Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS)

Abstract Background and Aim: Child-friendly cities are active and attractive places that provide children with opportunities for interaction, recreation, personal growth, stress reduction, creativity stimulation, and social vitality. In this regard, the aim of this study is to assess the status of neighborhoods in Gorgan in terms of child-friendly city indicators and the factors effective in achieving them.
Methodology: The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Field and questionnaire methods were used in this study. In the first part of the study, which is the statistical population of child caregivers, the Cochran formula was used to determine the sample size, which resulted in a sample size of 350 people. In the next part of the study, which used the Delphi sampling method, 50 people with a master's degree or higher who have valid research in the field of urban planning and management with a focus on the child-friendly city of Gorgan were used as the statistical population. SPSS and SMART-PLS software were used to analyze the data.
Findings and Results: In terms of child-friendly city components, Gorgan-Pars neighborhood is in a better position than Ozineh neighborhood, and the physical-environmental and managerial-organizational components are the most problematic components in the field of child-friendly city at the level of neighborhoods in Gorgan. Based on the results obtained, the physical-environmental criterion (factor load 0.77), the managerial-organizational criterion (factor load 0.73), the social-cultural criterion (factor load 0.65), and the economic criterion (factor load 0.58) have the greatest impact on achieving a child-friendly city.

Abstract Background and Objective: Urban construction control is carried out by urban construction criteria, but despite the various measures of urban management, there are reports of construction breach annually in cities. In fact, construction breach can be defined as non -compliance with urban construction rules and regulations that threaten the quality of life in cities. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the spatial distribution of building breach in the city of Tourism for use in urban management areas.
Methodology: The method of collecting the information and data needed for the documentation, library and field observations is prepared and a descriptive and descriptive table from the Secretariat of Article 100 of the Municipality. The time range over a one -year period (1401) and its location range is the legal area of Sarein. The present study is descriptive-analytical and practical, using the nearest neighborhood distance and analyzing hot spots in the GIS software platform.
Results and findings: According to the analysis, the highest number of breach occurred in the central core of the city and the Coffee and Chaldaran area, and the surplus breach over the other breach are significant and significant, and the number of breach without licenses is in the next line, and this violation is further excluded from the non -licensed classes. According to the results, the main direction of the breach is from the southwest to the northeast of the city, and the most breach occurred within 600 to 900 meters from the city's center of gravit.

Abstract Background and Objective : Women’s mental health, as one of the essential dimensions of public health, is influenced by various factors, including the quality and accessibility of urban public spaces. This study aimed to analyze the impact of urban public spaces on women’s mental health in Ardabil within the framework of women-friendly city indicators.
Methodology: This applied research adopted a descriptive–analytical approach. The required data were collected through the distribution of 400 questionnaires among women residing in Ardabil, using a systematic random sampling method. The research tool included 58 items covering five main indicators (physical–spatial, socio–cultural, safety, accessibility, and mental health). Data were analyzed using the one-sample t-test in SPSS software and structural equation modeling (SEM) in AMOS software.
Findings and Conclusion: The results showed that the physical–spatial (mean = 3.17) and socio-cultural (mean = 3.05) indicators were in a relatively favorable condition. Moreover, based on the path analysis results, the physical–spatial indicator had the greatest role in enhancing women’s mental health, with an impact coefficient of 0.89. Following this, the indicators of environmental security, socio-cultural, accessibility, and mental health ranked next in terms of influence. These findings emphasize the importance of designing public spaces with a focus on physical and environmental components to promote women’s mental health and highlight the necessity for urban planners to pay attention to these dimensions. The innovation of this research lies in the simultaneous analysis of five key women-friendly city indicators using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and focusing on the city of Ardabil as a localized case, which has received less attention in previous studies.

Abstract Background and Objective: With the rapid pace of urbanization and its associated environmental challenges, novel approaches such as the smart sustainable city and green infrastructure have become essential. However, the gap between theory and practice, particularly regarding the prioritization of interventions, persists. This study was conducted with the objective of analyzing the impact of green infrastructure on the realization of a smart sustainable city and providing a data-driven framework for spatial prioritization in the metropolis of Karaj.
Methodology: This is an applied study employing a descriptive-analytical method. Initially, 24 key variables were identified and distributed to 30 experts via a questionnaire. Subsequently, using a hybrid approach, the Cross-Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification (MICMAC) technique was utilized to identify key drivers, and the Combined Compromise Solution (CoCoSo) method was employed to rank the readiness of the 11 urban districts of Karaj.
Results and Findings: The results indicated that seven drivers, including "permeable surfaces," "ecological corridors," "investment," and "integrated governance," are the most powerful factors influencing the system. Furthermore, the CoCoSo analysis identified District 5 as the most suitable area for initiating projects. The findings emphasize that a successful transition to a smart sustainable city requires an integrated strategy that simultaneously focuses on physical infrastructure, governance factors, and economic incentives, and that policies must be formulated based on spatial priorities. Ultimately, this study shows that the realization of a smart sustainable city in Karaj is only possible through an integrated strategy that incorporates the key physical, governance, and economic drivers within specific spatial priorities.

Abstract Background and Objective: The spatial distribution of services, facilities, land uses, and activities in cities, as well as their accessibility, is a key issue in urban studies. In this regard, the location of neighborhoods in relation to access to land uses and urban services requires special attention. This study focuses on analyzing the position of the Tazeh Shahr neighborhood to examine its accessibility to various land uses within the spatial context of the neighborhood and at different distance intervals.
Methodology: This research is applied in nature and employs a descriptive–analytical approach. Data on land uses and the street network were extracted from the detailed plan of Ardabil city and processed in ArcGIS. For each land-use category, the allocated area was calculated at the neighborhood zoning level and within distance rings (0–200, 200–500, 500–1000, 1000–2000 meters, etc.). Frequency tables and spatial indices were then generated, and the Hot Spot Analysis (Getis-Ord Gi) was applied to identify clusters of service concentration or shortage. The results were presented and analyzed through thematic maps.
Findings and Conclusion According to the research findings based on the structural model, the T-Value statistic for all variables is greater The results revealed the accessibility status of Tazeh Shahr to a wide range of land uses, both within the neighborhood itself and across various distance rings. Findings indicate that while the neighborhood enjoys favorable accessibility to certain services, it faces limitations and shortages in others. Overall, the accessibility level of Tazeh Shahr to urban services and land uses varies depending on the type of land use and spatial scale, highlighting the need for optimized urban planning.

Abstract Background and Aim: Third places are active and attractive public spaces that provide the context for interaction, recreation, personal growth, stress reduction, creativity stimulation, and social vitality in cities. The purpose of this study is to geographically analyze the indicators and examples of a happy city with an emphasis on Ray Oldenburg''''s third place theory in the city of Khorramabad.
Methodology: The research method is descriptive-analytical and survey-type. The statistical sample of the research consists of 400 citizens who were selected by simple random sampling using Sample Power software. Data collection, classification, and analysis were performed using SPSS and AMOS statistical software.
Results and Discussion: The findings of the study showed that Khorramabad city is in a weak position in terms of the dimensions and criteria of a happy city. Also, the results obtained from the structural equation modeling of the study showed that the economic factor with a factor load of 0.082 has the greatest impact on happiness. After that, environmental, physical-spatial, security and socio-cultural factors with factor loads of 0.076, 0.073, 0.071 and 0.063 were determined in the next ranks of impact on social happiness. In addition, it was determined that the third places, which include parks, sports centers, cafes, libraries and mosques, each have an impact of 0.071, 0.044, 0.043, 0.027 and 0.020 on social happiness in the selected area. Finally, based on the integrated path analysis model of the research, the effects of third places on the social vitality of Khorramabad city were determined to be 0.063.

Abstract Background and Objective: Rapid urbanization and growing socio-economic inequalities in medium-sized Iranian cities like Bonab have led to spatial duality and reduced urban livability. This study aims to evaluate the factors affecting socio-cultural livability disparities in neighborhoods located within two distinct zones of Bonab: the worn-out texture–informal settlements (south and southeast) and the non-worn-out texture (central and northern) areas.
Methodology: This descriptive-analytical and exploratory study utilized data gathered through field questionnaires and documentary sources. The sample size was determined using Cochran’s formula. Data normality was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Statistical analyses, including one-sample t-tests and one-way ANOVA, were conducted using SPSS software, while GIS was employed to map the spatial distribution of the data.
Findings and Results: TheThe results revealed that the average socio-cultural index in the non-worn-out texture zone (mean: 3/47) was significantly higher than that in the worn-out texture–informal settlements zone (mean: 2/98). Only a few worn-out neighborhoods exhibited relatively favorable conditions. Spatial analysis further demonstrated a declining trend in livability quality from central and northern areas toward the southern and southeastern neighborhoods. According to ANOVA, the most influential factors affecting livability were security (determination coefficient: 0/740), health quality (0/694), and education quality (0/682). Additionally, the uneven distribution of educational, cultural, and recreational centers within the worn-out zone has intensified livability inequalities.

Abstract Background and purpose: Construction violations are a global problem that can have serious consequences for individuals, communities, and the environment, so identifying its factors to prevent its consequences in the cities of the country is important. Identifying the causes of construction violations in Sarein and presenting it to the foundations involved with the problem of construction violations such as the municipality and the Islamic Council, etc.
Methodology: The method of this study is descriptive -analytical and can be used in the application category in terms of its use. To analyze the factors that have been dealt with in a 5 -year period. With quantitative data and Pearson correlation test and single sample test method and mean analysis of SPSS software and EXEL software was used to provide tables and charts.
Results and Conclusion: The results of the analysis show that economic factors with correlation coefficient of 0.781 and high value of t = 49.111 and an average of 30.1286 have the most impact on construction violations compared to other factors. Other factors, respectively: physical factors with correlation coefficient of 0.653 and T = 38.251 and mean 25.3571, management factors with correlation coefficient 0.718 and T = 30.499 and mean 24.1857 and social factors with correlation coefficient 694 and T = 29.796 It is effective in the occurrence of building violations in the city of Sarein and the relationship between these factors and construction violations is significant. 5 The main factors affecting construction violations of the total factors measured 1-Dodge and More Revenue 2-Municipal Solidarity to Income from Crimes 3-Article 100 and Regulations of Engineering and Urban Development44 Physical divisions or zoning are 5- The fields of tendency to deviate from the rules of construction such as compression ceiling and occupation level, etc., finally comparing this analysis with other previous internal studies in this field, it can be concluded that the city of Sarein is similar to the same situation. It has the opinion of the causes of construction violations with other cities in this article.

Abstract Background and Objective:Rapid population growth and urbanization have created multiple challenges for the quality of life and livability in cities, particularly in Iranian cities such as Bonab. These challenges manifest in deteriorated urban fabric, informal settlements, and spatial inequalities that adversely affect residents' well-being. This study aims to evaluate the physical-spatial livability status of Bonab’s neighborhoods across different urban zones, focusing on deteriorated/informal and non-deteriorated areas, and to prioritize neighborhoods for targeted planning interventions.
Methodology: This descriptive-analytical research was conducted using documentary data and field surveys in 15 neighborhoods of Bonab. Data were collected via questionnaires distributed among residents and analyzed using SPSS software. The physical-spatial indicators included building quality, transportation networks, accessibility to services, street quality, and urban landscape. Neighborhoods were ranked based on the Integrated Development Index (DI) using the Morris method.
Findings and Results: Results indicate that deteriorated fabric and informal settlements are primarily concentrated in the southern and southeastern parts of Bonab, characterized by poor building materials and low physical quality. In contrast, northern and some central neighborhoods such as Kouy-e Shahrdari (DI=0.85), Shahrak-e Emam-Khanom Baghi (DI=0.79), and Farhangian 1 (DI=0.78) show better physical-spatial conditions. Neighborhoods including Aghdash (DI=0.15), Dizaj Shomali (DI=0.20), Dizaj Jonubi (DI=0.27), and Akbarabad (DI=0.31) rank lowest in livability and require urgent prioritized interventions. The study emphasizes the urgent need for planning and rehabilitation in Bonab’s southern and southeastern neighborhoods to improve physical-spatial deficiencies and enhance urban livability.

Abstract Background and Objective: Optimal land use and physical organization of cities based on efficiency, environmental protection, social justice, and equitable access to services are among the primary goals of urban planning. Therefore, the location and spatial distribution pattern of urban land uses should be aligned with meeting the needs of all social groups, aiming to improve the welfare and comfort of citizens. In this context, qualitative and quantitative evaluation of land uses in the spatial structure of the city and examining their locational suitability across defined zones are of particular importance. Pharmacies are among the units that play a significant role in meeting the diverse needs of citizens in the fields of health, treatment, and wellness. Due to this role, their spatial distribution pattern greatly impacts the level of pharmaceutical service coverage. Given the inter-neighborhood nature of pharmacies, this study investigates their spatial distribution at the level of the municipal areas of Rasht city.
Methodology: To achieve the research objectives, various spatial analysis models within the ArcGIS environment were used, including hot spot analysis, frequency weighting, spatial autocorrelation analysis, population density in relation to the number of pharmacies, and Thiessen polygon analysis.
Findings and Conclusion: The results indicate a high frequency weight of pharmacies in areas 1-3, 3-2, and 2-2; a statistically significant condition in district 2-1 based on high Z-scores in hot spot analysis; a rate of 7.27 pharmacy units per 10,000 people in district 2-2; the representation of proximity-based pharmacy access through Thiessen polygon analysis; and finally, the outcome of spatial autocorrelation analysis showing a random distribution pattern of pharmacies across the areas of Rasht. Each of these findings reveals aspects of spatial distribution patterns across the city, which are discussed further in the full article.

Abstract Background and Objective: The spatial distribution of urban services is a key factor in quality of life and the realization of spatial justice. Centers offering goods and services related to visual health, in addition to their economic role, are also important from a public health perspective. With population growth and the physical expansion of Ardabil city, the need for proper organization of these services has increased. The aim of this study is to investigate the spatial distribution pattern and service coverage of eyeglass retail units in the city of Ardabil using the relevant capabilities and tools in the ArcGIS environment.
Methodology: This research follows a descriptive–analytical approach, and data were collected through both documentary studies and field surveys. The statistical population includes all visual health service centers across Ardabil city. Spatial analysis was conducted using geographic tools within the ArcGIS environment.
Results and Findings: Out of a total of 38 identified units, 34 are located in Region 1, while Regions 4 and 5 lack any such services. Districts 1-1 and 2-1 show the highest concentration. Cluster analysis revealed that District 1-1, particularly Neighborhood 08-1, constitutes a hotspot with a 99% confidence level, indicating that service density there significantly exceeds the city’s average. This high concentration can lead to congestion and unequal access. In contrast, in the fourth to seventh rings away from the city center, no units have been deployed in these areas. The Nearest Neighbor Index (0.215602) confirms a clustered distribution pattern. Therefore, targeted expansion of these services in underserved areas is essential to promote spatial equity and improve access for all citizens.

Abstract Background and Objective: The spatial distribution of urban services and facilities, particularly in the field of health and healthcare, is a key issue in urban planning. Pharmacies, as critical units for providing medications and health services, must be spatially distributed in a way that ensures spatial justice and equitable access for all citizens. Therefore, both qualitative and quantitative assessments of land use within the city’s spatial structure and their locational suitability across defined zones are of great importance. In recent years, Ardabil has experienced rapid population growth and physical expansion, intensifying the need for the development and equitable distribution of pharmaceutical services. The aim of this study is to examine the pattern of distribution, spatial dispersion, and location allocation of pharmacies across the districts of Ardabil city using the capabilities and tools of ArcGIS.
Methodology: This research is descriptive-analytical in nature and the required data were collected through documentary and field methods. The statistical population includes all active pharmacies in the city of Ardabil. Considering the trans-neighborhood operation of pharmacies, the analyses were conducted at the scale of urban areas. To examine the spatial pattern of distribution and dispersion of pharmacies, several analytical capabilities were used in the ArcGIS environment; including hot spot analysis (Getis-Ord Gi) to identify statistically significant clusters*, Moran's spatial autocorrelation index (Moran's I) to measure the degree of spatial dependence, and nearest neighbor mean analysis to identify the type of cluster or dispersed pattern in the spatial distribution of pharmacies. Spatial data were collected using GPS and transferred to the ArcGIS environment via Google Earth. The simultaneous combination of these analytical tools along with the high accuracy of spatial data is the main innovation of this research compared to previous studies.
Results and Findings: In terms of quantity, District 2-1, with 57 pharmacies, represents the main concentration center of pharmacies in Ardabil, whereas Districts 2-3, 2-4, and 1-5 each have only one pharmacy. The results of Hot Spot analysis indicated high Z-values and a significant hot spot in District 2-1 with a 99% confidence level, while other districts did not exhibit similar patterns. The Moran’s I index (0.0808) suggests a random distribution pattern of pharmacies across the city districts. However, the average nearest neighbor ratio (0.49) indicates a clustered pattern in the spatial distribution of pharmacies within Ardabil. The study reveals a spatial concentration of pharmacies in certain districts of Ardabil, particularly in District 2-1, leading to unequal access across the city. Central districts benefit from better service coverage due to their proximity to healthcare centers, while peripheral areas face shortages. Although this clustering improves efficiency in some areas, it undermines spatial equity. The research highlights the need to revise location policies for pharmacies and calls for a more balanced distribution to enhance access, improve service efficiency, and promote equity in the urban health system.