Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS)

Abstract Urbanism, urban growth and its undesirable expansion as global phenomena, affect all countries throughout the world. In recent decades, the growth and extension of urban areas has come to be considered as a kind of issue or problem and Ahvaz appears to possess such problem. The aim of this study is practical and its methodology is descriptive-analytical. the present study seeks to investigate the physical development of Ahvaz Extension pattern of Ahvaz in the 2021 horizons. First the process of physical extension is investigated during the period from 1981-2017 (35 years) and 14 indicators has been extracted for the study of the appropriate extension of Ahvaz development in 2021 horizon. By using of FUZZY logic, these indicators have turned out to be standard and by the use of analytical-combinatory model of ANPDEMATEL for the optimized model, 3 levels have been determined for the extension of this city, which has been consequently extracted in the combination of OVERLAYFUZZY and 0/9 GAMA in the GIS environment of output maps also using ENVI and arc GIS software. The results showed that at the level of predictive models of agricultural land with weights of 0.101 and 0.118, the most important and important factor has been the physical development of the city of Ahvaz. Also, the output of physical expansion on the horizon of 1400 showed that the best location in the immediate area of the 8th district of the city and not being located on the site of agricultural land in this city.

Abstract Background and Aim: Today, development is a concern of many countries with the aim of improving the quality of human life. In order to achieve the desired development pattern or the correct use of resources and opportunities and the fair distribution of facilities, people's participation is the main and pivotal strategy. Accordingly, the present study examines and evaluates the feasibility of indicators of active public participation in line with the Islamic-Iranian model of progress.
Methods:The type of applied-comparative research and research method is content analysis and library and field information methods have been used in conducting research. In the field method, a questionnaire technique was used to collect information. The statistical population of the study includes 50 elites and available experts. SPSS statistical software and one-sample t-test and Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests were used to analyze the questionnaire data and also the SWOT strategic model was used to determine strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.
Findings and Conclusion: The results of t-test showed that there is a significant relationship between the independent variables studied in the present study and the feasibility of the Islamic-Iranian model of progress. Therefore, the studied independent variables affect the feasibility of the model. Also, the results of Kruskal-Wallis test have shown that the tendency of people to participate in relation to the indicators and variables measured in order to achieve the model is in a favorable position. The results of the SWOT model in relation to the status of the pattern as well as the scoring of the relevant factors indicate the choice of offensive strategy in the direction of action.

Abstract Background and Aim: Security is one of the most basic needs for tourists, and its lack is a big challenge to attract tourists, especially foreign tourists. Since the purpose of tourists from traveling is to gain mental and emotional peace; the lack of social security will decrease the acceptance of tourists. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between social security indicators on the loyalty of foreign tourists in Shiraz.
Methods: applied research and its method is based on descriptive-analytical method. In order to collect the required data, documentary and field methods (questionnaire) have been used. The statistical population was tourists visiting Shiraz city in 2018. The sampling method was random and multi-stage cluster type. To measure the social security of tourists, 43 items have been used in the form of 4 indicators. Also, data analysis has been done using T, correlation coefficient and regression analysis methods.
Findings and Conclusion: The results of the research show that 4 social security indicators are above the average level from the point of view of tourists, and there is a strong and statistically significant correlation between the social security indicators. In the end, among the loyalty factors, the travel experience component with a value of 0.319 had the largest share among other loyalty factors. The results of the research show that 4 social security indicators are above the average level from the point of view of tourists, and there is a strong and statistically significant correlation between the social security indicators. In the end, among the loyalty factors, the travel experience component with a value of 0.319 had the largest share among other loyalty factors.

Abstract Background and Aim: Today, the role of land use on urban traffic has been proven for everyone. Creating any type of user will generate and attract travel. In the development of uses, the access road and parking should be planned in such a way that entry and exit are possible with the least negative impact on the traffic network.
Methods: This article aims to investigate the impact of the uses located around the city squares on the traffic flow and the rate of accidents. First, the accidents occurred in a certain period of time were obtained from the traffic police department of the city. Then, the squares with the highest accident rate were selected as a statistical sample in the city of Mehriz. The coordinates of the collisions around those two squares were obtained from the archived forms of the traffic city police accident experts, then they were loaded in Google Earth software and finally, they were analyzed by field observations.
Findings and Conclusion: The results showed that most of the points of collision and interference happened in the marginal parking area of ​​commercial-service uses and with the area of ​​influence from the whole city that have not even provided the minimum parking area specified in the approved detailed plan of this city. Therefore, for any request for creation, development or change of land use, its traffic impacts must be checked in addition to complying with the established principles and criteria.

Abstract Today discussion of space inequalities in cities and the need for the establishment of social justice in the enjoyment of all the citizens for of public services has turned into the serious debates noteworthy for to planners and city administrators. The aim this article is an analysis of the position of the urban areas in Mahabad city in terms of the components of urban services with emphasis on special justice. The research method, with due attention to purpose is functional and in terms of nature is descriptive-analytical approach. The criteria of the study include eleven components of urban public services that the required information is collected from the comprehensive and detailed plan of Mahabad in 2016. For data analysis, the GIS and Excel software were used. Indexes were weighted using Entropy method and were ranked by using VIKOR technique and for examining the land use distribution pattern of urban services; the technique of closet neighborhood was used. Checking the results of the amount of Mahabad-zones enjoyment of possibilities and urban services indicates that area 2 with the privilege of 0/589 and 0/867 have placed at the rankings of areas 7 and 8. As well, investigating the pattern of the land use distribution of urban services at the levels of zones show that most of the land uses have distributed on the basis of cluster model and do not follow a regular pattern. In the end, some solutions have been represented to achieve the space justice.

Abstract Background and Objective: Geotourism is a branch of tourism knowledge that focuses on the behavior of land surface systems or geomorphosites and attempts to identify, protect, and exploit the tourism-conservation values ​​of dominant forms and processes in a place. The purpose of this research is to evaluate and analyze the competitiveness of geotourism and geomorphological potentials of Gilan Province (Case Study: Masal Township, Olsbelengah, Shanderman).
Methodology: The present study is applied in terms of descriptive-analytical purpose, and Pavlova, Kobalikova, and Feyolt geotourism models were used to evaluate the study areas. The Pavlova model evaluates the competitiveness of the studied regions and is based on the formation of positive and negative factors and their related calculations. The Kobalikova model, which emphasizes more on scientific, educational, economic, conservation and additional criteria, and finally the Feuillet model, which examines geotourism regions based on four criteria of origin, geographical distribution, tourism and accessibility.
Results and findings: Based on the results of the Pavlova model in the positive competitiveness factor, Masal Township has high competitiveness in the region by obtaining the highest scores in the sub-indices of natural wealth (4.9) and protected areas (4.54). Also, in the negative competitiveness factor, the Shanderman district has the highest score in the sub-index of lack of appropriate infrastructure in the region with a value of 4.33, indicating the weakness of the region in this regard. Also, according to the results obtained from the Kobalikova model, Masal Township has the highest geotourism value in the region with a score of (7.08). Also, the results obtained from the Violet model show that Masal Township is in a favorable situation in terms of management and tourism in the region with a score of (5.04). Therefore, it is concluded that this region has high potentials and capabilities for tourism and geotourism and is ranked first in terms of competitiveness at the provincial level

Abstract Background and Aim: The importance of effectively managing free time to balance work and daily life cannot be overstated. Effectively managing leisure time is not only crucial for maintaining personal and social identity but also plays a vital role in ensuring a high quality of life. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, managing leisure time has become even more critical, and it presents a major challenge for families and urban planners alike. With the pandemic's widespread impact on daily life, including social distancing measures and lockdowns, leisure time patterns have undergone significant changes in recent times. To gain a more accurate understanding of leisure time patterns during and after the pandemic, a study was conducted in Tabriz city. The study aimed to identify and evaluate the various leisure time activities that people engaged in during the pandemic period. The study also sought to determine the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on people's leisure time choices.
Methods:  The research methodology was practical and descriptive-analytical, allowing for effective participation of the target population. Key data was collected through a web-based questionnaire, and analyzed with high accuracy using statistical software such as SPSS and Excel.
Findings and Conclusion: The findings indicate that during the pandemic, there was a decrease in the tendency to engage in leisure activities indoors, and an increase in the use of electronic tools, and desire to participate in physical activities in open spaces. Additionally, gender surveys revealed that women tend to spend more leisure time outside the home than men, and education level did not significantly impact leisure patterns. Therefore, it is important to consider both structural and individual factors when determining how to manage leisure time and to develop social, political, and cultural programs that promote activities that benefit physical and mental health.

Abstract Background and Aim: City furniture is actually a manifestation of the aesthetics and identity of a society. Therefore, functional design, appropriate location, and proper and principled use of furniture in the city context are very important. Although city furniture is one of the most important categories of a city, it is not possible to equip and improve the current situation of this important thing at a time and simultaneously in all regions of a city; therefore, a comparative comparison in this regard can be effective and help urban managers perform better and make decisions in accordance with the priority of intervention at the level of each region. On this basis, the present study has been developed with the aim of a comparative study of the regions of Tabriz metropolis based on the components of city furniture.
Methodology: This research is applied in nature and descriptive, analytical and survey in terms of method. The statistical population of the research includes 30 experts and specialists in the urban field. In order to evaluate and prioritize the target areas, 5 components (environmental quality, beauty and proportion of urban furniture, correct placement of urban furniture, balanced urban structure, quality of urban furniture components) were used. In this regard, 10 areas of Tabriz city were prioritized using the MABAC model.
Findings and Conclusion: The results of implementing the model showed that Region 2 was in the first place with a final score of 0.513 and was in a favorable position, while Regions 5 and 9 were in the second and third places with scores of 0.388 and 0.362, respectively. In contrast, Region 1 was in the last place with the lowest score of -0.382. According to the findings of the present study, planning and management in accordance with the ranking made in the present study can, in turn, pave the way for urban managers to make future plans in the study area.

Abstract Growth and development in cities, in addition to financial resources and economic and social growth, requires efficient urban management. Today, urban management has many challenges. In this study, the challenges facing urban management have been researched and the most important goal is to measure and rank the challenges of urban management in Kermanshah. The present study has been done with a descriptive-analytical approach in terms of applied purpose and the method of data collection is based on the library method and field survey (questionnaire) of the findings based on surveys and interviews with 15 experts. In urban affairs, the city of Kermanshah, which was estimated using a simple random sampling method. In this study, low level components of life and social development, political and structural conflicts of centralized government system and decentralized urban management, nature conflict of local urban management with macro-administrative system, uncertainty of organization and inter-organizational relations of urban management, uncertainty of organization and the internal relations of urban management, inefficiency of urban management laws, shortage and vacuum of specialized human resources have been analyzed through PROMETHEE visual software, in order to prioritize effective criteria in urban management. Findings are based on a survey and interviews with 15 experts from urban affairs departments and other bodies related to urban management in Kermanshah to determine the superiority and weighting functions of the indicators and finally their ranking using the vp model. According to the ranking of components, the inefficiency index of the rules with pH + 1. Has the highest weight and the index of organizational relations with a weight of 0.00 ph. +. They have the lowest priority scoring challenges for urban management, which requires serious attention of city managers and decision makers.

Abstract Background and Objective: The increasing growth of urban environments has brought environmental problems to cities in the 21st century. These problems have led to the instability of urban environments. Various approaches have been proposed to achieve urban balance and sustainability, one of which is ecological city. The aim of this research is to investigate the role of physical development and urban density in achieving ecological development in the city of Dorche.
Methodology: The research method in the present study is quantitative in terms of paradigm, applied in terms of purpose, and descriptive-analytical in nature. The method of data collection was library and survey; Shannon and Holdern entropy model was used to evaluate urban sprawl, and GIS and SPSS software were used to analyze the data.
Results and findings: The results of the research through the Shannon entropy model show that the value of H between 1390 and 1400 is 1.5165 and 1.4084 respectively and the value of Ln (7) is 1.9459 and the entropy coefficient has decreased between 1390 and 1400; the results of the Holdern model show that between 1335 and 1400, about 92 percent of the city's physical growth was related to population growth and 8 percent was related to the city's horizontal and spiral growth; therefore, the conditions for the formation of mixed and intensive use in terms of ecological structure are available in this city. Also, according to the studies conducted from 1390 to today (1404), urban growth has been controlled and the area of ​​the city's boundary has decreased by 36 hectares compared to the area approved in previous plans, and the horizontal and irregular expansion of the city has been prevented; In fact, this change has caused the city to move towards a compact city. This type of growth is in line with its ecological potential and can contribute to the ecological development and sustainability of the city economically, physically, and socially.

Abstract Background and Objective: The study of urban sustainability and the implementation of smart city components is a complex and dynamic research area. The aim of this study is to contribute to the existing body of knowledge by examining the theoretical and practical concepts of smart city components in achieving urban sustainability. By examining the interrelationships between these concepts, this research seeks to provide insight into effective strategies for transitioning towards more sustainable and resilient urban environments in Iranian cities. The present study examines the components of smart cities and their role in urban sustainability.
Methodology: The present study is of an applied type in terms of purpose and a descriptive-survey study in terms of nature and research method. In explaining the structure, it has been investigated in the city of Khorramabad in the form of a structural equation model, which is a method for examining the relationships between latent variables that simultaneously consider observable variables. The data collection method is also documentary (library) and field (questionnaire). The statistical population of the present study consists of citizens living in urban areas of Khorramabad. The sample size was determined using the sampling formula as 384 people. LISREL software was used to design the structural model and implement the model.
Findings and Conclusion: To measure urban sustainability with the approach of implementing smart city components, five components including economy, urban management, environment, citizenship, and transportation were used. The statistical population of the present study consists of citizens living in urban areas of Khorramabad. The results of the study show that implementing a smart city requires attention to all areas of urban management, citizenship, environment, transportation, and economy. The transportation component has the greatest impact on urban sustainability. Environmental and citizenship components also have a significant impact on urban sustainability. However, in the opinion of Khorramabad citizens, urban management and economic components have a lesser impact on urban sustainability. The findings of this study have the potential to inform policy decisions, urban planning practices, and stakeholder engagement strategies, and ultimately contribute to the development of more sustainable and livable cities. Based on this analysis, it can be concluded that implementing a smart city requires attention to all areas of urban management, citizenship, environmental, transportation, and economics. To improve urban sustainability with the approach of implementing smart city components in Khorramabad, the development of public transportation, reduction of air and water pollution, increased citizen participation, and improvement of quality of life should be considered. Also, the needs of citizens should be emphasized based on the use of new technologies in implementing a smart city.

Abstract Background and Aim: Street lighting is a key factor in ensuring the safety and quality of life for citizens. This research examines a novel approach for mapping urban street lighting using mobile mapping techniques. Given the existing challenges in evaluating and managing street lighting, this study analyzes the lighting conditions of the streets in Ahvaz. In this research, laser scanning technology and mobile mapping, along with software such as ArcGIS and Photoscan, have been utilized to collect and analyze precise data regarding the state of street lighting.
Methods and Material: The research methodology is descriptive-analytical, and the data includes information related to light intensity, lighting distribution, and the identification of dark spots. By analyzing this data, accurate maps of the street lighting conditions have been produced.
Results and Discussion: The results indicate that approximately 30% of the surveyed streets require improved lighting. The accuracy of the generated maps is estimated to be around 80%, demonstrating the high capability of this method in providing precise and practical information for urban managers. This research assists urban managers in making better decisions regarding the enhancement of street lighting. Improving the state of street lighting can lead to increased safety, reduced crime rates, and improved quality of life for citizens. This study can also serve as a model for other cities.
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Abstract Background and purpose: due to the rapid changes of cities, some of the urban tissues have not been able to communicate with their surroundings and provide services to the residents due to wear and tear. Today, the vulnerability of worn-out tissues to natural disasters is a global issue facing city managers. Due to the conditions and the situation of the worn-out fabric of Javadieh neighborhood located in the 16th district of Tehran and the lack of attention and handling of the conditions of resilience against natural hazards, it is in a state of disarray. This research evaluates the resilience of the worn-out fabric of Javadieh neighborhood against natural disasters with an emphasis on earthquakes.
Research method: The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of both documentary and survey methods. How and the degree of resilience of the worn-out tissue area of ​​Javadiyeh against earthquake with eight criteria including; The permeability of the neighborhood, the age of the building, the number of floors, the density of the building, the density of the population, access to open space, the quality of the building and the area of ​​the parts have been studied and analyzed.
Findings and conclusions: The results of the analysis of the findings indicate that the resilience of the tissue Worn out against earthquakes, it is unsuitable. So, according to the building quality index and its importance against earthquakes, this index has the highest score and is equal to 0.256. The second priority is the permeability of the neighborhood, the score of this criterion in this research is equal to 0.248, and finally, the area of ​​plots (0.045) has the lowest score.

Abstract Background and Objective: Crime as a social exclusion, despite the density and social cohesion in the creation of social spaces, due to the presence of defenseless and abandoned spaces, has penetrated the perception of public spaces users. From this point of view, the category of creating a sense of security in environmental design with the CPTED approach in urban public spaces, especially the taboos of historical contexts, is worthy of attention. In the meantime, historical markets, which are one of the centers of interactions and confrontations of citizens, should be included in urban policies to improve and recreate safe spaces.
Research Methodology: In this regard, the current research, with a practical approach with a mixed method (qualitative-quantitative) to answer the main question, "What is the efficiency of the process (CPTED) in the sense of security of the users of the spaces of the eastern historical bazaar of Urmia?" I investigated the lands east of the historical bazaar of Urmia. Thus, by randomly distributing the questionnaire to the statistical population of 110 activists, the answer of 86 people is accepted according to Cochran's formula.
Findings and Conclusion: The analysis done in SPSS software of the parameters of the first-generation CPTED approaches shows the impact of the territorialism variable with a value of 0.625 in the highest degree and management and maintenance with a value of 0.194 in the lowest degree. Therefore, the results indicate that the approach to the theory of broken windows and the theory of space crime in improving the lands east of the historical market of Urmia will be of interest in creating safe and sociable spaces. In this way, it provides suggestions for future research.

Abstract Background and Objective: Changes in the volume and quality of water resources in the Middle East cause political and military tensions. This research seeks to evaluate the role of water scarcity on Iran's geopolitical tensions with its neighbors.
Methodology: The study method in this research is applied, descriptive-analytical. The research data are the result of library and field studies with a survey of 21 experts familiar with hydrology and political science. The evaluation of the research questionnaires is done with the help of TOPSIS management methods and hierarchical analysis, as well as the scenario writing method in Expert Choice, Excel, and Scenario Wizard software
 Results and findings: The research results indicate that based on the TOPSIS method, the Hirmand basin has the smallest distance to the ideal solution with a value of 0.91, indicating that this basin is the most tense basin at present and will probably be in similar conditions in the future. Also, the future of Turkish dam projects has a 67% probability of being credible, leading to a war between the countries involved in the Gap project, which will have security consequences for Turkish Kurdistan, Iraq, Syria and Iran, and a future full of violence is imagined for it. In the aspect of internal management, in addition to climate change, internal factors such as economic issues (capital and technology), incorrect management and policies have contributed to the effects of water resource shortages in the country.

Abstract Background and Aim: One of the most important behavioral issues in the field of management is urban management, which determines many variables of the organization. And following that, in recent decades, the issue of knowledge management has been raised as a strategic need for institutions, organizations and service institutions. Which guarantees long-term advantages for organizations, especially in the field of urban and community management and their utilization of human, intellectual and informational capitals of the municipality. In this regard; The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effect of knowledge management indicators on the performance of urban management using the interpretive structural model of ISM in the Municipality of Kermanshah.
Methods: The method is practical in terms of targeting, and descriptive-analytical in terms of identifying the trends and relationships. In the process of preparing and producing data, firstly, the effective factors on the impact of knowledge management on the urban management of municipality of Kermanshah were identified using the ideas of 20 experts and professors in related organizations through the Delphi method. In order to analyze the data, 10 factors which have strong influence on factors of knowledge management in performance of urban management, in municipalities of regions of Kermanshah, ISM interpretive-structural modeling is used, then with Mic-Mac software applied.
Findings and Conclusion: The results of the research showed that technology standard, organizational culture, human resources infrastructure, are among the most influential factors, and five leadership criteria are process mechanism, citizen participation, strengthening non-governmental organizations, and smart city are among the most influential factors. There is a two-way relationship between the variables of knowledge management and urban management, and they influence each other a lot. Also, the results obtained from Mick-Mack show that most of the factors are linked variables and have high dependence and high guiding power. At the end, a proposal has been made to strengthen knowledge management on the urban management of municipality of Kermanshah.

Abstract Background and Objective: With the rapid pace of urbanization and emerging challenges such as air pollution, traffic congestion, and declining quality of life, walkability has gained attention as a sustainable strategy in urban planning. This study aims to assess the environmental quality of the Andisheh neighborhood in Dezful, Iran, based on walkability indicators and within the framework of the 15-minute city approach.
Methodology: The research is applied and follows a descriptive-analytical method. Seven key indicators were identified: land-use mix, environmental safety, public transportation, sidewalk design, intersection improvements, parking management, and bicycle lane development. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to determine the relative weight of each criterion, while a SWOT analysis was employed to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats affecting walkability in the area.
Findings and Conclusion: According to the AHP results, "land-use mix" (0.348) and "environmental safety" (0.222) were the most critical indicators for enhancing walkability. The SWOT analysis highlighted significant opportunities such as increased property values and access to public services, along with threats including resistance to car-use restrictions and insufficient safety measures for pedestrians, especially at night. Despite existing urban challenges, the Andisheh neighborhood demonstrates strong potential for implementing the 15-minute city model due to its spatial characteristics and community structure. However, the success of this approach relies on improving pedestrian infrastructure, strengthening public transportation, enhancing safety, and raising public awareness. This research provides a practical framework for promoting walkable environments and sustainable urban living in similar neighborhoods.

Abstract Background and Aim:This research has been done with the aim of identifying indicators of human resource management based on cooperation to achieve organizational goals in the field of health.
The research method:The research was carried out meta-combination by examining 142 sources, during the meta-combination process, 27 articles were selected in Irandoc, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Springer, IEEE and ACM databases and search engines between the years (2000-2022). First, a code was considered for all the factors extracted from previous studies and then they were categorized in a concept. Two coders were used to control the extracted codes and concepts, and the intended index in this context was the Holstein index.
Results: Based on the analysis done with the help of the content analysis method, there are a total of 5 main categories and 19 subcategories including; The field of collaborative (recruitment based on Collaborative, Collaboration-based organizational culture, Collaboration-based training, Evaluation with a collaborative approach, Collaborative-Based career design, conflict of interest and Collaborative-Based communication), Incentive for Collaboration (perception of justice, Establishing trust for Collaboration, Reward based on Collaboration, Motivation to participate and providing resources for Collaboration), facilitator of Collaboration (Collaborative-Based leadership, Support for Collaborative activities and having emotional intelligence), achievements of Collaboration (Consequence of Collaboration) and Partnership or joint Collaboration (Collaboration-Based team-building, common goal and Collaborative planning) for the indicators of human resource management of cooperation-oriented identification became.
achievements of Collaboration (Consequence of Collaboration) and Partnership or joint Collaboration (Collaboration-Based team-building, common goal and Collaborative planning) for the indicators of human resource management of cooperation-oriented identification became.

Abstract Background and Aim: Urban creativity is one of the main drivers for achieving sustainable development. This requires having creative industries, creative employees, creative knowledge, and cultural richness. The present study was conducted with the aim of strategic planning to achieve a creative city in Ardabil.
Methodology: The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The data collection method is library-survey. Based on the creative city indicators and the collected data, 34 strategies for achieving a creative city were divided into five main criteria (people, economic enterprises, urban spaces, connections and communications, and city vision and reputation), and to determine their importance (opinions of 50 experts), structural equation testing was used in SMART-PLS software.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that the economic enterprises criterion (factor loading 0.937), the people criterion (factor loading 0.936), the urban spaces criterion (factor loading 0.918), the linkages and communications criterion (factor loading 0.896), and the city vision and reputation criterion (factor loading 0.875) are the best strategies for achieving a creative city. Also, among the economic enterprises criterion, specialized support for creative businesses (factor load 0.87), among the people criterion, developing creative capacity at all levels of general education (factor load 0.85), among the urban spaces criterion, creating stable and secure spaces for cultural and artistic activities (factor load 0.76), among the linkage and communications criterion, providing virtual infrastructures and facilitating electronic communications (factor load 0.82), and among the city's vision and reputation criterion, planning to enhance the city's regional and supra-regional position and facilitating the presence of tourists (factor load 0.83) are the most important strategies for achieving a creative city in Ardabil.

Abstract Background and Aim: According to the teachings of Islam, justice is one of the most basic and fundamental principles governing the biological system and human behavior. Among them, there are some urban areas that, in terms of spatial justice distribution, not only do not meet the needs of citizens and their equal access to urban uses, but also create problems for citizens. In Iran, many urban development plans and programs are not based on the rules of Islam and the paradigms of an Islamic society. Therefore, following the example of foreigners in the design and planning process in Islamic cities is prohibited and not permissible. The purpose of this article is to extract the dos and don'ts of Islamic rulings in the distribution of spatial justice of educational uses and green space in Iranian-Islamic urban development
Methodology: The present research method is descriptive-analytical and the data was collected based on library resources (including the results of the general population and housing census of the country and the comprehensive plan of Mashhad city) and field methods in the form of physical observations. Using the method of text content analysis and logical reasoning, the factors affecting the realizability of spatial justice distribution in Iranian-Islamic urban planning have been extracted.
Findings and Results: The results show that the area under study has not been able to benefit from Islamic rulings in spatial justice distribution and achieve its lofty goals. Therefore, in order to establish justice in the distribution of space and equal access to uses in an Islamic city for the general public, especially the underprivileged, it is imperative to observe Islamic jurisprudential rules in the preparation and implementation of urban development plans.

Abstract Background and Aim: This research was conducted in order to estimate the time-space occurrence of frosting of apricot trees in Kurdistan province. The daily data of the minimum temperature in the spring season in the period of 1/1/1980 to 31/12/2018 were used. The trend of minimum temperature changes in the studied stations was estimated using the Mann-Kendall test and the minimum temperature change values ​​using the Sen slope index.
Results and Discussion:  The results of the analysis of the frequency of frostbite showed that Zarineh and Saqez stations, which are part of the northern stations and are located at higher latitudes, have more frequency and continuity of frostbites. Baneh station had the least amount of frost among all the stations. Stations located in the south, east, and west regions are less likely to experience frostbite. The study of the minimum temperature changes that cause frostbite of fruit trees such as apricots showed that the severity of frostbite in Kurdistan province has decreased and the temperature has increased by about one degree centigrade per decade. The result of this process leads to a decrease in the number of frostbite. The evaluation of the minimum temperature changes in April in Kurdistan province showed that the highest rate of increase in minimum temperature in April and as a result the reduction of frostbite was observed in the eastern stations of the province, including Qorveh and Bijar In the month of May, the highest rate of increase in minimum temperature and decrease in frostbite was estimated in the eastern stations of the province, including Qorve 1.084 degrees Celsius and Bijar 0.781 degrees Celsius for each decade and in the month of June, the increase of frost in Baneh and Kamiyaran stations was estimated to be 0.84-1.235 °C per decade, respectively.

Abstract Background and Objective: The predominance of the autocratic view in urban management imposes exorbitant costs on the shoulders of people and even governments that have declared municipalities as self-governing public institutions. In this approach, cities are out of people's ownership and citizens do not have a role in the management of their settlements. The basic assumption of this study is that now cities are imagined as an aquarium and its costs are demanded from people who do not have a specific relationship with it. This is despite the fact that if people's urban rights are respected, the city is imagined as an ecosystem and not only will be managed with the lowest cost, but will also create the highest level of satisfaction. To test this hypothesis, the relationship between compliance with urban rights and the possibility of realizing an ecosystem city in Mashhad was investigated.
Methodology: The descriptive-analytical research method and its purpose were practical. The data required in this study were collected from a sample of 384 people who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, whose validity and reliability were confirmed based on experts' opinions and Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.81). The collected data were analyzed using correlation coefficient, one-way variance, post hoc tests, multiple regression and other statistical models.
 Findings and Conclusion: The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the belief in observing urban rights in five components (civil rights, political rights, social rights, cultural rights and gender rights) and the possibility of realizing ecosystem management. Also, the results of the Pearson correlation test showed that the belief in the observance of citizen's rights and city ecosystem management have a significant and positive relationship; in this sense, the more the belief in the realization of citizenship rights (right to the city) increases, the more the possibility of implementing city ecosystem management increases. The correlation coefficient of these two variables was 56%. As a result, the main hypothesis of the research regarding the effect of belief in the realization of citizenship rights on the possibility of city ecosystem management was confirmed. This finding shows that the two variables of belief in the realization of citizenship rights and the possibility of city ecosystem management are aligned in the same direction. The calculated regression coefficient was 0.62 and the determination coefficient was 37. In fact, 37% of the change in the dependent variable is explained by the belief in the realization of citizenship rights. Based on this, if the citizens believe that managers, designers and urban policy makers respect their urban rights, they will truly consider the city their home.

Abstract Introduction: The city of Ahvaz, as one of the metropolises of Iran, is facing many livability challenges. These problems have severely affected the quality of life of the citizens and the livability in this city and require the special attention of city officials and planners. In this regard, the aim of the current research is to identify and prioritize indicators of good urban governance on the livability of Ahvaz city.
Methods and Material: This research has been done in terms of practical purpose and using descriptive-analytical method. In the qualitative part of the information, theoretical saturation was reached through interviews with 5 experts who were purposefully selected, and the method of thematic analysis identified 2 main components, 12 indicators and 36 effective sub-indices of good urban governance on urban livability in Ahvaz city. During targeted sampling, 40 experts were selected in the field of urban planning, urban development and environment. Then, in the quantitative section, using MARCOS multi-criteria decision-making and the weight of the criteria has been calculated by the hierarchical analysis method. Prioritizing indicators of good urban governance on urban livability in Ahvaz city showed that good urban governance, especially accountability, transparency and efficiency, has a direct effect on improving the quality of life in Ahvaz. The indicators of environment, housing and culture and society are most influenced by good urban governance, while the economic situation of the city needs more attention.
Results and Discussion: The results indicate that the Marcus model is sensitive to possible changes in the importance of decision-making criteria and sustainability. The method of selecting the most important effective factors of good urban governance on urban livability in Ahvaz city has been shown.

Abstract Abstract
Background and Objective: Economic growth and development over the past two decades in developing countries have clearly demonstrated the many effects of financial market cycles on economic activities in these countries. Instability and change in financial markets shape financial cycles, which in turn disrupt economic activities and reduce the economic growth of countries. Therefore, given the importance of the effects of financial cycles on economic growth, the aim of this study is to analyze and investigate the effects of asymmetric financial cycles on economic growth in Iraq.
Methodology: The present study analyzes and investigates the short-term and long-term effects of asymmetric financial cycles on economic growth in Iraq during the period 1990-2023 in the form of econometric models and methods. For this purpose, the autoregressive model with asymmetric distribution lag (NARDL) is used. This model is an extended form of the autoregressive distribution lag (ARDL) model.
Results: The results showed that in the long run, positive financial cycles have a positive and significant effect and negative financial cycles have a negative and significant effect on Iraq's economic growth. Also, foreign trade, exchange rate, active labor force, physical capital and foreign direct investment have a positive and significant effect, and oil revenues have a negative and significant effect on Iraq's economic growth. The explanatory and control variables (asymmetric financial cycles, foreign trade, exchange rate, physical capital, active labor force, foreign direct investment and oil revenues) also explain and show 75 percent of the changes in the target variable (Iraqi economic growth).
Conclusion: Given that financial cycles and foreign trade have the greatest impact on economic growth in the short and long run, therefore, monitoring credit expansion through macroprudential policies is essential to maintain financial stability in this country. Also, the Iraqi government can lead to increased economic growth by gradually creating conditions and establishing appropriate and necessary laws and regulations to expand commercial freedom and increase trade.

Abstract Background and Aim: Climatic characteristics and most of its elements play a decisive role in the spatial distribution and formation of environmental behavior of human societies, so that nowadays, studies and investigations of human bioclimate and the use of its various capabilities are the basis of urban, development, settlement, architecture, and tourism planning. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to investigate and analyze human comfort based on bioclimatic models and indicators.
Methodology: The research method is descriptive-analytical. This study was conducted in 2024 in the city of Sisakht, using climatic data such as temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and air pressure for the period from 2006 to 2024. The required data was collected from the Sisakht synoptic station. After collecting data, human comfort or discomfort was analyzed based on the bioclimatic models and indices of Terjung, Baker, nervous stress, and thermohygrometric for different seasons of the year. This analysis included examining the temporal and spatial changes of the indices to determine which month and hours of the day have the most favorable climatic conditions for tourists. Finally, the models and indices were examined and compared to determine the most effective and efficient method for assessing the bioclimatic conditions of the city of Sisakht.
Finding and Results: The results of this study showed that Sisakht has bioclimatic diversity throughout the year, ranging from hot to very cold conditions; during the winter and summer seasons, it is outside the range of bioclimatic comfort, and with the beginning of the spring and autumn seasons, in the months of transition from cold to heat (April) and heat to cold (November), the climate of Sisakht approaches human comfort conditions. In general, spring, with its unique conditions of human comfort, is the best season for environmental activities and tourism in the city of Sisakht. Also, considering the climatic characteristics of the studied area, the Baker method, neurotic pressure, and then the Terjung method are more suitable and reliable in evaluating the bioclimatic conditions of the city of Sisakht than other bioclimatic indicators.