between the components, such that "local participation and indigenous values" had the highest priority, followed by education, environmental awareness, and human resource empowerment. The findings emphasize the need to focus on active community participation, continuous education, scientific management, and strategic planning to achieve sustainable and balanced geotourism development. This study can be a practical guide for policymakers and managers in the tourism and environmental sectors to promote the status of geotourism in protected areas.

Abstract Background and Objective: Tourism—particularly geotourism, as an emerging branch focused on geological and geomorphological phenomena—plays a significant role in sustainable development, environmental conservation, and regional economic improvement. With its vast natural diversity, Iran possesses great potential in this field. The city of Hashjin, located in southern Ardabil Province, with its distinctive natural features, is one of the promising areas for geotourism development that has not yet been comprehensively evaluated. This study aims to identify and prioritize the region’s geosites and to analyze geotourism assessment indicators within the framework of the dynamic model.
Methodology: In this study, five selected geosites in Hashtjin Township were initially identified for analysis and evaluation. The statistical population consisted of experts in physical geography and tourists visiting the region. Using a non-random purposive sampling method, 15 experts and 30 tourists (a total of 45 participants) were selected to complete the questionnaire. Data collection tools included a researcher-designed questionnaire, geological and topographic maps, and ArcGIS software. Data analysis was conducted based on Hadžić’s dynamic model by calculating three main indices: scientific value, additional values, and geosite vulnerability.
Results and Findings: The results revealed that Agh Dagh Mountain and Qezel Ozan River, with scores of 73.0076 and 64.303, respectively, exhibit the highest geotourism potential among the studied geosites. Diz Waterfall (38.9839), Jafarabad Zaviyeh Hot Spring (38.1518), and Nodeh Waterfall (33.014) ranked third to fifth. Qualitatively, Agh Dagh Mountain was classified as "very good," Qezel Ozan River as "good," and the remaining three geosites as "moderate." Additionally, the findings indicated that Qezel Ozan River, with a vulnerability score of 5.5, is the most vulnerable geosite, while Agh Dagh Mountain, with a score of 10, has the lowest vulnerability.
 Conclusion: The findings of the study indicated that the geosites of Hashtjin, particularly Mount Agh Dagh and the Qezel Ozan River, possess high potential for geotourism development. Despite the advantages of using the dynamic model for evaluation, challenges such as weak infrastructure and high vulnerability in certain areas necessitate targeted management. Accordingly, strategies such as officially designating the region as a geosite, conducting comprehensive documentation, and developing localized evaluation models are recommended.

Abstract Background and Objective: This study aims to analyze the urban regeneration capacities of Dehdasht city and to elucidate their connection with the urban branding process. Dehdasht, as a city lacking prominent urban recognition indicators, requires the utilization of regeneration potentials to enhance its identity and competitive position. Literature review indicates that previous studies predominantly focus on metropolitan areas and cities with established brands, highlighting a significant gap in examining the relationship between urban regeneration and branding in smaller, less-known cities. This research seeks to fill this gap by focusing on the case study of Dehdasht.
Methodology: The research adopts a descriptive–analytical approach based on documentary and library studies, as well as a review of national and international literature. Empirical data were collected through semi-structured interviews with urban planning experts and analyzed using content coding. The analysis framework encompasses four dimensions of urban regeneration: physical–environmental, economic, socio–cultural, and policy–managerial, which are examined in relation to the four fundamental components of urban branding: efficient institutional governance, sustainable financing, active stakeholder participation, and coherent policy orientation.
Results and Findings: The findings indicate that urban regeneration provides the necessary framework for achieving the four dimensions of urban branding. Specifically, the restoration of the historical Baladshapur district, enhancement of public spaces, and improvement of urban infrastructure, combined with the strengthening of socio-cultural capacities and participatory governance, enable Dehdasht to develop a competitive city image at regional and national levels. The study demonstrates that even cities with low urban recognition can, through targeted planning and integrated strategies, enhance their attractiveness to both internal and external stakeholders and improve their overall urban status.

Abstract Background and Objective: Land use changes represent a critical environmental challenge, significantly impacting natural resources, ecosystems, and hydrological processes. This study aims to comparatively evaluate the performance of two machine learning algorithms—Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM)—for land use mapping and analyzing temporal changes between 2015 and 2024 in the Samian Watershed, Ardabil Province, with an approximate area of 4236 km².
Methodology: Satellite imagery from Landsat 8 and 9, along with Sentinel-2, were utilized within the Google Earth Engine platform for land use classification. The RF and SVM classifiers were applied to produce land use maps consisting of eight classes: water, residential, irrigated agriculture, rainfed agriculture, snow, forest, dense rangeland, and sparse rangeland. Accuracy assessment was conducted using confusion matrices and related accuracy metrics. Global datasets (Dynamic World and GHSL) were employed for sampling and model training.
Results and Findings: Comparative analysis revealed that the RF algorithm outperformed SVM, achieving an overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient exceeding 99%. Significant land use changes were observed during the study period, including a notable increase in irrigated agriculture and residential areas, alongside a decrease in rainfed lands, snow cover, and surface water bodies. Overall, due to its high accuracy and stable performance, RF is recommended as the superior method for monitoring land use changes within big data environments such as Google Earth Engine.               

Abstract Background and Objective: Given the increasing importance of environmental issues and the challenges facing countries in achieving sustainable development, a better understanding of the relationship between democratic governance, the use of renewable energy, and trade policies is an inevitable necessity. On the other hand, identifying how these factors affect environmental indicators can help policymakers design optimal strategies to reduce environmental degradation and enhance sustainability. Foreign trade can play a dual role in environmental improvement or degradation. On the one hand, international trade can improve environmental quality through the transfer of clean technologies and environmental innovations; but on the other hand, in the absence of appropriate regulations, it may lead to increased pressure on natural resources and further pollution. Therefore, a simultaneous and integrated examination of these three factors can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the relationships between economic, environmental, and governance policies. Given the importance of the subject, this study attempts to analyze the relationship between these factors and their effects on Iraq's environmental indicators.
Research Method: In this study, Autoregressive Distributed Lag model (ARDL) was used to examine the impact of democracy, green energy, and foreign trade on environmental progress in Iraq from 2006 to 2022. These methods provide the ability to examine the long-term and short-term effects of variables and allow for the analysis of the complex relationships between democracy, green energy, foreign trade, and environmental progress.
Findings and Conclusions: The results show that increased carbon emissions are associated with democracy in Iraq, especially in a situation where economic and political pressures to accelerate economic growth increase energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Also, renewable energies (green energies), although they may have an incremental effect on carbon emissions in the short term, can help reduce carbon emissions and improve environmental quality in the long term. On the other hand, foreign trade has had negative effects on the environment due to Iraq's dependence on fossil energy resources, so Iraq needs green and sustainable trade policies. Also, in this study, the error correction coefficient is -0.3807. This coefficient shows that about 38.07 percent of the short-term imbalance is adjusted in each period and the system moves towards long-term equilibrium

Abstract Introduction and Objective: Inflation, as one of the most significant economic variables, has profound effects on the economic development process of countries. This study examines the mutual impacts of inflation and aspects of economic development in Iran and Iraq, aiming to analyze the relationships between the inflation rate and various economic variables such as production, agriculture, industry, dependency, education, and health.
Method: This study analyzes the impact of inflation on different dimensions of economic development using long-term data from 1990 to 2024 for both countries. The data were collected from reliable sources such as the World Bank and were evaluated using tests like the Dickey-Fuller test, Johansen cointegration test, and Granger causality test to assess the relationships between the variables. Regression models were also employed to examine the effects of inflation on each dimension of economic development.
Findings: The results indicate that all economic indicators in both countries are stationary, and there are significant relationships between the inflation rate and economic variables. In Iran, an increase in the inflation rate is associated with a slight increase in GDP, but it has considerable negative effects on the agriculture, health, and education sectors. In Iraq, inflation is considered a driver of economic growth, although its negative effects on health and education are also evident.
Conclusion: This research emphasizes that controlling inflation can contribute to improving economic conditions and achieving sustainable development in Iran and Iraq. Furthermore, the findings of this study can serve as a valuable reference for policymakers and economic analysts in formulating effective strategies for inflation management and supporting economic growth. Given the profound impact of inflation fluctuations on human and economic development, further research is necessary to gain a better understanding of these complex relationships.

Abstract Background and Objective: Empowering rural communities is a highly strategic approach to developing the full potential of society, enabling individuals and groups to become capable and resilient. In this context, maintaining resilience is an essential skill. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between psychological empowerment and the resilience of rural residents against COVID-19. The study area includes the villages of the Kanavist Rural District in Mashhad Township.                                                                                                                          
Methodology: The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of methodology. The study population consists of 4,712 individuals living in 11 villages of Kanavist, Mashhad Township. Using Cochran’s formula, a sample of 302 individuals was selected through simple random sampling. The research method is based on a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by  university professors, and the composite reliability (CR) for all variables was above 0.7, indicating satisfactory internal consistency and reliability among the items.
Findings and Results: For data analysis, structural equation modeling (SEM) using PLS software and SPSS were employed. The results indicate a significant and positive relationship between self-determination and resilience (path coefficient = 0.476, t = 2.857), between meaningfulness and resilience (path coefficient = 0.319, t = 3.964), and between impact and resilience (path coefficient = 0.521, t = 2.371). However, no significant relationship was found between self-esteem, trust, and competence with resilience. Based on the analysis, practical recommendations have been provided.

Abstract Background and Objective: Considering the increase in global temperature and the intensification of the urban heat island effect, the expansion of vegetation can reduce the intensity of this phenomenon and provide a healthier and more stable environment for city residents. In general, green areas in cities are an effective approach to reduce the effects of urban heat island and create comfort for residents. The improvement of microclimatic conditions in urban environments is mostly influenced by evaporation and transpiration.
Methodology: In this article, using the urban cooling model, the effects of green spaces on the process of reducing the effects of heat islands in the city of Maragheh were investigated. According to the nature of the subject, the purpose of the research is the application and research method based on the descriptive-analytical method. In this research, Landsat satellite images with 30x30 pixel size have been used to monitor urban land use changes in the period from 1984 to 2022. To check the amount of cooling in Maragheh city, the urban cooling model was used in the Invest software.
Results and Findings: In 1984 in the class 0.83 to 0.90 equal to 19.5%, in 2002 in the class 0.60 to 0.93 equal to 19.87. percent and in class 2022 in class 0.59 to 0.83 equal to 20.65% was able to reduce heat islands. According to the results obtained from the urban cooling model, it was observed that in all three periods, the city of Maragheh did not have a very favorable situation in reducing heat islands. According to the land use maps of three periods, the growth pattern of the city of Maragheh has followed a scattered and horizontal uneven growth pattern with the destruction of garden and fertile agricultural lands and replacing them with the fabric of scattered and incoherent urban and rural neighborhoods. The energy saving due to the reduction of urban heat islands due to urban green infrastructure in Maragheh city in 1984 was 10,626 megawatts for 2002 equal to 19,252 megawatts and finally for 2022 equal to 36,234 megawatts.

Abstract Background and Objective: The quality of the residential environment is a dynamic, complex, and multidimensional concept that is formed from dimensions. In this regard, one of the appropriate ways to assess the quality of the residential environment is to measure the satisfaction of residents with that environment. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the satisfaction of the residential environment in the city of Arbil for future planning.
Methodology: The research method is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature and method. The information required in this study was collected through field and documentary methods. The statistical population of the study is residents of different neighborhoods (wealthy, middle-class, and poor). SPSS software was used to analyze the data. In this regard, one-sample t-tests were used. Finally, the Friedman test was used to rank the indicators under study.
Results and Findings: Based on the one-sample t-test, residents' satisfaction with their residential environment in wealthy residential neighborhoods was (3.516), in middle-income neighborhoods it was (3.272), and in poor neighborhoods it was (2.196). Based on the Friedman test, the security index was ranked first and the lighting and ventilation index was ranked last. According to the results of the present study, the level of satisfaction is relative and varies in different urban areas and neighborhoods and has yielded different results. The results of the study showed that satisfaction in different neighborhoods of Arbil is (3.233) and is at an average level.

Abstract Maritime development is recognized as a key approach for enhancing economic growth and social welfare in coastal regions, especially in the Makran coast. This paper, using a theoretical-documentary methodology, analyzes the social impacts of maritime development with an emphasis on the smart specialization approach. Smart specialization, which focuses on identifying the unique capacities and advantages of each region, can serve as an effective strategy for guiding sustainable development and social justice. Findings indicate that the Makran coast, with economic advantages such as maritime transportation, fisheries, energy, and tourism, possesses significant potential to generate employment, improve public services, and increase social participation of local communities. However, challenges such as inequality in access to basic services, widespread poverty, high unemployment rates, unmanaged migration, and weak social capital hinder the realization of balanced and sustainable development. Maritime development without adequate attention to social dimensions and local participation may exacerbate regional disparities, increase informal settlements, and cause resource degradation. In this context, the smart specialization approach, by emphasizing community empowerment, endogenous innovation, and equitable distribution of benefits, can reduce negative impacts and strengthen positive outcomes. Accordingly, policymakers should pursue development pathways that are economically successful as well as socially just and inclusive by establishing mechanisms for community participation, comprehensive social impact assessments, and fair resource allocation. This paper provides a theoretical and analytical framework for maritime development policy in the Makran coast, which could serve as a model for other maritime regions in the country.

Abstract Background and Objective: Natural resource rents can act as a dual factor; on the one hand, they provide financing for green projects, and on the other hand, they may lead to dependence on polluting industries and reduce incentives to invest in sustainable technologies. Geopolitical risk in resource-rich countries, especially in unstable regions, can lead to uncertainty in investments and a decrease in the willingness to develop green economic projects, which contributes to the weakening of sustainable growth. Uncertainty in economic policies, especially in the field of environmental regulations and taxation, can lead to reduced investor confidence and delays in the implementation of green initiatives, thus affecting sustainable economic growth.
Methodology: This study examines the effects of natural resource rents, geopolitical risk, and economic uncertainties, and other control variables such as financial development, foreign trade, foreign direct investment, and fixed capital formation on green economic growth in Iraq using an auto-explanatory model with wide lags (ARDL) and seasonal data over the period 1995-2022.
Results and Findings: The results of the model estimation show that natural resource rents, geopolitical risk, and economic policy uncertainty have a negative and significant effect on green economic growth in this have coutry. Also, financial development, foreign trade, foreign direct investment, and fixed capital formation have a positive and significant effect on green economic growth in Iraq country.

Abstract Background and Objective: Tourism is one of the most important factors in economic and social development across societies, playing a key role in global economic growth by influencing capital transfer and financial circulation. Iran, with its unique geological and geomorphological capacities, holds significant potential for geotourism development; however, this field remains in its early stages of growth. This study aimed to assess the geotourism potential of geosites in Hashtjin Township, located in the southern part of Ardabil Province.
Methodology: In this research, after selecting five geosites in the Township for analysis and evaluation, tools such as questionnaires, geological and topographic maps, and ArcGIS software were utilized. Finally, the geotourism potential of these geosites was assessed using the Kubalíková model.
Results and Findings: The results revealed that Qezel Ozan River (score: 11.25) and Agh Dagh Mountain (score:10.15) achieved the highest rankings and attract the most tourists during peak seasons. In contrast, Diz Waterfall (6.5), Nodeh Waterfall (5.15), and Zaviyeh Jafarabad Hot Spring (4.85) received lower rankings. Criterion analysis indicated that value-added (31%) held the highest importance, while economic value (7%) had the least significance. However, the economic status of the geosites was not evaluated as favorable.
Conclusion: Shortcomings such as insufficient infrastructure and uneven distribution of facilities have hindered the Township from achieving higher geotourism potential rankings. Strengthening existing strengths, addressing infrastructural weaknesses, educating and raising awareness among local communities, and developing promotional programs could significantly improve the region’s geotourism status. Additionally, collaboration between governmental institutions and the private sector in tourism investments could play a pivotal role in optimally leveraging the natural and historical capacities of this Township.

Abstract Background and Objective: Sports tourism, as a growing industry, can play an important role in the economic and social development of different regions. Khuzestan Province, with its diverse natural, historical, and cultural capacities, has a high potential for the development of this type of tourism. The aim of this study is to identify and prioritize the factors affecting sports tourism in Khuzestan Province.
Methodology: In this regard, the present study is applied in terms of its purpose and analytical-exploratory in terms of its nature and method. This study was conducted with an applied approach, using a descriptive-analytical method and collecting the opinions of 30 experts in the field of sports tourism through the Delphi method, and using the DANP technique and Excel software.
Results and Findings: In this study, 6 general indicators and 22 sub-indicators were identified that affect sports tourism in Khuzestan Province. Next, using the Danp technique, the influential indicators were identified and prioritized to determine which of these indicators have the greatest impact on sports tourism in Khuzestan Province. The results of his research showed that the development of this industry requires a multifaceted approach; so that management and planning factors play a key role as the main axis, influencing other factors. Also, socio-cultural, economic, marketing, infrastructure and environmental factors are significantly involved in this process. Along with these macro factors, the sub-indicators of a suitable climate, attracting foreign capital and social participation have been identified as the main drivers of the development of sports tourism in Khuzestan. These results provide a practical roadmap for policymakers and planners to focus on these key factors to provide the grounds for sustainable growth and prosperity of sports tourism in the province.

Abstract Background and Objective: The expansion of rural migration to urban peripheries is a phenomenon profoundly influencing the social and spatial fabric of cities. This study investigates the relationship between social networks and rural migration, and its subsequent outcome: the formation of informal settlements on the outskirts of Ahvaz, Iran.
Methodology: Focusing on two neighborhoods, Goldasht and Golbahar, as primary destinations for rural migrants, this research employs a descriptive-analytical method. Data were collected via a researcher-administered questionnaire from 300 household heads and analyzed in SPSS using a one-sample t-test and the Friedman rank test.
Results and Findings: The results reveal that kinship relations, with a mean score of 3.02 (above the theoretical average), constituted the most significant network factor in migration decision-making and destination choice. Furthermore, economic factors, with a mean rank of 2.24, were identified as the primary driver for migration from rural areas. In contrast, the overall satisfaction of residents with their living conditions, averaging 2.99, fell below the median, indicating unsatisfactory circumstances in these settlements. In conclusion, the findings underscore the prominent role of social networks and economic pressures in shaping waves of rural migration. The low levels of resident satisfaction simultaneously highlight the persistent and serious challenges to quality of life within these informal urban settlements.

Abstract Background and Objective: In this study, a combination of remote sensing data, the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, statistical analyses, and Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to examine the trends in land use/land cover changes, vegetation cover, and land surface temperature (LST) over the past decade (2013–2024) in Firouzkouh County.
Methodology: Google Earth Engine (GEE), as a powerful cloud-based processing platform, provides access to a wide range of satellite datasets such as MODIS and Landsat, along with various tools for spatio-temporal analysis. To generate land surface temperature (LST) maps, the MODIS MOD11A2.061 product was used, and annual as well as decadal average LST maps were extracted. The results indicated an increase in land surface temperature in certain areas, particularly around urban zones and agricultural lands. Additionally, to assess changes in vegetation cover, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) derived from Landsat and MODIS imagery was utilized. Correlation analysis between NDVI and LST was conducted using SPSS software.
Results and Findings: The results of these analyses revealed a generally inverse relationship between NDVI and LST across most areas; regions with denser vegetation cover experienced lower land surface temperatures. This finding highlights the significant role of vegetation in mitigating surface heat through processes such as evapotranspiration and shading. Subsequently, zonation maps and spatial analyses were conducted using ArcGIS, Excel, and SPSS software, allowing for the identification of critical areas experiencing either vegetation decline or temperature increase. It is recommended that future studies incorporate additional indices such as the Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), Temperature Condition Index (TCI), and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) for a more detailed assessment of drought and vegetation health. Furthermore, the use of higher spatial resolution data, such as Sentinel-2 imagery, along with machine learning algorithms like Random Forest or Support Vector Machine (SVM) within the GEE environment, can enhance the accuracy of analyses and facilitate more precise identification of complex environmental patterns.

Abstract Background and Objective: Geomorphosites are a novel concept in tourism studies, emphasizing unique locations with scientific, ecological, cultural, aesthetic, and economic values. In recent years, geotourism and geomorphotourism have emerged as highly appealing concepts, attracting a diverse range of individuals with varied interests, as well as governments, environmental groups, and conservation organizations. The aim of this study is to evaluate the geotourism potential of karst landforms in Azarshahr Township using the Reynard method.
Methodology: For this purpose, field surveys were conducted to assess two main criteria: scientific value, added value, and a composite value. The scientific value comprises conservation status, rarity, representativeness, and paleogeographic significance, while the added value includes cultural, historical, religious, geohistorical, and economic values. The composite value encompasses global significance, educational value, threats, and management measures.
Results and Findings: The findings revealed that the geomorphosites in the region scored highest in the main criteria as follows: scientific value (0.53), composite value (0.47), and added value (0.34). Among the sub-criteria, educational value (0.79), paleogeography and geohistory (0.75), and threats (0.70) received the highest scores. In terms of geotourism potential, the examined landforms—travertines, springs, and caves—demonstrated the highest capacity to attract tourists across the three evaluation criteria (scientific value, added value, and composite value).

Abstract Background and Objective: Sustainable urban development is based on the principle that the space of a city is formed within neighborhoods and continues accordingly. Therefore, neighborhood development is considered a fundamental measure in achieving sustainable development. Therefore, the present study was developed with the aim of assessing the level of sustainability of urban neighborhoods in the city of Karbala.
Methodology: The research method is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature and method. The information required in this study was collected through field and documentary methods. The statistical population of the study consists of 6 neighborhoods located in the surrounding areas. In order to analyze the data and achieve the research goal and measure and evaluate the sustainability of the dimensions (social-cultural, economic, environmental and physical), the sustainability barometer model has been used.
Results and Findings: According to the indicators used in the research and the results of the sustainability barometer model in the present study, in terms of overall sustainability, the Abbasiyyah East neighborhood scored (0.90) at the sustainable level, the Abbasiyyah East neighborhood scored (0.82) at the potential sustainability level, the Abbasiyyah West and Al-Jamiyyah neighborhoods scored (0.53) and (0.54) at the average level, the Al-Hussein neighborhood scored (0.30) at the potential instability level, and the Al-Mukhaim neighborhood scored (0.04) at the unstable level. The average level of sustainability in terms of ecosystem welfare in the studied neighborhoods is 0.54 and human welfare is 0.50, indicating an average sustainability status for both. According to the results of the present study, the average of the studied neighborhoods in terms of overall sustainability is 0.52 and is at the average level. Given that the sustainability levels of the studied neighborhoods vary, development plans tailored to the strengths and weaknesses of each neighborhood and based on the sustainability levels of each of them are necessary.