Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS)

Abstract Abstract Background and Aim Land use change modeling is an essential tool for environmental analysis, planning, and management. Among the basic objectives of this research is to investigate and understand the changes in land uses in Region 7 of Tabriz between 2000 and 2020 using remote sensing technology and satellite images. And also to predict these changes for the next 20 years. To predict the changes, the Markov chain cell model was used for prediction. Among other objectives, it can be mentioned to find out the use that has and will have the most changes and increases.
Methodology: Land use change modeling is an essential tool for environmental analysis, planning, and management. The main objective of this research is to investigate and evaluate land use changes in Tabriz city over a 20-year period (from 2000 to 2020). This goal is achieved by extracting land use maps for the years 2000 and 2020 through satellite images and obtaining the changes that have occurred in land use during this period, and finally predicting these changes using a Markov model.
Results and Findings: The results indicated that although the region has a large area of barren land, the residential area has grown significantly between 2000 and 2020 and will continue to grow in the future. This indicates a positive and increasing trend in urban and residential areas that should be taken into account. Between 2000 and 2020, we have witnessed a sharp decrease in green space, which can be a warning for managers and decision-makers. Urban green space is an important land use within the city and on the outskirts of the city, and its absence causes environmental problems and .... Also, residential land use will have the most changes at the regional level for the next 20 years, and it was proven that the maximum likelihood classification model has appropriate accuracy for classifying satellite data.
Conclusion: The overall results showed that although the region has a large area of barren land, the residential area has grown significantly between 2000 and 2020 and will continue to grow in the future, indicating a positive and increasing trend in urban and residential areas that should be taken into account. Between 2000 and 2020, we have witnessed a sharp decline in green space, which can be a warning for managers and decision-makers. Urban green space is an important use within the city and on the outskirts of the city, and its absence causes environmental problems and .... Industrial areas have also enjoyed significant growth in the past 20 years, and the growth of this use and its positive and increasing

Abstract Background and Objective: The smart city, as a modern approach to urban management, aims to enhance quality of life, service efficiency, and sustainable development through advanced information technologies, citizen participation, and data-driven decision-making. This study evaluates and ranks the neighborhoods of Tehran's District 6 based on the development level of smart city indicators.
Methodology: The research is applied in nature and employs a descriptive-analytical method. Initially, smart city indicators were identified through a review of theoretical sources, followed by the development of a specialized questionnaire based on the COCOSO model. Field data were collected from 30 urban planning experts, including university professors and municipal officials, using snowball sampling. The Shannon entropy method was used to determine the weight of each indicator, and the COCOSO decision-making model was applied to rank the neighborhoods.
Results and Findings: Results indicate that Neighborhood 4, with a score of 5.442, ranks first, followed by Neighborhood 5 (5.411) and Neighborhood 6 (5.118) in second and third places, respectively. Neighborhoods 3, 1, and 2 rank fourth to sixth with scores of 4.099, 3.322, and 1.447, respectively. The findings suggest that balanced smart city development in this district requires targeted policymaking, enhanced digital infrastructure, and leveraging local capacities in each neighborhood.
Conclusion: These results highlight that utilizing local advantages, particularly in lower-performing neighborhoods, can significantly contribute to improving smart city indicators and reducing spatial inequalities.

Abstract Abstract
Forecasting the Trend of Housing Price Changes in Ardabil with a Spatio-Temporal Analysis Approach examines the spatial and temporal dynamics of housing prices in this city. In recent years, housing price fluctuations have become one of the most important economic and social challenges in the city of Ardabil, which necessitates a deeper understanding of its change patterns. This research seeks to answer the question of how different spatial and temporal factors affect housing price trends in different regions of Ardabil. The main objective of this study is to predict future changes in housing prices using modern spatio-temporal analysis methods and identify areas with potential for price growth or decline. The research method is a combination of advanced statistical analysis and Geographic Information System (GIS) with an emphasis on Geo-Temporal Weighted Regression (GTWR) models. The data used include housing price information over a 5-year period and effective environmental, economic, and physical variables. The findings show that housing prices in Ardabil follow a spatio-temporal cluster pattern and the central and northern areas of the city are increasing in price at a faster pace. Key influencing factors include access to service centers, quality of the urban environment, inflation rate, and population growth. The results show that by 1405, neighborhoods adjacent to administrative and commercial centers will face price growth of 25 to 30 percent. This study provides a valuable tool for urban policymakers and housing investors to make more informed decisions in urban planning and investment in the housing sector.

Abstract چکیده
تحلیل الگوی پراکنش فضایی قیمت مسکن در شهر اردبیل با استفاده از GIS، موضوعی است که به بررسی توزیع جغرافیایی قیمت مسکن و عوامل مؤثر بر آن می‌پردازد. با رشد شهرنشینی و افزایش تقاضا برای مسکن، درک نحوه توزیع قیمت‌ها در سطح شهر به برنامه‌ریزان و سیاست‌گذاران کمک می‌کند تا تصمیمات بهینه‌تری اتخاذ کنند. در این تحقیق، مسأله اصلی شناسایی الگوهای فضایی قیمت مسکن و ارتباط آن با متغیرهای اقتصادی، اجتماعی و کالبدی است. هدف اصلی این مطالعه، تحلیل پراکنش فضایی قیمت مسکن و تعیین عوامل کلیدی تأثیرگذار بر آن در شهر اردبیل است. روش تحقیق به‌صورت توصیفی-تحلیلی بوده و از ابزارهای GIS برای تحلیل فضایی داده‌ها استفاده شده است. داده‌های مورد نیاز از منابع رسمی و میدانی جمع‌آوری و با روش‌های آماری و زمین-آماری مورد پردازش قرار گرفته‌اند. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که: قیمت مسکن در شهر اردبیل از الگوی خوشه‌ای تبعیت می‌کند و مناطق با قیمته‌ای بالا و پایین به‌صورت متمرکز در نقاط خاصی از شهر قرار دارند. عواملی مانند دسترسی به مراکز خدماتی، کیفیت محیطی و ویژگی‌های کالبدی ساختمان‌ها تأثیر معناداری بر قیمت مسکن دارند. نتایج تحقیق بیانگر آن است که تحلیل فضایی قیمت مسکن می‌تواند به درک بهتر نابرابری‌های شهری و تدوین سیاست‌های مسکن کمک کند. این مطالعه به برنامه‌ریزان شهری پیشنهاد می‌کند از ابزارهای GIS برای پایش مستمر تغییرات قیمت مسکن و شناسایی مناطق محروم استفاده کنند.

Abstract Background and Objective: The first step to achieving a desirable living environment is to assess the quality of life from the perspective of residents and identify the factors that affect their satisfaction with their living environment. Accordingly, the present study was designed to assess the desirability of the quality of residential environment components from the perspective of citizens in the city of Baqubah, Iraq.
Methodology: This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of type. The statistical population includes the citizens of Baqubah city and the sample size was determined to be 384 people using the Cochran formula. SPSS software was used to analyze the data and in this regard, one-sample t-tests, independent t-tests, one-way analysis of variance and Scheffe's post hoc test were used.
Findings and Conclusion: Based on the results of the one-sample t-test, the level of satisfaction of residents with their residential environment shows the number 3.548. In addition, one-way analysis of variance indicates that two factors, age and education level, have significantly affected the level of satisfaction of individuals with the residential environment. In contrast, factors such as employment status, income level, home ownership, distance from work to home, house area and number of rooms have not shown a significant effect on satisfaction with the residential environment. Surveys show that the level of satisfaction of Baqubah residents with the residential environment, according to evaluation criteria including security, public facilities and services, physical features, visibility, lighting and ventilation, community health, access and transportation, and neighborhood relations, is generally assessed as average.

Abstract Perhaps one of the biggest and most dangerous diseases for urban life in the current century is the Covid-19 pandemic. Spatial pattern analysis and risk analysis is a suitable tool in the diagnosis and weather of epidemics and can be understood and help public health diseases. Spatial analysis methods of Geographic Information System (GIS) were used to examine the relationship between the initial statistics of the Covid-19 virus data and the analysis and analysis of spatial patterns in 62 neighborhoods of Khoy city. Therefore, using spatial statistics analysis tools, the spatial distribution pattern was examined and analyzed. The research method is descriptive-analytical; the aim of this study is to use spatial statistics methods to analyze and analyze the use of the Covid-19 spatial virus from the beginning of 2010 to the end of 2023. In order to analyze and analyze spatial patterns, spatial autocorrelation statistics, Moran cluster analysis, global local cluster analysis and identification of hot spots were used. The spatiotemporal pattern showed that the global Moran autocorrelation is highly clustered and less than 1% is likely to be a random cluster pattern. Local Moran autocorrelation statistics for hot and cold spots showed that the northwestern neighborhoods of Khoy city have a high-high clustering (aggregation) feature and the neighborhoods of the western part of Khoy city are hot spots with a 99% confidence level and the southern neighborhoods in the Valiasr township are cold spots for COVID-19 with a 99% confidence level. Comparison of multiscale geographic modeling with other models showed that apart from the performance index with a negative effect; the social and economic, environmental, communication network and physical indicators have a positive effect. Results The degree of dependence index (DOD) of the research data improved with 90% spatial dependence and the R^2 coefficient from 58% to 64% in the multiscale regression model.

Abstract Background and Objective: The contemporary world, marked by rapid transformations, requires dynamic indicators to promote justice-particularly in the fair distribution of urban services and facilities. Due to ongoing inequalities in developing cities, recent academic and institutional efforts have focused on urban models that integrate social justice to achieve sustainable development and improve the quality of life. Within this framework, the City Prosperity Index (CPI) has emerged as a key tool for evaluating justice across various urban dimensions. This study aims to assess the ten municipal districts of Tabriz in terms of their social justice performance, as one of the five main dimensions of urban prosperity.
Methodology: To achieve the research objectives, five criteria and indicators were employed, considering data limitations and the lack of official statistics. The spatial scope covers the ten municipal districts of Tabriz. The PROMETHEE and GAIA models were applied for ranking and analysis, while the ANP model was used for weighting the indicators. Geographic Information System (GIS) tools were also employed to visualize spatial patterns and disparities among districts.
Results and findings: The results of analyzing the social justice index across the five sub-criteria in the ten districts of Tabriz indicate that District 6, with a net Phi value of 0.400 and a score of 100, ranks first in terms of social justice performance. It is followed by District 2 (Φ = 0.178, score = 61.39). Districts 1, 5, and 9 fall within the medium level of social justice, with corresponding Phi values of 0.156, 0.133, and 0.044. In the low-performance range are Districts 8, 4, 3, and 7, with Phi values of –0.044, –0.067, –0.178, and –0.200, respectively. The lowest rank belongs to District 10, which demonstrates a highly unfavorable condition in terms of access to social justice–related services and facilities. Among the ten districts of Tabriz, only Districts 6 and 2 occupy high or very high positions in terms of social justice, whereas Districts 8, 4, 3, and 7 exhibit poor conditions, and District 10 shows a very poor status. Therefore, promoting balanced urban growth and reinforcing the driving factors of social justice should be prioritized by urban planners and decision-makers in Tabriz.

Abstract Background and Objective: Urban construction control is carried out by urban construction criteria, but despite the various measures of urban management, there are reports of construction breach annually in cities. In fact, construction breach can be defined as non -compliance with urban construction rules and regulations that threaten the quality of life in cities. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the spatial distribution of building breach in the city of Tourism for use in urban management areas.
Methodology: The method of collecting the information and data needed for the documentation, library and field observations is prepared and a descriptive and descriptive table from the Secretariat of Article 100 of the Municipality. The time range over a one -year period (1401) and its location range is the legal area of Sarein. The present study is descriptive-analytical and practical, using the nearest neighborhood distance and analyzing hot spots in the GIS software platform.
Results and findings: According to the analysis, the highest number of breach occurred in the central core of the city and the Coffee and Chaldaran area, and the surplus breach over the other breach are significant and significant, and the number of breach without licenses is in the next line, and this violation is further excluded from the non -licensed classes. According to the results, the main direction of the breach is from the southwest to the northeast of the city, and the most breach occurred within 600 to 900 meters from the city's center of gravit.

Abstract Background and Aim: Third places are active and attractive public spaces that provide the context for interaction, recreation, personal growth, stress reduction, creativity stimulation, and social vitality in cities. The purpose of this study is to geographically analyze the indicators and examples of a happy city with an emphasis on Ray Oldenburg''''s third place theory in the city of Khorramabad.
Methodology: The research method is descriptive-analytical and survey-type. The statistical sample of the research consists of 400 citizens who were selected by simple random sampling using Sample Power software. Data collection, classification, and analysis were performed using SPSS and AMOS statistical software.
Results and Discussion: The findings of the study showed that Khorramabad city is in a weak position in terms of the dimensions and criteria of a happy city. Also, the results obtained from the structural equation modeling of the study showed that the economic factor with a factor load of 0.082 has the greatest impact on happiness. After that, environmental, physical-spatial, security and socio-cultural factors with factor loads of 0.076, 0.073, 0.071 and 0.063 were determined in the next ranks of impact on social happiness. In addition, it was determined that the third places, which include parks, sports centers, cafes, libraries and mosques, each have an impact of 0.071, 0.044, 0.043, 0.027 and 0.020 on social happiness in the selected area. Finally, based on the integrated path analysis model of the research, the effects of third places on the social vitality of Khorramabad city were determined to be 0.063.

Abstract Background and Aim Land use change modeling is an essential tool for environmental analysis, planning, and management. The main objective of this research is to investigate and evaluate land use changes in Ardabil city over a 23-year period (from 1998 to 2021). This goal is achieved by extracting land use maps for 1998 and 2021 through satellite images and obtaining the changes that have occurred in land use during this period.
Methodology: Land use change modeling is an essential tool for environmental analysis, planning, and management. The main objective of this research is to investigate and evaluate land use changes in Ardabil city over a 23-year period (from 1998 to 2021). This goal was achieved by extracting land use maps for 1998 and 2021 through satellite images and obtaining the changes that have occurred in land use during this period, and finally predicting these changes for 2038 using a Markov model.
Findings and Conclusion: This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the changes that have occurred in the land uses of the city of Ardabil. In this research, satellite images from the years 1998 of the Landsat TM sensor and 2021 of the Landsat OLI sensor were used to investigate the changes in land use between the years 1998 and 2021. Then, land use changes were predicted for the year 2038 according to the current trend of changes. This research showed that by using appropriate tools such as remote sensing and geographic information systems and the models and algorithms available in these systems and tools, we can have appropriate spatial and temporal modeling for land uses and related issues. This research also showed that if images with higher accuracy and better quality are used and multiple models are also used, we can witness a more detailed examination of such issues, which can definitely help urban managers, officials, and decision-makersforbetterplanninganddecision-making.The overall results showed that built-up areas had a decreasing trend and this trend will continue for the year 2038. Also, road use had a growing trend from the past to 2021, which will maintain its growing trend for the year 2038. Green space also had a growing trend and will continue for the year 2038.

Abstract Background and purpose: Construction violations are a global problem that can have serious consequences for individuals, communities, and the environment, so identifying its factors to prevent its consequences in the cities of the country is important. Identifying the causes of construction violations in Sarein and presenting it to the foundations involved with the problem of construction violations such as the municipality and the Islamic Council, etc.
Methodology: The method of this study is descriptive -analytical and can be used in the application category in terms of its use. To analyze the factors that have been dealt with in a 5 -year period. With quantitative data and Pearson correlation test and single sample test method and mean analysis of SPSS software and EXEL software was used to provide tables and charts.
Results and Conclusion: The results of the analysis show that economic factors with correlation coefficient of 0.781 and high value of t = 49.111 and an average of 30.1286 have the most impact on construction violations compared to other factors. Other factors, respectively: physical factors with correlation coefficient of 0.653 and T = 38.251 and mean 25.3571, management factors with correlation coefficient 0.718 and T = 30.499 and mean 24.1857 and social factors with correlation coefficient 694 and T = 29.796 It is effective in the occurrence of building violations in the city of Sarein and the relationship between these factors and construction violations is significant. 5 The main factors affecting construction violations of the total factors measured 1-Dodge and More Revenue 2-Municipal Solidarity to Income from Crimes 3-Article 100 and Regulations of Engineering and Urban Development44 Physical divisions or zoning are 5- The fields of tendency to deviate from the rules of construction such as compression ceiling and occupation level, etc., finally comparing this analysis with other previous internal studies in this field, it can be concluded that the city of Sarein is similar to the same situation. It has the opinion of the causes of construction violations with other cities in this article.

Abstract Background and Objective: Urban landscapes are considered one of the most important urban spaces and can play an important role in creating a sense of happiness for citizens; for this reason, they should be the focus of experts and examined from different perspectives. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study is to analyze and identify the indicators of planning and designing a happy urban landscape.
Methodology: In order to achieve the research goal, library resources were used to write the introduction and interview experts in the field in two stages to obtain the indicators, with a sample size of 24 experts. In the first interview, the indicators were obtained, then in the second interview, the importance of the indicators was determined by forming an actor-target matrix. Subsequently, the obtained data was entered into the MACTOR software and ATLAS.ti software and analyzed.
Findings and Conclusion: The results showed the indicators of the existence of green spaces and urban parks, the existence of places for social interactions, having security and safety, using diversity and color balance, prioritizing the role of humans in urban spaces, the existence of sidewalks and The existence of spaces for the most frequent recreational activities, the indicators of the existence of green spaces and urban parks and prioritizing the role of humans in the most important urban spaces and the indicators of the existence of green spaces and urban parks, the existence of places for social interactions, having security and Safety, taking advantage of diversity and color balance and prioritizing the role of humans in urban spaces are the most converging indicators. In general, experts should make the human-centeredness index of urban spaces the main criteria in their planning and designs in order to increase the desire of citizens to be active and happy in cities with the importance of human role.

Abstract Background and Aim: The COVID-19 outbreak began in late 2019 and rapidly spread globally. The main objective of this study is to investigate the spatial distribution of the coronavirus disease in the five districts of Ardabil city.
Methods and Material: The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. Spatial statistics methods in Arc GIS software were used to analyze the results. The data collection method was library-based, and the statistical population of the study consisted of individuals infected with coronavirus disease in the five districts of Ardabil city in 2020. Statistical methods including central mean, standard deviation ellipse, and nearest neighbor analysis were used to investigate disease distribution patterns.
Results and Discussion: The results show that the spatial distribution of coronavirus disease in different districts of Ardabil city was heterogeneous. In district one, the values are (z-score: 7.72) and (p-value: 0.000), and the distribution of patients was observed as dispersed and regular with a high concentration in the central part of the city. In district two, the values are (z-score: -4.96) and (p-value: 0.00001), showing a clustered pattern with the disease spreading from southwest to northeast. In district three, the values are (z-score: -0.52) and (p-value: 0.6013), and the distribution of patients was random in the northeast direction. In district four, the values are (z-score: -1.96) and (p-value: 0.094), with a clustered distribution of patients from south to north. In district five, the values are (z-score: -3.24) and (p-value: 0.0011), exhibiting a clustered pattern spreading from east to west.