Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS)

Abstract Background and Objective: Since citizenship is one of the key concepts in understanding and describing the position and condition of modern man, it requires that the needs of this position be given an appropriate and appropriate response through a chain of cultural and educational activities. In the meantime, with the increasing urban population, the role of urban organizations and, most importantly, municipalities in promoting culture and its importance in the lives of citizens is undeniable. Therefore, the main purpose of the present study is to evaluate the role of cultural activities of municipalities in promoting the general culture of the city of Naqadeh.
Methodology: The present study was of a descriptive-analytical type, and two library and field methods were used to collect information. The statistical population of the study was the population of the city of Naqadeh (81,598 people), and the sample size was calculated based on the Cochran formula of 382 people. Field data were collected using a questionnaire that was developed by the researcher and collected randomly. In order to analyze the information, the T-test was used in the SPSS software environment.
Results and Findings: The research findings show that 12 items were used to examine the cultural impact index on promoting public culture, and that holding short-term training courses for different segments of citizens with an average of 4.6 and building neighborhood centers with an average of 4.66 had the greatest impact on promoting public culture from the perspective of citizens. The results show that efforts to develop cultural infrastructure and create neighborhood centers and centers and utilize the funds to implement cultural and social programs are very necessary.

Abstract Background and Aim: Nowadays, due to the important role of the transportation system in sustainable urban development, it is important to adopt appropriate policies in the urban transportation sector and develop sustainable transportation as one of the main areas of urban growth.. Green transportation means sustainable transportation with the least negative effects on the environment, which according to the current conditions of the world, we should seek to achieve this and use modern technologies to reduce the environmental effects caused by transportation. The main goal of this research is to investigate the effect of using green transportation in improving the living conditions of Iranian cities.
Methods: This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of nature. The method of collecting information was document-library and content analysis.
Findings and Conclusion: The research results show; Today, special attention has been paid to the approach of green urban transportation in many regions of the world. In Iran, in many cities under the influence of global developments and the implementation of various urban plans, the economic factor has become the main determining factor and the developments of the current century and the oil-based economy have resulted in excessive population density, the concentration of activities and the frequency of constructions, the growth and physical expansion of urban centers and the destruction of the natural ecosystem of the country's cities; However, in some cities of the country, measures have been taken to achieve urban green transportation but the necessity of creating and planning to use this model is felt more and more every day, considering the problems that have arisen for the cities of the country;  And in the following, suggestions and solutions are provided for the implementation of this approach.

Abstract Introduction: The phenomenon of land subsidence has caused many problems and dilemmas in agricultural lands, roads, power and energy transmission lines for various reasons, including excessive extraction of groundwater resources and climate change. In the last decade, subsidence has been occurring as a geomorphic hazard in a large part of the plains of Iran, including the Ardabil Plain. The increasing human need for water resources in recent years has led to an increase in the exploitation of surface and groundwater resources. One of the hazards facing the plains of the country is the risk of subsidence.
Methods and Material:  In this study, the annual land subsidence rate in Hamedan-Sanandaj province (Dehgolan-Qorveh and Hamedan-Bahar railway lines) has been investigated using data from the Sentinel 1 satellite and the combined aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) technique. To ensure the accuracy of the results obtained from processing satellite images, hydrological information including the water level of the region's piezometers has been used.
Results and Discussion: Based on the results of interferometric image processing, we are witnessing subsidence in the study area. The observed subsidence range from InSAR processing shows that the highest subsidence has occurred in areas with a high density of wells and thick clay layers. Finally, the results of radar interferometry show the subsidence rate in the Dehgolan-Qorveh area as 0.17, 1, and 1.5 mm per year, respectively. Next, using the GIS spatial information system, the risks of subsidence in the area were analyzed. The results show that important and strategic structures are at risk of subsidence.

Abstract Background and Objective: Environmental sustainability is a cornerstone of the United Nations’ agenda for achieving sustainable urban development. Understanding the complex interplay between urban ecosystems and the natural environment is crucial for addressing contemporary urban environmental challenges. Rooted in ecological principles, the establishment of eco-parks plays a fundamental role in sustainable urban development by aiming to support the spiritual needs of citizens, protect biodiversity, and minimize human intervention in natural habitats. These spaces are also essential for enhancing urban environmental quality and fostering human-nature interaction. This study aims to identify the factors through which the Shahmanzar Eco-park influences the environment of Hafshejan city.
Methodology: This applied research employed a mixed-methods approach, utilizing library and documentary studies, field surveys, and interviews. The statistical population consisted of the residents of Hafshejan, from which a sample of 380 citizens was selected using random sampling. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software, employing statistical tests including the t-test and multiple regression analysis.
Results and Findings: The evaluation results indicate that the Shahmanzar Eco-park has had the highest impact on the urban environment of Hafshejan in the “Environmental Index” (mean = 3.20) and the lowest impact in the “Economic Services Index” (mean = 1.80). Furthermore, the regression analysis revealed that the Environmental Index, with a coefficient of 0.029, has the most significant impact on the environmental quality and urban sustainability of Hafshejan.

Abstract Background and Aim Land use change modeling is an essential tool for environmental analysis, planning, and management. The main objective of this research is to investigate and evaluate land use changes in Ardabil city over a 23-year period (from 1998 to 2021). This goal is achieved by extracting land use maps for 1998 and 2021 through satellite images and obtaining the changes that have occurred in land use during this period.
Methodology: Land use change modeling is an essential tool for environmental analysis, planning, and management. The main objective of this research is to investigate and evaluate land use changes in Ardabil city over a 23-year period (from 1998 to 2021). This goal was achieved by extracting land use maps for 1998 and 2021 through satellite images and obtaining the changes that have occurred in land use during this period, and finally predicting these changes for 2038 using a Markov model.
Findings and Conclusion: This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the changes that have occurred in the land uses of the city of Ardabil. In this research, satellite images from the years 1998 of the Landsat TM sensor and 2021 of the Landsat OLI sensor were used to investigate the changes in land use between the years 1998 and 2021. Then, land use changes were predicted for the year 2038 according to the current trend of changes. This research showed that by using appropriate tools such as remote sensing and geographic information systems and the models and algorithms available in these systems and tools, we can have appropriate spatial and temporal modeling for land uses and related issues. This research also showed that if images with higher accuracy and better quality are used and multiple models are also used, we can witness a more detailed examination of such issues, which can definitely help urban managers, officials, and decision-makersforbetterplanninganddecision-making.The overall results showed that built-up areas had a decreasing trend and this trend will continue for the year 2038. Also, road use had a growing trend from the past to 2021, which will maintain its growing trend for the year 2038. Green space also had a growing trend and will continue for the year 2038.

Abstract Background and Objective: The emergence of metaverse cities is a novel phenomenon and a necessity for the future of urban environments globally. The urban metaverse results in the creation of enhanced, resilient, and sustainable cities, facilitating future urban decision-making for city managers. The primary reason for the explosion of the metaverse is that it brings limitless imagination to people. The emerging metaverse technology will undoubtedly inject new vitality into smart cities, open up more practical scenarios, and propel them forward.
Research Methodology: This research aims to discuss digitalization and the impact of digital twins on the advancement of modern cities, as well as the core content and key technologies of smart cities. This study is considered fundamental research. It is question - driven and conducted through documentary and library research. Additionally, it is a qualitative exploratory study that employs qualitative content analysis to answer the research questions. Information gathering tools in this research include library sources such as books, articles, theses, development plans, and internet resources.
Findings and Conclusion: Overall, this research serves as a significant reference for the overall development and practical application of smart cities based on digital twins, enhancing the overall operational efficiency and governance level of cities.

Abstract Background and Objective: The rapid growth of urbanization, large-scale migration, and the transformation of socio-economic structures in recent decades have turned urban quality of life into one of the critical concerns of urban planning. In this context, the city of Izeh faces multiple challenges across economic, social, cultural-service, and physical-environmental dimensions.
Methodology: This study aims to evaluate and rank the indicators of urban quality of life in Izeh using the multi-criteria decision-making VIKOR model. The research is applied in purpose and descriptive-analytical in method. The statistical population included 382 residents of Izeh, selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected via a researcher-made questionnaire and documentary sources. After normalization, indices of utility (S), regret (R), and the VIKOR index (Q) were calculated for each dimension.
Results and Findings: Findings revealed that the physical-environmental dimension ranked first (Q=0.04691), reflecting relative satisfaction with infrastructure, green spaces, and housing. The economic dimension ranked second (Q=0.22093), but showed the necessity for improvements in job opportunities and income equality. The social (Q=0.63780) and cultural-service (Q=1.00000) dimensions were ranked third and fourth, respectively, highlighting weaknesses in social participation, public services, and cultural facilities. These results indicate that while residents are relatively satisfied with the physical-environmental aspects, significant challenges persist in economic, social, and cultural-service dimensions. The study concludes that although the physical-environmental dimension demonstrates relative strength, substantial deficiencies exist in other dimensions. These findings provide a scientific basis for developing urban policies and planning strategies aimed at enhancing the quality of life in Izeh and other similar cities.

Abstract Background and Objective: Academic engagement, as one of the key factors in student success, encompasses various dimensions including attention, effort, and active participation. This phenomenon not only affects students' academic performance, but is also an important predictor of their future success in life and the job market. However, several factors influence the level of student engagement, the most important of which are classroom structure and academic identity.
Methodology: In this regard, the main goal of the present study is to investigate the effects of predictive indicators of academic engagement based on classroom structure and academic identity in Harsin County. The statistical population of the present study was 100 people selected as a statistical sample using the Cochran formula and studied. Data analysis was performed through correlation analysis and structural equation modeling using SPSS and Smart PLS software.
Results and Findings: The results of the study showed that the structural model has good fit, validity, and reliability based on the data. All research hypotheses were confirmed; such that classroom structure and academic identity positively and significantly predict academic engagement. In addition, the path coefficients indicated a strong and direct effect of these variables on academic engagement. Overall, the proposed model was confirmed as a strong and reliable framework for explaining the studied relationships.

Abstract Background and Objective: Wheat, as one of the strategic agricultural products and staple grains in the global food basket, plays a key role in ensuring food security and livelihoods of human societies. According to the report of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), wheat is the third most important cereal crop in terms of production in the world after corn and rice, which plays a fundamental role in providing calories and protein needed by humans. Considering the strategic importance of wheat and the increasing need to increase its production, locating and optimally allocating suitable lands for cultivating this crop is considered one of the main priorities in the agricultural sector. The aim of this study is to compare the AHP and TOPSIS methods in order to zone lands suitable for rainfed wheat cultivation in the Balekhlo-Chai watershed of Ardabil.
Methodology: In this study, precipitation, temperature, altitude, slope and soil depth data of the Balekhlo-Chai watershed of Ardabil were used. Then, by processing the data in a GIS environment, a map of information layers was prepared for each of the criteria. The AHP method was used to determine the weight of the criteria and the TOPSIS model was used to prioritize the options. Then, by overlapping and combining the studied criteria, the final map of areas susceptible to rainfed wheat cultivation was determined.
Findings and Results: The results of data analysis using the AHP method showed that about 37 percent of the land in the Balekhlo-Chai watershed is very suitable for rainfed wheat cultivation, 22 percent suitable, 24 percent slightly suitable, and 17 percent unsuitable. Also, based on the TOPSIS method, about 37 percent of the area of the Balekhlo-Chai watershed is suitable, 32 percent slightly suitable, and 31 percent unsuitable for rainfed wheat cultivation. The results of the AHP method indicate that the slope criterion with a weight of 0.220, the height with a weight of 0.144, the annual precipitation with a weight of 0.122, and the precipitation during the ripening and grain-setting stages with a weight of 0.106 are the most important criteria in the stages of wheat cultivation in the Balekhlo-Chai watershed. Also, the results of the TOPSIS model prioritization showed that Nir station is the closest option to the positive ideal, followed by Sarein and Ardabil, respectively.

Abstract Background & Aim: Several factors contribute to the development of tourism in a region, among which climate is one of the most significant. Climate acts as a key driver or deterrent for tourism in any given area. This study aims to compare the results of two models, TCI (Tourism Climate Index) and UTCI (Universal Thermal Climate Index), and to provide a climate zoning analysis for comfort and discomfort in various locations across the provinces of Ardabil, West Azerbaijan, and East Azerbaijan on a monthly and seasonal scale.
Methods and Material: In this research, based on the thermal thresholds of the TCI and UTCI indices, a bioclimatic atlas for the provinces of Ardabil, West Azerbaijan, and East Azerbaijan was developed on a monthly and seasonal basis, and the results were compared. The UTCI index was calculated using RayMan and Bioklima software. The data were interpolated using the Kriging method in ArcGIS, and the corresponding maps were created.
Results & Conclusion:
According to the results of the TCI index, the months of May, June, July, August, and September generally show favorable conditions across all stations, except for Parsabad in September, Mianeh and Khoy in August and July, Kaleybar in May, and Jolfa in June, which exhibit less favorable conditions. The seasonal analysis indicates that most stations in spring and summer are suitable, except for Parsabad in summer, Kaleybar in spring, and Jolfa and Khoy in summer, where conditions are less favorable. The results of the UTCI index reveal that, during May, June, July, August, and September, all stations exhibit favorable conditions except Parsabad and Sahand in May, which display less favorable conditions. In the seasonal analysis, all stations show suitable conditions in spring and summer, except for Sahand in spring. Based on the results, due to the mountainous nature of the studied provinces and the presence of snow and winter conditions conducive to winter tourism, planning can be undertaken to promote winter tourism, considering the months with more favorable numerical index values.

Abstract Background and Objective: This study evaluated the geotourism capabilities and potentials of Nir County, located in Ardabil Province. This county has high geotourism capabilities due to its location on the slopes of Sabalan and Bozqosh. The development of the geotourism industry in this county can be a driver of sustainable economic development in the region. The purpose of this study is to analyze the geotourism and geomorphological potentials of Nir County in Ardabil Province.
Methodology: In Nir County, there are two geotourism axes: Bulaghlar and Saein. In the present study, the geotourism capabilities of the aforementioned axes were evaluated using two models: Kobalikwa and Feyolt. The aforementioned models have numerous indicators that, in addition to geological-geomorphological aspects, also consider other factors such as cultural-historical monuments, access, management, and vulnerability.
Findings and Results: The evaluation of geotourism axes using the aforementioned models showed that the Bulaghlar region has higher geotourism potential for several reasons. In this context, we can mention geomorphological diversity (geodiversity), the presence of numerous hot springs, beautiful and lush nature, proximity to the Nirchai and Balikhlochai rivers, proximity to the city of Nir, easier access, the presence of cultural-historical monuments, the display of local traditions through the holding of numerous festivals, favorable access to the Sabalan ranges, and similar cases. For this reason, the Bulaghlar region obtained higher scores in relation to most of the indicators of the models used. According to the results of the models, it can be said that two basic challenges, including the lack of protective measures and the limited infrastructure and service-welfare facilities, are among the most important obstacles to the development of the geotourism industry in Nir county.
Conclusion: The results show that the development of tourism and geotourism in Nir County is generally one-dimensional and that various aspects of geotourism such as scientific values, geomorphological diversity, geomorphological conservation, and sustainable development have been neglected. However, a multidimensional view of the geotourism industry with a conservation approach along with the development of infrastructure and facilities can significantly develop the tourism industry and transform the regional economy.

Abstract Background and Aim: This study aims to investigate the effect of strategic human resource management operations on organizational commitment of employees of the Hamedan City Fire Department.
Methods: In terms of method, it is a correlational research, in terms of purpose, it is an applied research, and in terms of data collection method, it is a quantitative research. The statistical population in the section of examining the relationship between research variables and testing hypotheses includes 176 personnel of the Hamadan Province Fire Department during 2023. The statistical sample was estimated to be 131 people using the Krejci and Morgan table with a simple random method. The strategic human resource management variable was measured with a 14-question questionnaire by Chang and Hong (2005) and organizational commitment with a 24-question questionnaire by Allen and Meyer (1996). Also, in relation to the evaluation of strategic human resource management operations and their ranking with a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process approach, the opinions of 30 experts from the organization under study were used.
Findings and Conclusion: The results of path analysis and structural equation modeling approach with Smart-PLS software indicate that strategic human resource management had a positive and significant effect on organizational commitment of employees of Hamedan Province Fire Department. Also, the variables of selection in the organization, training measures in the organization, human management performance evaluation measures, promotion opportunities, performance-based rewards, information sharing, and job security had a positive and significant effect on organizational commitment of employees. Finally, the output of the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process showed that the second factor (training measures in the organization) with the highest weight is ranked first, and the fourth factor (performance-based reward) is ranked second. Also, the seventh factor (human management performance evaluation measures) is ranked last (seventh) in terms of importance. Therefore, appropriate planning for effective employee training and planning a performance-based reward system in the organization will have a significant effect on the implementation of the strategic human resource management system and ultimately the organizational commitment of employees.

Abstract Background and Objective: The contemporary world, marked by rapid transformations, requires dynamic indicators to promote justice-particularly in the fair distribution of urban services and facilities. Due to ongoing inequalities in developing cities, recent academic and institutional efforts have focused on urban models that integrate social justice to achieve sustainable development and improve the quality of life. Within this framework, the City Prosperity Index (CPI) has emerged as a key tool for evaluating justice across various urban dimensions. This study aims to assess the ten municipal districts of Tabriz in terms of their social justice performance, as one of the five main dimensions of urban prosperity.
Methodology: To achieve the research objectives, five criteria and indicators were employed, considering data limitations and the lack of official statistics. The spatial scope covers the ten municipal districts of Tabriz. The PROMETHEE and GAIA models were applied for ranking and analysis, while the ANP model was used for weighting the indicators. Geographic Information System (GIS) tools were also employed to visualize spatial patterns and disparities among districts.
Results and findings: The results of analyzing the social justice index across the five sub-criteria in the ten districts of Tabriz indicate that District 6, with a net Phi value of 0.400 and a score of 100, ranks first in terms of social justice performance. It is followed by District 2 (Φ = 0.178, score = 61.39). Districts 1, 5, and 9 fall within the medium level of social justice, with corresponding Phi values of 0.156, 0.133, and 0.044. In the low-performance range are Districts 8, 4, 3, and 7, with Phi values of –0.044, –0.067, –0.178, and –0.200, respectively. The lowest rank belongs to District 10, which demonstrates a highly unfavorable condition in terms of access to social justice–related services and facilities. Among the ten districts of Tabriz, only Districts 6 and 2 occupy high or very high positions in terms of social justice, whereas Districts 8, 4, 3, and 7 exhibit poor conditions, and District 10 shows a very poor status. Therefore, promoting balanced urban growth and reinforcing the driving factors of social justice should be prioritized by urban planners and decision-makers in Tabriz.

Abstract Background and purpose: The historical background of each city reflected in its historical context, in addition to being part of the social and cultural capital of that city, indicates the identity of that city and has the ability to influence its social cohesion. One of the most important dimensions of historical contexts is business complexes and markets, which is the intersection of various urban ideas in the field of trade, social relations and social solidarity. The study attempts to rely on the field study of the historic market of Urmia, which is long -standing, its impact on increasing people's convergence and social resilience. In this regard, the field exploration of the historical market of Urmia as well as the historical context of Urmia in relation to social resilience and its key indicators were carried out.
Methods: Descriptive and analytical method was used to investigate the subject, and in the field study, two statistical community of clients to the historical market of Urmia and its business were used in which the study indicators, including the sense of location, social participation Social awareness, safety was questioned, the results of which were analyzed in SPSS statistical software. Findings and Conclusions: Finally, the results of field exploration and surveys showed that of these indicators, merely the indicators of spatial belonging and social responsibility have been higher value in promoting social resilience of historical context, but other indicators have favorable results. Does not obtain. Finally, overall, based on field exploration and field investigations, the historical market of Urmia cannot promote social resilience in the current state of Urmia, so studies showed that in addition to the major social resilience indicators of the historical market. Urmia is not in a good position, the historical market performance is in Urmia's urban area, and more than half of the inhabitants of the historical context do not go to the historical market of Urmia.

Abstract Background and Objective : In recent decades, planners have adopted various strategies, including the transformation of villages into cities, with the aim of reducing regional inequalities and urban-rural disparities. These transformations have not only caused structural-functional changes but have also influenced the lifestyle of residents in these areas. The present research aims to investigate the impact of rural-urban integration on lifestyle changes among the residents of Somarin city in Ardabil.
Methodology: This study is applied in nature and quantitative in method. The statistical population includes all residents of Samarin rural-city, and the statistical sample consists of 252 households, estimated using the Cochran method and selected through systematic random sampling.
Results and Findings: The results indicate that changes have occurred in health-oriented (49%) and media-oriented (54%) lifestyle indicators; however, these changes have not been particularly pronounced or fundamental in the studied environment. In other words, rural-urban integration and administrative-managerial transformations have led to quantitative changes in lifestyle, and lifestyle transformations have been more influenced by social interactions and cultural-media factors among residents than by decisions made by governmental institutions. Analysis of the findings reveals that rural-urban transformation in Samarin has resulted in unbalanced changes: while media consumption (74.6%) has grown significantly, access to health services (29.9%) has shown limited improvement. This gap highlights the need to revise classical lifestyle theories for transitioning societies and to adopt an integrated approach in planning.

Abstract Background and Objective: Simulation and continuous review of dynamic processes and urban growth patterns with regard to past development and its prediction in the future, for planners and proponents of natural resource conservation in setting sustainable development strategies, achieving sustainable urban development as well as better decision making. In this regard, the city of Karaj with the approach of being the center of the province as being industrial and migrating has had an impact on all the internal structure of the surrounding cities and villages. As a result, the use of hybrid modeling with a deeper and local perspective for codified planning for the sustainable development of the city of Karaj is inevitable. The aim of this study was to model the growth patterns of Karaj city using heuristic statistical preprocessing (ER), ordinary least squares regression (OLS) and spatial weighted regression model (GWR) and also to predict its development using the model. CA-Markov considering the 20-year period 1381-1400.
Research Method: For this purpose, first, effective criteria in this process were collected, analyzed and prepared from relevant organizations, and land use maps were extracted from Landsat satellite images. In the next step, the maps were validated and changes were detected. The results of change detection show that the largest increase in area occurred in the built-up areas (2893.86 hectares) and the largest decrease in area occurred in barren lands (808.02 hectares). Based on these changes and to avoid the trial and error method in selecting the best combination of input criteria to the GWR model, pre-processing was performed on the criteria using the ER and OLS methods. In the next step, considering the output of ER and OLS methods, 8 independent variables were selected as inputs to the models. Then, modeling of urban growth patterns was performed using the GWR model.
Findings and Conclusions: results showed that out of 8 variables, two variables had the same direction of impact (negative or positive) in the studied space and the other variables change their impact in the whole region. Finally, using the CA-Markov model, the land use map for 1420 was predicted. The final results showed that the CA-Markov model predicts that the highest rate of development will occur in 1420 in the eastern and northeastern parts of Karaj.

Abstract Background and Objective: The inherent order within complex urban systems has consistently generated interwoven flows and intricate relationships within the city's spatial organization. Understanding this order necessitates comprehending the position of elements and the profound relationships among the components of spatial organization. Based on such a necessity, in the case study of the historical context of Tabriz, the question is raised: which theories and perspectives on spatial organization are most compatible in analyzing the spatial organization of the historical context of Tabriz? Accordingly, the present research aims to identify and prioritize spatial organization theories and their representative indicators based on the characteristics of Tabriz's historic urban fabric. Ultimately, it seeks to propose a multi-faceted approach derived from the integration of theories compatible with the studied context.
Methodology: This research employed both quantitative and qualitative methods to achieve its objectives and data collection was through a survey strategy (field-library). This research was based on an applied purpose and was of a descriptive-analytical type.In the quantitative section, a questionnaire tool was used to gather harmonized views and opinions from eight qualified and sufficiently specialized individuals selected as an expert panel. The acquired data was then scored and compiled in two stages, by the Delphi method. In the qualitative section, the results obtained from the quantitative data were analyzed and interpreted about the contextual characteristics by leveraging the strengths and weaknesses of each theory.
Findings and Results: The findings of this research include the prioritization of spatial organization theories and the prominent indicators within each theory. Additionally, a multi-faceted approach is presented, stemming from the consensus of expert opinions and the prioritization of spatial organization theories based on the characteristics of Tabriz's historical urban fabric. Adopting such integrated, applied, and context-based approaches, beyond simply using existing tools, with in-depth analysis and classification of spatial organization theories, paves the way for more comprehensive and meticulous analyses for contexts with special structures and adds to the richness of knowledge in this field.

Abstract Background and Objective: The spatial distribution of urban services and facilities, particularly in the field of health and healthcare, is a key issue in urban planning. Pharmacies, as critical units for providing medications and health services, must be spatially distributed in a way that ensures spatial justice and equitable access for all citizens. Therefore, both qualitative and quantitative assessments of land use within the city’s spatial structure and their locational suitability across defined zones are of great importance. In recent years, Ardabil has experienced rapid population growth and physical expansion, intensifying the need for the development and equitable distribution of pharmaceutical services. The aim of this study is to examine the pattern of distribution, spatial dispersion, and location allocation of pharmacies across the districts of Ardabil city using the capabilities and tools of ArcGIS.
Methodology: This research is descriptive-analytical in nature and the required data were collected through documentary and field methods. The statistical population includes all active pharmacies in the city of Ardabil. Considering the trans-neighborhood operation of pharmacies, the analyses were conducted at the scale of urban areas. To examine the spatial pattern of distribution and dispersion of pharmacies, several analytical capabilities were used in the ArcGIS environment; including hot spot analysis (Getis-Ord Gi) to identify statistically significant clusters*, Moran's spatial autocorrelation index (Moran's I) to measure the degree of spatial dependence, and nearest neighbor mean analysis to identify the type of cluster or dispersed pattern in the spatial distribution of pharmacies. Spatial data were collected using GPS and transferred to the ArcGIS environment via Google Earth. The simultaneous combination of these analytical tools along with the high accuracy of spatial data is the main innovation of this research compared to previous studies.
Results and Findings: In terms of quantity, District 2-1, with 57 pharmacies, represents the main concentration center of pharmacies in Ardabil, whereas Districts 2-3, 2-4, and 1-5 each have only one pharmacy. The results of Hot Spot analysis indicated high Z-values and a significant hot spot in District 2-1 with a 99% confidence level, while other districts did not exhibit similar patterns. The Moran’s I index (0.0808) suggests a random distribution pattern of pharmacies across the city districts. However, the average nearest neighbor ratio (0.49) indicates a clustered pattern in the spatial distribution of pharmacies within Ardabil. The study reveals a spatial concentration of pharmacies in certain districts of Ardabil, particularly in District 2-1, leading to unequal access across the city. Central districts benefit from better service coverage due to their proximity to healthcare centers, while peripheral areas face shortages. Although this clustering improves efficiency in some areas, it undermines spatial equity. The research highlights the need to revise location policies for pharmacies and calls for a more balanced distribution to enhance access, improve service efficiency, and promote equity in the urban health system.

Abstract Background and Objective: Optimal land use and physical organization of cities based on efficiency, environmental protection, social justice, and equitable access to services are among the primary goals of urban planning. Therefore, the location and spatial distribution pattern of urban land uses should be aligned with meeting the needs of all social groups, aiming to improve the welfare and comfort of citizens. In this context, qualitative and quantitative evaluation of land uses in the spatial structure of the city and examining their locational suitability across defined zones are of particular importance. Pharmacies are among the units that play a significant role in meeting the diverse needs of citizens in the fields of health, treatment, and wellness. Due to this role, their spatial distribution pattern greatly impacts the level of pharmaceutical service coverage. Given the inter-neighborhood nature of pharmacies, this study investigates their spatial distribution at the level of the municipal areas of Rasht city.
Methodology: To achieve the research objectives, various spatial analysis models within the ArcGIS environment were used, including hot spot analysis, frequency weighting, spatial autocorrelation analysis, population density in relation to the number of pharmacies, and Thiessen polygon analysis.
Findings and Conclusion: The results indicate a high frequency weight of pharmacies in areas 1-3, 3-2, and 2-2; a statistically significant condition in district 2-1 based on high Z-scores in hot spot analysis; a rate of 7.27 pharmacy units per 10,000 people in district 2-2; the representation of proximity-based pharmacy access through Thiessen polygon analysis; and finally, the outcome of spatial autocorrelation analysis showing a random distribution pattern of pharmacies across the areas of Rasht. Each of these findings reveals aspects of spatial distribution patterns across the city, which are discussed further in the full article.

Abstract Background and Objective: Citizen participation is recognized as one of the fundamental pillars of good governance and sustainable urban development, playing a crucial role in the protection and improvement of the urban environment. The growing complexity of environmental challenges in urban areas has highlighted the necessity of utilizing social capacities and encouraging public participation in environmental management. Accordingly, the present study aims to analyze the social factors influencing citizens’ participation in improving the urban environment in Bojnourd City, Iran. Methodology: This study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive–analytical in terms of methodology. Data were collected through both documentary and field survey methods. The primary data collection instrument was a structured questionnaire. The study population consisted of experts and specialists familiar with urban management, environmental issues, and social participation. Using the snowball sampling technique, 30 respondents were selected. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software and appropriate statistical techniques. Results and findings: The findings revealed that the level of citizens’ participation in improving the urban environment of Bojnourd is relatively favorable, as the mean scores of participation indicators were significantly higher than the theoretical average value (3). Furthermore, environmental awareness was found to have a positive and statistically significant effect on citizens’ participation (β = 0.543, Sig < 0.01). A positive and significant relationship was also observed between environmental awareness and social participation (r = 0.44). In contrast, the lack of legal infrastructure did not show a statistically significant effect on citizens’ participation (Sig > 0.05). Overall, environmental awareness, social trust, and social capital were identified as the most influential factors contributing to citizens’ participation in urban environmental protection and improvement. Therefore, implementing educational programs, enhancing public awareness, strengthening social trust, and improving interactions between citizens and urban management institutions can effectively promote sustainable environmental participation in Bojnord City.

Abstract Background and Objective: Land use and land cover (LULC) are among the most critical indicators of human-environment interaction, reflecting how societies exploit and transform the natural landscape. Understanding temporal changes in land use is essential for sustainable planning, environmental management, and agricultural policy development. This study aims to detect and analyze land use changes in Miandoab County over the period 2013 to 2024 using remote sensing techniques.
Methodology: Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS satellite images for the years 2013 and 2024 were used as the primary data source. After applying radiometric and geometric preprocessing, the images were classified using the Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) algorithm, which relies on the statistical distribution of spectral data and assigns each pixel to the most probable class. Eight land use categories were defined: built-up areas, soil, roads, farmlands, orchards, water bodies, salt flats, and saline soils. The classification accuracy was assessed using overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
Results and Findings: The classification results revealed significant land use changes over the 11-year period. Farmlands increased from 3,183 ha in 2013 to 4,963 ha in 2024, indicating a major shift toward agricultural expansion. Conversely, orchards and soil areas showed marked decreases, likely due to water scarcity and urban encroachment. Built-up areas expanded to 1,849 ha, reflecting urban development. The classification achieved high accuracy levels (94.07% in 2013 and 94% in 2024), validating the reliability of the MLC approach. The study demonstrates that remote sensing and supervised classification are effective tools for land use monitoring. The observed trends highlight the need for integrated land management strategies to balance development with environmental sustainability in Miandoab.

Abstract Background and Objective: The spatial distribution of urban services is a key factor in quality of life and the realization of spatial justice. Centers offering goods and services related to visual health, in addition to their economic role, are also important from a public health perspective. With population growth and the physical expansion of Ardabil city, the need for proper organization of these services has increased. The aim of this study is to investigate the spatial distribution pattern and service coverage of eyeglass retail units in the city of Ardabil using the relevant capabilities and tools in the ArcGIS environment.
Methodology: This research follows a descriptive–analytical approach, and data were collected through both documentary studies and field surveys. The statistical population includes all visual health service centers across Ardabil city. Spatial analysis was conducted using geographic tools within the ArcGIS environment.
Results and Findings: Out of a total of 38 identified units, 34 are located in Region 1, while Regions 4 and 5 lack any such services. Districts 1-1 and 2-1 show the highest concentration. Cluster analysis revealed that District 1-1, particularly Neighborhood 08-1, constitutes a hotspot with a 99% confidence level, indicating that service density there significantly exceeds the city’s average. This high concentration can lead to congestion and unequal access. In contrast, in the fourth to seventh rings away from the city center, no units have been deployed in these areas. The Nearest Neighbor Index (0.215602) confirms a clustered distribution pattern. Therefore, targeted expansion of these services in underserved areas is essential to promote spatial equity and improve access for all citizens.

Abstract Background and Objective: The Townships of Tehran Province have experienced extensive migration and a high concentration of population driven by the pursuit of better employment opportunities and public services. These trends have intensified pressures on infrastructure, housing, and the environment, disrupting the province's livability balance and creating considerable disparities in quality of life among its Townships. However, previous studies have predominantly focused on individual cities or Townships, while comprehensive comparative research evaluating the livability of all Townships in Tehran Province and proposing strategies for its improvement has received limited attention. Methodology: To address this gap, the present study aims to classify the livability levels of the 16 Townships of Tehran Province using a composite index and to formulate strategies for enhancing livability through the PESTEL framework. To this end, 29 variables were compiled under nine environmental, physical, social, and economic indicators and weighted using the Shannon Entropy method. The Townships were then ranked using the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and classified into four absolute levels: ideal, suitable, vulnerable, and critical. Results and findings: The results indicate that none of the Townships achieved the ideal level, while only Shemiranat was classified as suitable. In contrast, Malard ranked lowest and was placed in the critical category. This pattern reveals pronounced spatial disparities in livability across Tehran Province, with the northern Townships demonstrating relatively better performance, whereas the southern, western, and southwestern Townships exhibit the lowest levels of livability. Following the assessment of county livability, the root causes of the main challenges were first identified using the PESTEL framework. Subsequently, livability improvement needs were extracted and categorized under the PESTEL dimensions, and five strategic recommendations were developed through thematic clustering. Among these, establishing an integrated, participatory, and cross-sectoral governance system, corresponding to the most frequently identified challenges, emerged as the highest-priority strategy. The findings and proposed strategies provide a practical foundation for policymakers and regional planners to formulate balanced development policies, allocate resources more effectively, and reduce inter-county disparities across Tehran Province.

Abstract Background and Objective: Rapid population growth, industrial expansion, and changing consumption patterns have led to a significant increase in municipal solid waste generation. Global municipal solid waste production has increased from approximately 200 million tons in 1970 to an estimated 2.2 billion tons by 2025. In many countries, particularly developing nations, the accumulation of municipal solid waste and its associated impacts has become one of the most critical urban environmental challenges, while inefficient waste management imposes substantial economic, environmental, and social costs on urban systems. This study aims to assess the status of urban environmental sustainability with an emphasis on municipal solid waste management in Pishva City, Iran. Methodology: This research employs a descriptive–analytical approach. Data were collected through field surveys using questionnaires and interviews. The statistical sample consisted of 380 residents of Pishva City. Data were analyzed using regression analysis to examine the relationship between municipal solid waste management and urban environmental sustainability. Results and findings: The findings indicate a significant relationship between municipal solid waste management and the level of environmental sustainability in Pishva City. Among the examined sustainability dimensions, the environmental dimension recorded the highest level of influence, with a mean score of 3.43, highlighting the importance of effective waste collection, recycling, and disposal practices in improving environmental quality. In contrast, the spatial dimension showed the lowest level of influence, with a mean score of 2.88, suggesting that spatial planning aspects of waste management require greater attention. Overall, the results confirm that improving municipal solid waste management can substantially enhance urban environmental sustainability and support sustainable urban development.

Abstract Background and Objective: Metro, as one of the main infrastructures of the city, can have a significant impact on the urban development system. The present study also seeks to investigate the effects of constructing a metro network on the land supply pattern (case study: 45-meter Golshahr station, Karaj) because the metro public transportation system is one of the most efficient forms of public transportation in today's cities.
Methodology: The present study has been evaluated in the form of two parts: inferential statistics and multi-criteria decision-making. The pattern governing the research is strategic in terms of approach; cognitive in terms of nature; applied in terms of purpose; descriptive-analytical in terms of method; cross-sectional in terms of time; and quantitative and qualitative in terms of data type. Considering the research questions, which are of the cause-effect type, four hypotheses were introduced. The statistical population of the study includes residents of the Golshahr neighborhood of Karaj, and the Cochran formula was used to determine the sample size using an online calculation method, and it was determined as 384 people. Also, 20 experts were consulted for the multi-criteria decision-making section.
Results and Findings In the first step, the importance of the criteria of building and space quality, accessibility, desirability of environmental landscapes, economic benefit, and land value were determined and ranked based on the votes of citizens living in the Golshahr neighborhood of Karaj. Based on the Likert spectrum coefficient and identification of the indicators affecting them, the criterion of space and building quality was ranked first, which is due to the importance of the indicators of "overall satisfaction with infrastructure facilities and neighborhood relations" in the Golshahr neighborhood; while the index of the impact of the metro on commercial use is also of the greatest importance from the perspective of the respondents. Also, examining the hypotheses using a one-sample t-test showed that in the four aforementioned criteria, the positive effect of the construction of a 45-meter metro station on the surrounding areas can be seen in the Golshahr neighborhood of Karaj. In the next step, the elements affecting the integration of the effectiveness of public transport systems and related land areas and uses were evaluated using the Analytic Hierarchy Process technique to prioritize criteria and indicators. Based on the results, transport, economic, social and environmental criteria are of the highest to lowest importance, respectively.