Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS)

Abstract Background and Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the geotourism potential of Germi County using Kirchner and Gam models. The study area is located in the geographical range of 38 degrees and 50 minutes to 39 degrees and 10 minutes north latitude from the equator and 47 degrees and 25 minutes to 48 degrees and 12 minutes east longitude from the Greenwich meridian.
Methodology:. In this study, first the geomorphological and geological features of Germi County were identified and analyzed. The necessary data were collected from various sources including geological maps, satellite images, and field studies. Then, using the Kirchner model, the geotourism potential of different areas of the county was evaluated. This model determines the ability to attract tourists using criteria such as geological diversity, accessibility to attractions, and environmental quality. In the next step, the Generalized Linear Analysis (GAM) method was used to analyze and predict the effects of different variables on geotourism capabilities. This method allows for the examination of nonlinear relationships between variables and can help identify factors affecting tourist attraction.
Findings and results: A review of the geotourism indices of the regions shows that the Sholler Waterfall in Darreh Si has the highest score with a score of 35.11 in terms of the GAM model. This region has an incremental value of 33.3, while its conservation value of 68.1 points indicates the need for further protection to preserve this natural resource. The results of the Kirchner model calculations also show that the Shule-Lor waterfall in Darreh-e-S has obtained a total score of (2.190). Also, in this geosite, the scientific value is the highest with (0.650) points and the conservation value is the lowest with (0.225) points.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that some specific areas of Germi County have high potential to attract tourists, especially the areas around hot springs and mountainous areas with beautiful natural landscapes. This study also examines the challenges and obstacles in the development of geotourism in Germi County and provides suggestions for improving infrastructure, effective advertising, and educating local communities. Finally, it is suggested that the analysis and evaluation of the geotourism capabilities of Germi County be based on artificial intelligence and geotourism occurrence models.

Abstract Background and Objective: Geotourism is a type of sustainable tourism that emphasizes education and protection of geological and geomorphological attractions in addition to them. Geotourism is one of the important aspects of ecotourism with a responsible and conservation-oriented approach; which emphasizes popularizing earth sciences and the cultural, social, and economic development of the local community. The purpose of this study is to assess the ecotourism potential of natural areas of the tourist village Shtibin is in East Azerbaijan Province.
Methodology: The method of this research is the use of two quantitative models: Kobalikva and Feulet. Kobalikva's method, which emphasizes scientific, educational, economic, conservation and cultural criteria, and Feulet's model, which examines geotourism areas based on four criteria: origin of formation, geographical distribution, tourism and accessibility, was also used.
Results and findings: The results showed that based on the evaluation of the Kobalikva model, the Aras tourist region, with the highest score of 4.5, has a high potential among the studied areas. The results also showed that terraced houses, with a total score of 2.5, have the least development among the studied areas. The results of the national park model showed that among the studied areas, Arasbaran forests have the highest score of 10.25. Therefore, it is concluded that, based on the aforementioned models, the Aras and Arasbaran forests have a high potential for tourism development in East Azerbaijan Province. Finally, it is suggested that artificial intelligence tools be used in future studies to assess the ecotourism potential of the regions.

Abstract Abstract
Introduction: Ecotourism and geotourism, as specialized branches of sustainable tourism, play a vital role in the conservation of natural resources and geological heritage. Ecotourism promotes responsible tourism in pristine natural environments, focusing on the conservation of biodiversity and promoting the participation of local communities. While geotourism emphasizes the identification, conservation, and scientific and educational exploitation of geosites and geomorphosites of geological value, these two complementary approaches provide a comprehensive framework for the sustainable development of natural and cultural tourism.
Research Method: In this study, the geotourism potential of ten regions was assessed using two valid methods: Facilus and Nicolas. The Facilus model, emphasizing scientific, tourism, and conservation value indicators, and the Nicolas model, with a multi-criteria approach including scientific and educational value, geological diversity, ecological and cultural value, conservation threats, and usability, provided accurate quantitative and qualitative analyses of geotourism potential.
Conclusion: In the study of prominent geotourism and ecotourism areas in the two cities of Khalkhal and Kowsar, the results showed that the Firouzabad geosite and Aznav village, by obtaining the highest scores in both models, were recognized as key areas for the development of scientific, educational geotourism and environmental protection. Also, combining data from these two models allowed for accurate identification of the strengths and weaknesses of each region and the provision of targeted management solutions to promote tourism conservation and development. This study emphasizes the need for simultaneous use of multi-criteria models for comprehensive assessment of geosites and suggests that in future studies, economic and social indicators should also be considered in order to achieve comprehensive and sustainable tourism development.

Abstract Introduction: Geotourism is a branch of sustainable tourism that focuses on the geological features and natural landscapes of an area. Tourism has various forms and types that are related to geography and tourism. The purpose of this research is to assess the potential for the development of geotourism in the protected areas of the eastern slopes of Sabalan.
Research Method: This research aimed to identify and prioritize the components of geotourism development in the protected areas of the eastern slopes of Sabalan. Qualitative data were analyzed using ATLAS.ti software and 17 codes were extracted under 4 main themes including education and empowerment, management and infrastructure challenges, local participation and sustainable development, and regional identification and branding. For quantitative analysis and ranking of these components, Friedman's nonparametric test was used with the participation of 278 respondents.
Results: The test results showed that there was a significant difference in importance between the components, such that "local participation and indigenous values" had the highest priority, followed by education, environmental awareness, and human resource empowerment. The findings emphasize the need to focus on active community participation, continuous education, scientific management, and strategic planning to achieve sustainable and balanced geotourism development. This study can be a practical guide for policymakers and managers in the tourism and environmental sectors to promote the status of geotourism in protected areas.

Abstract Background and Objective: Geotourism is a branch of sustainable tourism that focuses on the geological features and natural landscapes of a region. Tourism has various forms and types that are related to geography and tourism. The purpose of the present study is to investigate and assess the geomorphological and geotourism potential of Mahabad city, which is based on the sustainability model. The purpose of this study is to evaluate geotourism potential and its management in the tourist area of West Azerbaijan province, Mahabad city.
Methodology: The research method in this study is based on three models of Kobalikwa and Feoult. In the Kobalikwa model, the criteria are classified into five groups: scientific and intrinsic values, educational values, economic values, conservation values, and other values, which covers almost all features of geotourism. In this method, geomorphosite and landforms were selected for study and evaluation according to four criteria of origin of formation, geographical distribution, tourism and general accessibility of this national park.
Results and findings: The results obtained from the Kobalikova evaluation model showed that the geotourism areas of Mahabad city, according to experts, in the category of diversity in geomorphological forms, the geotourism area of Saholan Water Cave and Kani Barzan Wetland with a numerical average of 0.7 in the Violet model and the Saholan Cave and Kani Barzan Wetland area have obtained the highest score compared to other studied areas. This result indicates the importance and high value of these areas in terms of investment for the development of geotourism and attracting tourists. As a result, it is suggested that more up-to-date models be used in future studies to examine the studied areas and that by establishing inter-organizational cooperation and training and empowering local communities along with infrastructure development, the high geotourism capacities of Mahabad city can become a sustainable source of income and employment.

Abstract Background and Objective: The present study aimed to test the level of sustainability of economic tourism in these three cities based on the quantitative models of Zoros, Kobalikwa, and Feuillet.
Methodology: The research method is a combination of quantitative and descriptive-analytical methods and the required data are collected through official statistical sources, field questionnaires and secondary data. In the Kobalikova method, the criteria are placed in five groups. It covers almost all the features of geotourism. The value of each criterion in this model varies between zero and one (0-1). In the Violet method, geomorphosites and landforms were selected for study and evaluation based on four criteria: origin of formation, geographical distribution, tourism, and general accessibility status of this national park. The overall evaluation of geotourism and geomorphosites in this method is based on two main rates. In the Zoros method, scientific criteria of potential threats and usability are used to evaluate geosites, and each of the criteria used also has sub-criteria.
Findings and results: Based on the results obtained from the Kobalikwa model, Sarein County has obtained the highest score compared to other geotourism areas with a value of (74.6). The evaluation of the Zoros model also showed that among the geosites of Ardabil province (the studied areas), the Sarein geosite has the highest score with 74 points, and after this geosite, the Khalkhal and Germi geosites have obtained 68 and 58 points, respectively. Also, in the method of evaluating national parks, where the value of geotourism is evaluated in two parts: management rate and tourism rate, Sarein County, with a total score of (14.7), has diverse capabilities compared to other geotourism areas.
Conclusion: Therefore, it is concluded that Sarein County is in a relatively stable state in all three models due to its high concentration of tourism infrastructure, economic investment, and economic efficiency. Khalkhal County, despite its natural and ecotourism capacities, is ranked second due to its weakness in economic infrastructure. Despite its regional potential, Germi County has the lowest level of economic sustainability of tourism in terms of the three indicators. Finally, it is suggested that future studies should use various models and online questionnaires to evaluate the capabilities and capacities of economic tourism.
Keywords: : Economic tourism, sustainability, quantitative models, Ardabil province

Abstract Background and Objective: The natural flow regime of the river is a very important factor in determining the functions of aquatic ecosystems and their surroundings. The aim of this study is to evaluate the hydrogeomorphological conditions of the Qorichai River in Ardabil Province using the MQI method.
Methodology: In order to achieve this goal, the Geomorphological Quality Index (MQI) method has been used. First, the river network is divided into homogeneous intervals (6 intervals). Then, related morphological indices such as bank stability, channel pattern, cross-section changes, sedimentation potential, and adaptation to the surrounding environment are calculated.
Results and findings: The results showed that the value of the geomorphological quality index in the studied intervals is between 0.77 and 0.27, among which the maximum coefficient is in interval 2 with a score of 0.77 in the good category, which indicates the greater dynamics of this interval compared to other intervals, and the minimum score is in interval 3 with a value of 0.27, which is in the very poor category. Therefore, it was concluded that the Qorichai River is in a poor condition from intervals 3 to 6 and does not have favorable conditions, but on the contrary, it has appropriate dynamics in intervals 1 and 2. Finally, it is suggested that practical measures be taken to protect the river in intervals with unfavorable quality.

Abstract Geotourism focuses on human interaction with geomorphological phenomena, where natural landforms as geomorphosites play a key role in attracting tourists and sustainable tourism development. This type of tourism is of interest to both experts and nature enthusiasts. The present study, with an integrated approach, follows an analysis Geotourism and geomorphological potentials of the Heyran Pass region in Astara County, which is considered one of the mountainous regions prone to the development of natural tourism in northwest Iran. For this purpose, two valid analytical models, namely the "Kobalikova" model for the evaluation of geosites and the "Feuillet" model for the examination of management and application indicators, were used. Research data were extracted and weighted through a combination of field observations, specialized questionnaires (with a statistical population consisting of 28 experts and 15 tourists) and spatial analysis. The evaluation of five key indicators including scientific, educational, conservation, economic and added value was carried out in the three regions of Mashand, Chamlar and Gilde.The research findings showed that Gilde village, with a final score of 4.75 out of 5 in the K.F model, has the highest potential for the development of geotourism; while Mashand has the lowest level of readiness with a score of 3.25. Effective factors such as inadequate infrastructure, weak education and lack of documented cultural connection have reduced its score. Chamlar with a score of 4.25 ranked second and is in a good position in terms of geomorphological diversity and local community participation. Overall, the article shows that by developing educational, cultural and management infrastructure, these areas can be exploited for the sustainable development of geotourism.

Abstract Background and Objective: Water security as a comprehensive concept that encompasses the measurement of the achievement of various water resources management goals. In other words, water security is strongly influenced by many factors, including increasing urban population, economic development, changes in living standards, increasing water pollution, overexploitation of groundwater resources, and climate change. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate and prioritize the Water Security Index (WSI) in the Qarasu sub-basins in Ardabil province.
Methodology: In this study, hydrological (H), environmental (E), life (L) and ... indicators were used to estimate the water security index. In other words, the water security index uses the combination of the aforementioned indicators and normalization to assess the sustainability of the watershed.
Results and findings: The results of the environmental criteria assessment showed that the most rangeland is in sub-basin (17) with 19.33 percent, and in terms of forest land, the most is in sub-basin (7) with 60.92 percent, and the least rangeland is in sub-basin (11) with 0.04 percent, and forest land is in sub-basins (5, 11, 14) with 0.01 percent. The results of the life criteria assessment also showed that the most human development is in sub-basins (1, 4, 5, 11, 14, 15, 17, 24, 25) with a maximum score of 1. Finally, based on the results of combining the (H, E, L) indicators, the results of the Water Security Index (WSI) showed that the highest level of sustainability of the Qarasu-Samian watershed in terms of water security is related to sub-basin (1) with a value of 0.63, which indicates the sustainability of this sub-basin in the entire area of the Qarasu-Samian watershed. Also, the lowest level of water security sustainability of the watershed was assigned to sub-basin (21) with a value of 0.03, which indicates a very high weakness of the water security of the sub-basin in the entire area of the Qarasu-Samian watershed.
Conclusion: Therefore, it is concluded that the higher the sub-basins are in terms of hydrological, environmental and life indicators, the higher the watershed will be in terms of sustainability and water security. Finally, it is suggested that in future studies, more tests, indicators and new methods should be used to assess the water security of the watershed.

Abstract Background and Objective: Geotourism is a form of tourism that contributes to the growth and geographical sustainability of the region, its environment, culture, historical and aesthetic heritage, and also improves the lives of its residents. Geotourism is a new movement towards rural development. The aim of this research is to assess the geotourism and geomorphological potential of protected areas in Meshkinshahr Township using quantitative models.
Methodology: The research method in this study is based on the Serrano-Gonzalez-Truba and Kobalicova models. The Serrano-Gonzalez-Truba model is suitable for evaluating geosites located in protected areas. Geosites are evaluated in this method based on three main criteria that help to evaluate scientific and management values ​​and are considered a suitable method for the study area.
 Findings and Conclusion: The results of the evaluation of the Serrano-Gonzalez-Truba model showed that the Shirvan Daresi protected area ranked first with the maximum score in terms of diversity of geomorphological and geological forms. Also, with the highest score in terms of accessibility and landscape diversity, it has a high potential for field studies and tourist attraction compared to other study areas. According to the results obtained in the second place, the Gandomin region with a score of 8.5 has suitable protected areas for field research and tourism attraction. Therefore, based on the validation of the model criteria, it can be concluded that the Shirvan Daresi protected area in Meshkinshahr with the highest score has a great potential for development. Finally, it is suggested that future studies should also use human impact sub-criteria to evaluate protected areas.

Abstract Background and Objective: In recent years, with the increase in the frequency and intensity of flash floods, zoning the risk of this phenomenon has become essential. The Extended Flash Flood Model (MFFPI) is one of the modern and effective methods for assessing and zoning flash flood risk in watersheds. The aim of this study is to assess the flood potential in the Kuzet-Topraqi Watershed Sub-basins using the Extended Flash Flood Model.
Methodology: In this regard, first, information layers including slope, flow accumulation, land use, rock permeability, slope curvature, and soil texture were extracted in the GIS environment using base maps, and in the next step, all these parameters were weighted and weighted maps were produced using the Raster Calculator tool. Then, by overlapping these layers, the flash flood potential map for the Kozeh-Toparqi watershed was divided and extracted into five risk categories: very low (55 km2), low (126.10 km2), medium (266.15 km2), high (219.50 km2), and very high (138.03 km2).
Results and Findings: The results show that the northern and central parts of the basin are mainly in the low to medium risk range, while the southern and western areas experience the highest flood risk. The distribution pattern of these areas can be affected by geomorphological parameters such as slope, elevation, and drainage density, as well as hydrological and land use characteristics. In particular, areas with steep slopes, low permeability, and runoff-sensitive land uses are susceptible to flash floods. On the other hand, low-slope areas, which are mainly located in the middle areas, can become critical points in the development of floods due to the accumulation of incoming runoff from upstream areas. The results also showed that sub-basins 2 and 3 with areas of 0.02 and 0.15 km2, and in contrast, sub-basins 14 and 17 with areas of 29.27 and 14.98 km2, are located in very low and very high flood risk zones, respectively.
Conclusion: As a result, flood management in this basin requires adopting solutions appropriate to the topographic conditions. In steep areas, implementing watershed management operations such as constructing sedimentation dams and developing vegetation cover can help reduce runoff velocity and increase permeability. Also, in low-slope areas, creating flood control reservoirs and appropriate drainage can play an effective role in reducing flood risks.

Abstract Background and Objective: The aim of the present study is to analyze and evaluate the geotourism and geomorphological capabilities of Sarein County using the M GAM model. Sarein County is located in the northwest of Iran and in the geographical area of ​​47 degrees and 48 minutes to 48 degrees and 11 minutes east longitude and 38 degrees and 3 minutes to 38 degrees and 15 minutes north latitude.
Methodology: The present research is of an applied type and its research method is a descriptive survey conducted using a questionnaire. In this study, eight geosites in Sarein County (Verghesaran Suspension Bridge, Viladreh, Alvares Ski Resort, Goldasht Kalkhoran, Gharkenzagh, Ali Darvish Valley, Saridareh Valley, and Imamzadeh Atashgah) were evaluated by providing 20 questionnaires to tourists present in the study areas and also providing 20 written questionnaires to experts and specialists in these geosites and collecting their data. In this study, first some geomorphological landforms were identified and their boundaries were determined using library studies, aerial photographs, satellite images, field surveys and interviews. Then, using the M-GAM model, the tourism potentials of the landforms were examined.
 Results and findings: The results of the M-GAM model evaluation showed that, based on the evaluation of experts and visitors to the geotourism area, the Verghesaran Suspension Bridge has the highest core value. In terms of complementary values, the highest score was for the Atashgah Shrine with a score of 91.11, and in total scores, the highest score was for the Atashgah Shrine and the lowest total score was for Villadreh. Also, the M-GAM matrix using the main and complementary values ​​obtained from the analysis shows that the geosites of Goldasht Kalkhoran, Imamzadeh Atashgah, Darreh Saridareh, and Verge Saran Suspension Bridge are located in the Z23 field in terms of main values, and in terms of complementary values, they have a high level of potential for geotourism. The Ali Darvish Valley, Ghar Kanzagh, and Alvares Track geosites also have a medium value for geotourism in terms of primary and complementary value (primary and complementary value Z22), and finally, Viladreh is at a medium level in terms of primary value and at a low level in terms of complementary value for geotourism development.Therefore, it is concluded that there is a lot of room for improving geotourism in these places, and by investing in improving the infrastructure of these geosites and improving planning and promotional activities, these areas can attract many tourists and travelers, which will create jobs and increase the income of local people. Finally, it is suggested that the geotourism and geomorphological potential of Sarein County be analyzed and evaluated based on artificial intelligence and geotourism occurrence models.

Abstract Background and Objective: Seismicity is a measure that encompasses the occurrence, mechanisms, and magnitude of earthquakes in a given geographical location. Thus, it summarizes the seismic activity of a region. Based on geological evidence and recorded earthquakes, the study area is considered one of the active and seismic zones in Iran. Therefore, knowledge of the seismic potential of the region is necessary to prevent unprincipled construction in the study area. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the seismic potential of faults in the Balharud-Garmi basin.
Methodology: In this study, ArcGIS software was used to draw maps and analyze them. First, using the 1:100,000 geological map of the Geology and Mineral Exploration Organization of the country, the faults (main and minor) in the study area were determined and their lengths were determined. Then, the seismic power of the faults in the study area was calculated using the relations of Zare (1995), Norouzi (1985), and Norouzi and Ashjai (1978).
Findings and Results: According to the relevant results, the average seismic power in terms of Richter in the faults of Nowruzabad is 12.55, Azadabad 10.20, Sari-Nasirlu 28.62, Ilikhchi 9.08, Chenar 6.56, Farzi-Kandi 17.42, Parchin 10.35, Ojaq-Alazar 17.94, Demirchi 7.23, Pireh-Khalil 6.55, Qanab 19.16, Shorfeh 7.73, and Shordarq 3.92. The results showed that the study area, especially the central parts towards the south of the basin due to the concentration of fault lines, is prone to seismicity and there is a possibility of earthquakes with a magnitude greater than 4 on the Richter scale. The Sari-Nasirlu, Azadabad and Al-Qanab faults have the highest seismic power in the region, respectively. Studies also show that there is a direct relationship between the seismic power of faults and the length of the fault. Given the lack of sufficient studies on the tectonics and seismicity of the region, other studies should be conducted

Abstract Background and Objective: Geotourism is tourism based on geological features. Over time, it has been described as a different type of tourism that has a geological or geographical orientation. While the initial view was based on the assumption that geotourism is a type of tourism similar to ecotourism, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the geotourism capabilities of Nir County using the Kobalikova, Violet, and Zeros models.
Methodology: The present research method is descriptive, analytical, and comparative. In this study, three geotourism models, Kobalikova, Violet, and Zeros, were used. The aforementioned models have several indicators that, in addition to geological-geomorphological aspects, also consider other factors such as cultural-historical monuments, access, management, and vulnerability.
Findings and Results: The results of the evaluation of the Kobalikva geotourism model showed that the Bolaglar geotourism area, with a maximum score of 10, is one of the most desirable places in Nir County, which has great potential for attracting tourism. The Sain and Saqezchi axes are in the next ranks. The results of the Violet model also showed that in terms of management rate and tourism rate, the Bolaglar region has the highest geotourism potential, with a score of 2.5. The results of the Zeros model also showed that the Bolaglar geotourism area is in the first place with a score of 79, and the Sain and Saqezchi axes are in the next ranks, respectively, with scores of 72 and 52. The evaluation of the geotourism axes using the aforementioned models showed that the Bolaglar region has higher geotourism potential for several reasons. In this context, we can mention geomorphological diversity (geodiversity), the presence of numerous hot springs, beautiful and lush nature, proximity to the Nirchai and Balikhlochai rivers, proximity to the city of Nir, easier access, the presence of cultural-historical monuments, the display of local traditions through numerous festivals, favorable access to the Sabalan ranges, and similar cases.Therefore, it is concluded that the Bulaghlar geotourism area has a suitable capacity to attract tourists in Nir County. This is while a multidimensional look at the geotourism industry with a conservation approach along with the development of infrastructure and infrastructure facilities can significantly develop the tourism industry and transform the economy of the region. Finally, it is suggested that artificial intelligence be used in future studies to evaluate the studied areas.

Abstract Background and Objective: Geotourism is a branch of tourism knowledge that focuses on the behavior of land surface systems or geomorphosites and attempts to identify, protect, and exploit the tourism-conservation values ​​of dominant forms and processes in a place. The purpose of this research is to evaluate and analyze the competitiveness of geotourism and geomorphological potentials of Gilan Province (Case Study: Masal Township, Olsbelengah, Shanderman).
Methodology: The present study is applied in terms of descriptive-analytical purpose, and Pavlova, Kobalikova, and Feyolt geotourism models were used to evaluate the study areas. The Pavlova model evaluates the competitiveness of the studied regions and is based on the formation of positive and negative factors and their related calculations. The Kobalikova model, which emphasizes more on scientific, educational, economic, conservation and additional criteria, and finally the Feuillet model, which examines geotourism regions based on four criteria of origin, geographical distribution, tourism and accessibility.
Results and findings: Based on the results of the Pavlova model in the positive competitiveness factor, Masal Township has high competitiveness in the region by obtaining the highest scores in the sub-indices of natural wealth (4.9) and protected areas (4.54). Also, in the negative competitiveness factor, the Shanderman district has the highest score in the sub-index of lack of appropriate infrastructure in the region with a value of 4.33, indicating the weakness of the region in this regard. Also, according to the results obtained from the Kobalikova model, Masal Township has the highest geotourism value in the region with a score of (7.08). Also, the results obtained from the Violet model show that Masal Township is in a favorable situation in terms of management and tourism in the region with a score of (5.04). Therefore, it is concluded that this region has high potentials and capabilities for tourism and geotourism and is ranked first in terms of competitiveness at the provincial level

Abstract Background and Objective: Water and water governance have attracted much attention as a political concern in recent years. In response to the growing understanding of the water crisis, the literature on water governance has been rapidly increasing over the past two decades. The aim of the present study is to analyze the impact of E and L Indices on water sustainability and security in the Samian Watershed.
Methodology: In this study, environmental indicators and the life index were used to estimate the water security index. The environmental criterion focuses on environmental pressure, vegetation cover, and the percentage of protected areas in the watershed. The parameters of the life standard are related to the quality of human life and evaluate the standard of living and the human development index in the watershed. The pressure parameter is determined by the change in per capita income during the study period. In other words, the water security index uses normalization to assess the sustainability of the watershed.
Results and findings: The results of the standardization of the environmental index showed that the highest score was related to sub-basin 7 with a value of one and the lowest was related to sub-basins 5, 10, 14 and 27. Based on the results of the standardization of the human development index, it was shown that the highest level of human development was related to sub-basins 1, 4, 5, 11, 15, 17, 24 and 27. The lowest level of human development was related to sub-basins 12, 13, 18, 19, 21, 22 and 25. Finally, it is recommended to test and use other methods of estimating the Water Security Index (WSI) in future studies.

Abstract Background and Objective: Tourism as a modern phenomenon has an economic nature and has a special role and importance for countries that have this capacity. Geotourism is a combination of the words "geo" meaning earth and "tourism" meaning tourism. The purpose of this research is to evaluate geotourism potentials and its management in the tourist area of ​​East Azerbaijan province.
Methodology: The research method in this study is based on three models: Kobalikova, Kirchner and GEM. In the Kobalikova and Kirchner model, the criteria are classified into five groups: scientific and intrinsic values, educational values, economic values, conservation values ​​and other values, which cover almost all features of geotourism. The GAM model is a method of physical evaluation of primary geomorphosites to assess the sustainable planning and management of natural heritage sites and their transformation into tourism destinations. This method consists of two main and complementary values. The main values ​​include scientific and educational values, aesthetic and scenic values, and conservation values, and the complementary values ​​include performance values ​​and tourism values.
Results and Findings: The results of the evaluation based on the Kobalikva and Kirchner model showed that the geomorphosites of Arasbaran forests and the village of Shtebin received the highest score and the Aladagh region received the lowest score. Therefore, based on the validation of the models, it can be concluded that the forests of Arasbaran and the village of Shtebin received the highest score and have great potential for development. Finally, it is suggested that artificial intelligence be used in future studies to evaluate the geotourism areas under study and achieve more accurate results.

Abstract Background and objective: Geotourism is one of the branches of tourism that emphasizes geomorphology, hydrology, and geology of potential destinations and geosites, and its goal is to increase the economic power and welfare of host communities and destinations. The aim of the present study is to study and evaluate the impact of geotourism dimensions on economic development in villages of Khalkhal County (Case study: Majolan, Khojin, Kazaj).
Methodology: To evaluate the studied villages, Kobalikwa models, which emphasize scientific, educational, economic, conservation, and additional criteria, and the Violet model, which examines geotourism areas based on four criteria: origin of formation, geographical distribution, tourism, and accessibility, were used.
Findings and conclusions: The results obtained from the Kobalikwa model showed that Khojin village has taken the first place with a total score of 12.25, and the geographical diversity and biodiversity dimensions of this village have had a greater impact on the regional economy and have led to the economic development of Khojin village. Also, based on the results obtained from the Feyolt model, the village of Kazaj received an average score of 0.75 in the management rate section and an average score of 0.68 in the tourism rate section, and has taken the first place. Also, the geographical diversity and socio-political dimensions of this village have had the greatest impact on the regional economy and have increased economic power through the expansion of tourism in the region. Therefore, it is concluded that the villages of Khalkhal County have a high geographical diversity and in this respect can have a significant impact on the development of geotourism and the development of the regional economy. Finally, it is suggested that the effectiveness of geotourism dimensions in areas with potential potential be evaluated using various and new models.

Abstract Background and Objective: Today, the tourism industry is considered an important and main sector in the global economy, and one of the important fields of this industry is nature-oriented tourism or ecotourism. The share of ecotourism in the tourism industry is very high and has an important position. The aim of the present study is to analyze the geotourism and geomorphological capacities effective in attracting tourism in the city of Malekan, East Azerbaijan Province.
Methodology: In this study, two methods, Kobalikova and Feulet, have been used to evaluate the geotourism potential. The Kobalikova method emphasizes scientific and intrinsic, educational, economic, conservation and other values. The Feulet model also evaluates regions in terms of management rate and tourism rate based on natural and human indicators. The areas studied in this study are Bakhtak Leilan Castle, Shursu Tourist Area, Arpadersi Mineral Spring, Ali Balaghi Shrine, Forest Park Camp, and Ulan Buffalo Valley.
Findings and Conclusion: The results of the evaluation of the Kobalikva model showed that the Arpadersi mineral spring, with a score of 11, has the highest score among the studied areas. Based on the evaluation results in the studied areas, the Bakhtak Leilan Castle Geotourism Area, with a score of 75.6, has the lowest score among the studied areas, which requires attention to this area for development. Also, the results of the Violet model showed that among the studied areas, the Forest Park Camp Area, with a total score of 13 from all sub-indicators, has the highest score. Also, the Olen Buffalo Valley Area, with a score of 25.8, has the lowest potential among the studied areas. Based on the results of the management rate, it was found that the Forest Park and Olen Valley are in good and appropriate conditions in terms of protection, and in terms of tourism rate, the Shorsu area, with the highest score, has good conditions. Therefore, it is concluded that the Arpa Daresi Forest Park Camp and Mineral Spring have great potential in attracting tourism. Finally, it is suggested that in future studies, Serrano-Gonzalez-Truba models be used for a more detailed study to evaluate the geotourism potential of protected areas in the Malekan region.

Abstract Background and Aim: Geotourism, as one of the new and developing branches of tourism, examines and uses the geological and geomorphological characteristics of natural areas in order to attract tourists. Tourism target villages can be recognized as attractive destinations for domestic and foreign tourists due to their beautiful natural landscapes, special geographical features, and rich culture. The aim of the present study is to identify the geotourism and geomorphological capacities of tourism target villages in Namin Township in Ardabil Province.
Methods and Material: The method of the present study is to use the new quantitative model of Kobalikwa and Feylot (National Park). In the Kobalikwa method, which emphasizes more on scientific, educational, economic, conservation, and additional criteria, it evaluates the study areas by comparing sub-criteria. In the national park model, geotourism areas are examined based on four criteria: origin of formation, geographical distribution, tourism, and accessibility. The tourism target villages in this study are Anbaran, Golshan, and Soha in Namin Township.
Results and Discussion: The results of the evaluation of the Kobalikwa geotourism model showed that the Anbaran tourism target village, with a score of 10.25, has the highest score among the studied areas, and the second and third places are Soha and Golshan, with scores of 9.5 and 8.25, respectively, which indicates that the Anbaran village has high potential to introduce Namin Township at the national and international levels. The results of the national park model also showed that the Anbaran region, with the highest score of 25.11, has suitable potential compared to the other studied areas. Based on the results in this model, the management and tourism rate of Anbaran was estimated to be very excellent. Therefore, it is concluded that Anbaran village is a historical, cultural, economic and ultimately geotourism village that can be recognized at the national and international levels. Finally, it is suggested that other evaluation models and the integration of natural and human factors be used in future applied studies for better evaluation.

Abstract Background and Objective: This study evaluated the geotourism capabilities and potentials of Nir County, located in Ardabil Province. This county has high geotourism capabilities due to its location on the slopes of Sabalan and Bozqosh. The development of the geotourism industry in this county can be a driver of sustainable economic development in the region. The purpose of this study is to analyze the geotourism and geomorphological potentials of Nir County in Ardabil Province.
Methodology: In Nir County, there are two geotourism axes: Bulaghlar and Saein. In the present study, the geotourism capabilities of the aforementioned axes were evaluated using two models: Kobalikwa and Feyolt. The aforementioned models have numerous indicators that, in addition to geological-geomorphological aspects, also consider other factors such as cultural-historical monuments, access, management, and vulnerability.
Findings and Results: The evaluation of geotourism axes using the aforementioned models showed that the Bulaghlar region has higher geotourism potential for several reasons. In this context, we can mention geomorphological diversity (geodiversity), the presence of numerous hot springs, beautiful and lush nature, proximity to the Nirchai and Balikhlochai rivers, proximity to the city of Nir, easier access, the presence of cultural-historical monuments, the display of local traditions through the holding of numerous festivals, favorable access to the Sabalan ranges, and similar cases. For this reason, the Bulaghlar region obtained higher scores in relation to most of the indicators of the models used. According to the results of the models, it can be said that two basic challenges, including the lack of protective measures and the limited infrastructure and service-welfare facilities, are among the most important obstacles to the development of the geotourism industry in Nir county.
Conclusion: The results show that the development of tourism and geotourism in Nir County is generally one-dimensional and that various aspects of geotourism such as scientific values, geomorphological diversity, geomorphological conservation, and sustainable development have been neglected. However, a multidimensional view of the geotourism industry with a conservation approach along with the development of infrastructure and facilities can significantly develop the tourism industry and transform the regional economy.

Abstract Background and Objective: Geotourism is a type of tourism that is based on geological and geomorphological phenomena and landscapes and has expanded in recent decades with the aim of socio-economic development of geotourism destinations. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the geotourism capabilities and geomorphological destinations of Hir Township for economic development.
Methodology: The nature of this study is descriptive-analytical-applied and to investigate the geotourism potential of the Hir region, the Renard models that examine geomorphosites based on three scientific, added and combined values; the Feuillet model that is based on four criteria of origin of formation, geographical distribution, tourism and accessibility; and finally the Kobalikwa model that emphasizes more on scientific, educational, economic, conservation and cultural criteria were used.
Findings and Results: Based on the results obtained from the Reynard model, the Hair Suspension Bridge has a high geotourism potential and is ranked in the top category, with an average score of 0.7 in the scientific value index, 0.39 in the added value sub-index, and 0.74 in the composite value sub-index. Also, the Hair Suspension Bridge has various capabilities to introduce the region to domestic and foreign tourists based on the Feulet evaluation model in the management and tourism rates, with values ​​of 0.65 and 0.61, respectively. The results also indicate that based on the Kobalikwa model, the Hair Suspension Bridge has a high geotourism value among the studied geosites with a total score of 75.8 and has attracted many tourists to this region. Therefore, it is concluded that the Hair Glass Suspension Bridge in the city of Hair has diverse geotourism and geomorphological potentials and capabilities in the region and is ranked in the top category in terms of attracting tourists to the region and increasing economic power. Therefore, it is suggested that by using virtual and online tourism and introducing different regions of this city to tourists, preparations should be made to attract domestic and foreign tourists to this region.

Abstract Background and Objective: The word geothermal has Greek roots. Geo means earth and thermal means heat, which is based on geological features and water resources. Over time, it has been described as a different type of tourism that has a geological or geographical orientation. The aim of this study is to identify the potential of geomorphological and geothermal destinations in Ardabil province using the Brailles and Zoros model.
Methodology: The method of the present study is descriptive, analytical and comparative. In this study, two geotourism models, Brailles and Zoros, were used. This study was conducted in 2024 the statistical population was tourists and tourism and geology industry specialists. In this study, the Braille model refers to the median of the terrestrial diversity index sites that do not have any intrinsic or scientific value and their capabilities are measured based on their relationship with educational and tourism values. The medians were selected by four factors: reputation, integrity, geological type, security, accessibility, and beauty. In the Zoros method, scientific criteria of potential threats and usability are used to evaluate geosites, and each of the criteria used also has sub-criteria.
 Findings and Conclusion: The results of the Zoros model evaluation show that the Meshkinshahr geothermal area has the highest score (75/80). The Ardabil geothermal area is also in second place with 72/5 points. According to the Zoros model results, the Sarein region has the lowest score of 69, which indicates the low geothermal potential in this city. The results of the Braille model showed that in terms of accessibility index, Ardabil region has the highest score with an average of 2.62 and is in first place, and in terms of scientific index, Meshkinshahr region has the first place in terms of world reputation criterion with 12 points. In terms of vulnerability, Sarein region is in first place with the highest score. Therefore, it is concluded that considering that the geothermal areas of Ardabil province are affected by the Sabalan Mountains, this has caused all three geothermal areas to have different capabilities, which the aforementioned models showed that the highest thermal energy is in Meshkinshahr county. Finally, it is suggested that artificial intelligence tools be used in future studies to estimate geothermal areas.

Abstract Background and Objective: Water security is strongly influenced by many factors including increasing urban population, economic development, changes in living standards, increasing water pollution, over-exploitation of groundwater resources, and climate change. The aim of the study is to evaluate the impact of hydrological index on water security index (WSI) in Qarasu sub-basins.
Methodology: In this study, hydrological index (H), per capita water, and water discharge were used to estimate the water security index. In other words, the water security index uses normalization to assess the sustainability of the watershed.
Results and findings: The results of the water discharge index assessment in the Qarasu watershed showed that the highest water discharge among the 27 sub-basins studied was related to sub-basin 1 at the Namin hydrometric station with a value of 560,196,073 cubic meters and sub-basin 23 at the Nanekaran hydrometric station with a value of 305,170,988 cubic meters. The results of the per capita water assessment in the Qarasu sub-basins showed that the highest per capita water for each person was allocated to sub-basin 20 at the Nooran station with a value of 957.9733,133 liters and in the next rank, sub-basin 18 at the Baroq station with a per capita water value of 914.9249,868 liters among the sub-basins studied. Therefore, it is concluded that the higher the hydrological index in the sub-basins studied, the more suitable the basin sustainability index will be. Finally, it is suggested that executive and management measures be implemented in some sub-basins that do not have a suitable hydrological index, as the Water Security Index (WSI) is very low in them, in order to witness the development of sub-indices in all the studied basins so that the Water Security Index takes an upward trend.

Abstract Background and Objective: Water security is the secure access to an acceptable amount of water of acceptable quantity and quality for production, life, and health, accompanied by an acceptable level of risk that has unpredictable water-related impacts on society. The aim of the present study is to prioritize the water security index in the northwestern regions of the Samian watershed in Ardabil province.
Methodology: The method of this study was to use and integrate hydrological, environmental, and life indicators to estimate the Water Security Index (WSI).
Results and Findings: The results of the hydrological index showed that the highest water flow rate was related to sub-basin 1 with a value of one, and the lowest water flow rate was related to sub-basin 5 with a value of 0.004. Also, after standardizing the values of these results, it was found that the highest per capita water with a value of one is allocated to sub-basin 3 and the lowest value is related to sub-basin 8 with a value of 0.07. The environmental index showed that the highest score is related to sub-basin 7 with a value of one and the lowest is related to sub-basin 5. Accordingly, the results showed that the highest water security index is related to sub-basin 1 with a value of 0.63, which indicates that this sub-basin is at a higher level in terms of the indicators studied. Therefore, it is concluded that the higher the level of the aforementioned indicators, the higher the level of water security. Finally, it is suggested that artificial intelligence tools be used in future studies to estimate water security.