Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS)

Abstract Introduction: In recent years, a new computing paradigm called the Internet of Things has emerged. The use of the Internet of Things in vehicle networks introduces a new technology for communication between vehicles. The Internet of Things, with smart technologies, connects vehicles with the real and digital world. The Internet of Things collects, generates, processes, analyzes, and manages information in the field of vehicle transportation using advanced technologies in line with sustainable urban development. The use of this technology in public vehicles improves the ability of vehicles in urban transportation and saves transportation time, fuel, people's time, and also reduces greenhouse gases.
Methods and Material: n this paper, a proposal is presented for sustainable urban development for vehicle transportation in large environments. In the proposed method, all vehicles in the considered environment are clustered based on a criterion to control vehicles to prevent traffic jams. First, each vehicle is equipped with sensors that have the power to receive, process, and transmit data from one vehicle to another. By equipping each vehicle with a sensor, the vehicle is able to receive speed, data, and other information from other vehicles and also has the power to transmit it to other vehicles. After equipping the vehicles with sensors, clustering is performed based on the speed of the vehicles. In each cluster, a vehicle with an average speed is selected as the cluster head from among the cluster members. The cluster head is responsible for controlling the cluster members and if the members exceed the specified speed, they are transferred to another cluster.
Conclusion: Experiments show that the proposed method significantly reduces fuel consumption, transportation time, and air pollution compared to the normal mode by controlling vehicle speed. Ultimately, it contributes to the development and sustainability of the city by reducing greenhouse gases.

Abstract malpractice or opportunistic behavior of policyholders is one of the fundamental challenges of the insurance industry. Malpractice occurs when the insurance company's claim rate increases due to consumer behavior, in other words, the insurance company incurs more costs than expected. Malpractice increases costs, reduces efficiency, and disrupts market equilibrium. The present study aims to identify and analyze the impact of specific characteristics of insurance fields (such as contract design and risk assessment complexity) on malpractice in the Iranian insurance industry during the years 1376 to 1401. The research is of an applied and descriptive-analytical type. Decision tree and artificial neural network models were used to estimate malpractice, and the receiver operating characteristic curve was used to validate the results. In this study, it is assumed that specific characteristics of insurance fields can exacerbate behaviors leading to malpractice. To eliminate the scale effect of variables and to compare the regression coefficients of the claims data of fourteen insurance lines, they were standardized using Z-score. The findings showed that the fire and life insurance lines are most likely to cause malpractice due to their specific characteristics, such as the complexity of risk assessment and financial incentives. Validation of the results indicates the accuracy of the estimates and the high accuracy of the models used. Therefore, it is more necessary and recommended to improve professional ethics and risk management in these lines. Designing smart contracts, using digital claims assessment systems, and reviewing the tariff structure in a discipline-oriented manner should be on the agenda of insurance institutions and policymakers in these lines.

Abstract Urban sustainability is a concept that seeks sustainable development in the world as a model of a new word was introduced the roots of dissatisfaction with the attitude of sustainable development with resource development and physical growth, economic and social returns in the cities of Landscape ecology the population increase in recent years cities have faced physical expansion so the world in which we live is constantly changing, so having a system to coordinate planning between the housing and construction sector with other sectors and between the components that create the (land transport systems, etc.) with infrastructure, public facilities, social services, etc. is an absolute necessity the study aims to identify and evaluate the sustainability of the city housing index in Ahvaz Metropolis is studied the study has a 'development - functional "and a combination of research methods" descriptive, analytical, field and library “ It should be noted in this study, the spatial approach in the form of TOPSIS model using 24 variables in the index composition is used.Finally, to analyze the results of software ArcGIS, VISIO, GRAFER, EXCEL and other programs is required based on the results for the one-dimensional variables and physical development status of Ahvaz during the studied period, showing the vast differences in the eight urban area.
Finally, based on TOPSIS statistics statistical average of 0.379 percent region with TOPSIS 0.583 percent to 0.184 percent, the highest and the lowest was fifth district.It is based on the results zones two, three, four and a TOPSIS amount higher than average Therefore, attention and planning in housing indicator system, in the eight urban districts of Ahvaz is necessary

Abstract With the shift in urban management approaches from infrastructure-oriented to people-centered planning, sports events have emerged as new socio-cultural platforms capable of fostering sustainable behaviors, strengthening urban identity, and enhancing civic engagement. The present study aims to investigate the role of citizens’ experiences with sports events in shaping supportive behavior and sustainable urban identity in the city of Tabriz. The research employed a descriptive–analytical method and utilized structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population comprised all residents of Tabriz (N = 1,653,827), and a sample size of 384 participants was determined using Cochran’s formula. Data were collected through a 41-item questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS, AMOS, and EQS software packages. The results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated that among the dimensions of sports experience, the athletic dimension exerted the strongest impact on sustainable urban identity perception (path coefficient = 0.35), whereas the psychological–social dimension showed the weakest influence (path coefficient = 0.25). The coefficient of determination (R²) for sustainable urban identity was 0.54, indicating that 54% of its variance was explained by the model. Furthermore, this perception accounted for 31% of the variance in citizens’ supportive behavior. Overall, the findings suggest that positive and repeated experiences of sports events can act as powerful cultural catalysts, significantly contributing to the enhancement of sustainable urban identity and the development of prosocial civic behaviors in Tabriz.

Abstract
Understanding today's urban man and the needs of citizens is a prerequisite for today's urban management. The purpose of this research is to investigate and evaluate the level of satisfaction and prioritization of the needs of Chabahar city citizens from urban management and Chabahar Municipality. The method used in this research is the Kano model. In this research, based on the Kano model, three needs of Chabahar citizens from Chabahar Municipality services were examined. 1- Mandatory needs (needs that do not lead to satisfaction if they are met, but not meeting them leads to customer dissatisfaction). 2- One-dimensional needs (needs that the more they are met, the greater the customer satisfaction and vice versa). 3- Attractive needs (needs that the more they are met, the more customer satisfaction increases and vice versa). 30 university professors, executive officials, and experts from Chabahar Municipality were selected and answered the questions of the questionnaire designed based on the Kano model in two favorable and unfavorable ways. Of the 25 services defined for Chabahar Municipality, 15 activities were identified as mandatory needs, 6 as one-dimensional needs, 2 as attractive needs, and 2 as indifference to Chabahar citizens. Based on the classification, grading, and importance of needs obtained in this study, Chabahar Municipality should plan and take action to provide urban services in order to increase citizen satisfaction.

Abstract Citizen participation is one of the fundamental pillars for achieving sustainable urban environmental management and strengthening good governance, and it plays a decisive role in improving the environmental quality of cities. The present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the social factors influencing citizen participation in improving the urban environment in Bojnord city. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive–analytical in terms of methodology. The required data were collected through documentary studies and field surveys. The main research instrument was a structured questionnaire, which was distributed among 30 experts familiar with urban management, environmental issues, and social participation in Bojnord using the snowball sampling method. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software and appropriate statistical tests. The findings indicate that the level of citizen participation in improving the urban environment of Bojnord is relatively favorable, and social dimensions such as social awareness, social structure, social status, and social conditions play a significant role in explaining this participation. Among these factors, environmental awareness was identified as the most influential factor, playing a prominent role in promoting responsible environmental behavior and increasing citizens’ motivation to participate. The results also showed that a lack of institutional trust can lead to the emergence of informal and spontaneous forms of participation, while the lack of legal and physical infrastructure alone does not constitute a significant barrier to participation. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that strengthening environmental education, enhancing public awareness, increasing social trust, and developing participatory structures play a key role in sustaining citizen participation in the protection and improvement of the urban environment. Therefore, implementing educational programs, targeted information dissemination, and establishing transparent institutional frameworks can effectively contribute to promoting sustainable citizen participation and improving urban environmental quality

Abstract Background and Objective: The development of organizational sports (such as in Ahvaz Drilling Company) is a strategic necessity, not a welfare activity; as it directly affects the productivity, health and reduction of absenteeism of employees. Currently, the lack of a scientific model to understand the factors affecting this development in the local context of Iran has caused the failure of programs and waste of resources. Therefore, accurate modeling of these factors (infrastructure, culture and managerial support) is a fundamental step to develop and implement sports programs based on scientific evidence and tailored to the local needs of employees.
Methodology: In this regard, the main purpose of the present study is to investigate the factors affecting sports applications in the development of organizational sports, employees of Ahvaz City Drilling Company. The statistical population of the present study was 100 people selected as a statistical sample using Morgan's formula and studied. Data analysis was carried out through correlation analysis and structural equation modeling using SPSS and Smart PLS software.
Results and Findings: The results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicate a favorable overall fit of the organizational sports development model, as most sub-indices with factor loadings higher than 0.5 confirm the reliability and structural validity of the model for the five main factors (management, infrastructure, social, economic, and individual). This finding proves the strong ability of the model to measure the desired constructs. However, factor loadings with lower explanatory power were observed in some specific dimensions (such as investment sub-indices and some coach competencies), which indicates the need to strengthen and measure these dimensions more accurately in future research to increase the validity of the model in those areas. Also, divergent validity was successfully confirmed based on the Fornell and Larker criterion, which indicates complete conceptual distinction and independence between the five main factors of the model.

Abstract Background and Objective: Urban megaprojects, as driving forces of transformation, play a decisive role in shaping the structure of cities; however, their impacts on the sustainable development of surrounding neighborhoods are complex and sometimes contradictory. The establishment of the Grand Mosalla of Tehran in the Abbas Abad neighborhood, in addition to significant physical changes, has led to the emergence of a paradox between economic prosperity and the quality of life of residents, which necessitates a scientific investigation of its underlying components. This study aims to identify and analyze the components affecting local sustainable development around Tehran’s Mosalla and to examine the interrelationships among these components.
Methodology: In terms of nature, the research is descriptive–analytical, and in terms of purpose, it is applied. Field data were collected through a researcher-designed questionnaire from 384 residents of the Abbas Abad neighborhood. To analyze the data and extract the latent dimensions of the project’s impacts, statistical tests including the t-test, factor analysis, and Pearson correlation analysis were employed using statistical software.
Results and Findings: The results of the factor analysis revealed that the impacts of the project can be classified into nine main factors encompassing infrastructural, economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Moreover, the findings of the correlation analysis indicated a significant relationship between infrastructural and economic growth and environmental challenges as well as demographic changes. In other words, although the presence of the Mosalla has led to increased employment, improved services, and physical transformations, this development process has simultaneously been accompanied by a reduction in green space per capita, increased pollution, and the displacement of the indigenous population. The study concludes that achieving sustainable development in this neighborhood requires managing the conflict between the components of economic growth and the preservation of environmental quality and social stability.

Abstract Background and Objective: The contemporary world, marked by rapid transformations, requires dynamic indicators to promote justice-particularly in the fair distribution of urban services and facilities. Due to ongoing inequalities in developing cities, recent academic and institutional efforts have focused on urban models that integrate social justice to achieve sustainable development and improve the quality of life. Within this framework, the City Prosperity Index (CPI) has emerged as a key tool for evaluating justice across various urban dimensions. This study aims to assess the ten municipal districts of Tabriz in terms of their social justice performance, as one of the five main dimensions of urban prosperity.
Methodology: To achieve the research objectives, five criteria and indicators were employed, considering data limitations and the lack of official statistics. The spatial scope covers the ten municipal districts of Tabriz. The PROMETHEE and GAIA models were applied for ranking and analysis, while the ANP model was used for weighting the indicators. Geographic Information System (GIS) tools were also employed to visualize spatial patterns and disparities among districts.
Results and findings: The results of analyzing the social justice index across the five sub-criteria in the ten districts of Tabriz indicate that District 6, with a net Phi value of 0.400 and a score of 100, ranks first in terms of social justice performance. It is followed by District 2 (Φ = 0.178, score = 61.39). Districts 1, 5, and 9 fall within the medium level of social justice, with corresponding Phi values of 0.156, 0.133, and 0.044. In the low-performance range are Districts 8, 4, 3, and 7, with Phi values of –0.044, –0.067, –0.178, and –0.200, respectively. The lowest rank belongs to District 10, which demonstrates a highly unfavorable condition in terms of access to social justice–related services and facilities. Among the ten districts of Tabriz, only Districts 6 and 2 occupy high or very high positions in terms of social justice, whereas Districts 8, 4, 3, and 7 exhibit poor conditions, and District 10 shows a very poor status. Therefore, promoting balanced urban growth and reinforcing the driving factors of social justice should be prioritized by urban planners and decision-makers in Tabriz.

Abstract Background and Objective: The development of public transit infrastructure and the creation of station complexes, beyond traffic and physical functions, play a key role in redistributing urban resources and services, as well as balancing spatial justice. Hence, with the aim of analyzing the role of creating the Ahang Metro Station Complex project in mitigating or exacerbating spatial inequalities in District 14 of Tehran, the present paper has been conducted by drawing upon the theoretical framework of spatial justice (encompassing the three dimensions of distributive, procedural, and cognitive justice) and employing a mixed-methods methodology. Methodology: In the qualitative phase, using the semi-structured interview method, 17 in-depth interviews were conducted with key stakeholders (neighborhood councilors, municipal deputies, shopkeepers, and real estate agents) through thematic analysis and three-stage coding, and in the quantitative phase, through a survey and random sampling among citizens over 18 years old in the four surrounding neighborhoods of the project, 400 face-to-face questionnaires were completed by residents and the results were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Results and findings: The quantitative findings showed that the study area faces accumulated spatial inequality and low satisfaction with urban services (a mean score of 37.3 out of 100). Although the construction of the station complex is perceived by citizens as a response to the urgent distributive needs of the neighborhood (particularly shopping centers with a priority mean of 8.06 and cultural-recreational centers with a mean of 7.86), on the other hand, the analysis of the integrated findings indicates serious threats in exacerbating the inequalities. These threats include the risk of physical gentrification and the forced displacement of low-income tenants, the weakening of the local micro-economy in competition with the mega-mall, traffic overflow along with a severe parking deficit (satisfaction score of 7.2 out of 100), and the degradation of the cultural-religious identity of the historic Hosseinabad-e Doulab neighborhood.Furthermore, the procedural dimensions of justice were assessed as compromised due to the participatory exclusion of residents and a 37% lack of awareness among citizens regarding the project's planning process. Ultimately, the results show that the success of the project in mitigating inequalities hinges on transitioning from a purely speculative economic logic toward a justice-oriented approach; this requires reviewing the design of land uses to align with local purchasing power, securing the genuine participation of local stakeholders in decision-making processes, implementing supportive policies for micro-businesses, and physically respecting the religious-traditional identity of the neighborhood.

Abstract Background and Objective: In recent years, with the increasing growth of the urban population and pressures from environmental, social, and economic issues, the theory of the "sustainable smart city" has become one of the key concepts in urban studies. The purpose of this research is to conduct a systematic comparative review of studies conducted in the field of the sustainable smart city at the level of Iran and the world, in order to identify and analyze theoretical patterns, commonalities and differences, as well as existing research gaps in this field.
Methodology:This study was conducted using the systematic review method with a comparative approach.The research population consisted of 31 scientific articles published in reputable domestic and international databases between 2017 and 2024, which were selected using standard methods and subjected to qualitative content analysis.
Results and Findings:The findings indicate that at the global level, the sustainable smart city paradigm is understood as a multidimensional and dynamic concept in which technology serves to achieve broader goals such as environmental sustainability, social justice, participatory governance, resilience, and improving the quality of life. In contrast, in domestic Iranian studies, the predominant emphasis has been on the technical and infrastructural aspects of smartening, while the theoretical, social, and citizen-oriented dimensions of this concept have received less attention. This gap highlights the necessity of revising research and policy-making approaches in the national context to move towards the comprehensive realization of the sustainable smart city.

Abstract Background and Objective:. The movement towards good urban governance is inevitable and necessary. Good urban governance is one of the important and prominent topics in society today, in the sense that urban management, instead of assuming full responsibility for the administration of society alone, should be considered alongside citizens as one of the institutions or factors responsible for the administration of society. And with this change, urban management can play a facilitating and ground-breaking role in the development of urban and local society. Ardabil urban management can also be planned for good urban governance and its urban issues such as pollution reduction, public transportation, etc., in the direction of Ardabil city's good governance strategy to achieve sustainable development.
Methodology: This article attempts to review the concepts and good urban governance, and to examine and analyze its components and indicators for the city of Ardabil. It is done through semi-structured interviews with 22 experts and managers in the Ardabil municipality using random sampling method, and also through a questionnaire of Ardabil citizens using Cochran sampling method with 384 people, and the final extracted indicators were examined in the form of a SWOT model.
Findings and Conclusion: The result of the position of good urban governance in Ardabil city is in the worst possible position, namely defensive (the confrontation of weakness and threat), out of the four states of aggressive, conservative, defensive and competitive. It is also weak in terms of internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and has not shown suitable conditions against external factors (opportunities and threats).

Abstract Background and Aim: The tendency of residents of non-urban areas to move to urban areas due to lack of resources and the use of technologies and facilities of urban life has led to an increase in the population of cities. These challenges have led to greater focus by urban planning and sustainable development officials on realizing sustainable smart city development. For this purpose, this research was conducted with the aim of identifying and evaluating the factors affecting the realization of sustainable smart cities.
Methods: The statistical population includes all experts and specialists in the field of sustainable smart cities in the Tehran metropolis, which, due to lack of information and access to this population and its uncertainty, was assumed to be unlimited and uncertain according to statistical perspectives. The statistical sample of this population was determined based on the Cochran formula to be at least 385 experts, which ultimately resulted in 392 samples. After a comprehensive literature review, 20 initial factors were extracted.
Findings and Conclusion: Then, using the Delphi approach and the opinions of 60 available experts, 14 final key factors were identified. In order to evaluate the factors in terms of importance in realizing a sustainable smart city, the technique of “Step-Wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis” and the opinions of 60 experts were used. The evaluation result in Excel software indicates that the eleventh influential factor (smart investment) with the highest weight is placed in the first priority, and the fifth factor (smart governance) and the second (smart economy) were placed in the 2nd and 3rd priorities. Also, the tenth factor (information and communication technology) was placed in the lowest priority. In the next stage, using the binomial test method in SPSS software and collecting the opinions of 392 experts and experts through the third questionnaire, they were asked to announce the level of readiness of Tehran metropolis to realize the key factors of a sustainable smart city with more focus and with a 5-point Likert scale. The results of the study showed that the level of preparedness is below average to above average and overall, there is average preparedness, but it requires serious attention and care from city officials for proper planning. At the end of the study, practical suggestions were presented.

Abstract Background and Objective: Vernacular passive cooling systems play a crucial role in maintaining thermal comfort in traditional Iranian houses, especially in hot and dry climates. This study aims to assess the efficiency of these systems through quantitative and qualitative analysis to identify their strengths and weaknesses and propose improvements.
 Methodology: This research was conducted as a case study in Iran's hot and dry regions. Data collected included field observations, interviews with residents, and previous studies. Quantitative and qualitative analytical methods were used to evaluate the thermal efficiency and other related aspects of passive cooling systems.
 Findings and Conclusion: This study shows that vernacular passive cooling systems in traditional houses in hot and dry climates can provide thermal comfort but require improvements to compete with modern systems. The widespread use of evaporative coolers indicates that passive systems need to be more efficient. It is recommended that further research be conducted to optimize and enhance the performance of these systems to play a more effective role in providing thermal comfort and reducing energy consumption.1. Thermal Comfort Temperature: The thermal comfort survey identified a neutral temperature of 28°C and a comfort range between 25°C and 30°C for residents of traditional courtyard houses in Iran's hot and dry climate.2. Capability of Passive Systems: Traditional houses cannot maintain thermal comfort throughout a hot summer day unless in their basements. However, these buildings can significantly reduce spatial cooling needs through the use of vernacular passive cooling measures, minimizing reliance on conventional cooling systems.3. Climate Responsiveness: Traditional buildings are highly responsive to the climate, capable of reducing peak electricity demand, compensating for mechanical coolers with free cooling, and maintaining adequate comfort conditions.

Spatial Diversity: The variety of spaces and temperature differences in traditional houses offer residents choices and adaptability, enabling them to select and acclimate to different environments based on their preferences.

Abstract Background and Objective: Teleworking and urbanization with the theme of home coriander is one of the newest challenges facing the cities of the world in the 21st century. According to the uncertainty index Covid 19 disease, the largest modern urbanization event in recent years. Therefore, here is housing as a spatial crystallization and physical embodiment of human residential activity in these conditions and occurs. On the one hand, the quality of housing, in terms of the impact it has on health, safety and good living conditions, has a direct and significant effect on the well-being of the people. On the other hand, telecommuting continues to operate in the smallest urban unit (housing) using digital tools and cyberspace.
Methodology: The present study uses descriptive, field and analytical research methods in the most critical example of urban infrastructure, namely the staff of ABFA Dezful by combining three issues of telecommuting caused by Corona, housing and the virtual world, it has investigated the issue. It should be noted that the findings were done in the form of a questionnaire with the entire statistical population of this organization after confirmation of validity and reliability.
Results and findings: To analyze the findings, exploratory factor analysis technique, weight homogeneity measurement and Grafer, Visio, Excel, GIS and SPSS software were used. Research findings have shown Teleworking of employees only as a job (22.42), number of rooms in housing for Corona teleworking (13.83), private space (comfort) housing for Corona teleworking (11/13), internet status in housing for Corona teleworking (9/16), access and quality of mobile phones in housing for corona telework (9/10), TV efficiency in housing for corona telework (7/16), interference in the use of equipment in housing for corona telework (8/8) 5) The most and the most influential variables for housing health it has been a virus for staff telecommuting in coronary conditions.

Abstract Background and Objective: Sustainable urban development is based on the principle that the space of a city is formed within neighborhoods and continues accordingly. Therefore, neighborhood development is considered a fundamental measure in achieving sustainable development. Therefore, the present study was developed with the aim of assessing the level of sustainability of urban neighborhoods in the city of Karbala.
Methodology: The research method is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature and method. The information required in this study was collected through field and documentary methods. The statistical population of the study consists of 6 neighborhoods located in the surrounding areas. In order to analyze the data and achieve the research goal and measure and evaluate the sustainability of the dimensions (social-cultural, economic, environmental and physical), the sustainability barometer model has been used.
Results and Findings: According to the indicators used in the research and the results of the sustainability barometer model in the present study, in terms of overall sustainability, the Abbasiyyah East neighborhood scored (0.90) at the sustainable level, the Abbasiyyah East neighborhood scored (0.82) at the potential sustainability level, the Abbasiyyah West and Al-Jamiyyah neighborhoods scored (0.53) and (0.54) at the average level, the Al-Hussein neighborhood scored (0.30) at the potential instability level, and the Al-Mukhaim neighborhood scored (0.04) at the unstable level. The average level of sustainability in terms of ecosystem welfare in the studied neighborhoods is 0.54 and human welfare is 0.50, indicating an average sustainability status for both. According to the results of the present study, the average of the studied neighborhoods in terms of overall sustainability is 0.52 and is at the average level. Given that the sustainability levels of the studied neighborhoods vary, development plans tailored to the strengths and weaknesses of each neighborhood and based on the sustainability levels of each of them are necessary.

Abstract Background and Objective: Cities account for approximately three-quarters of global primary energy consumption and nearly 60% of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions. According to the International Energy Agency, around 15% of the global population lives in energy poverty, marking the onset of the first global energy crisis. Given the worldwide significance of energy issues and the limitations and necessity of resource conservation, energy has become one of the most critical challenges of our era. One of the major challenges lies in the lack of effective planning and design for new neighborhoods, along with the continued use of outdated comprehensive and detailed planning models. In response to these issues, new approaches grounded in sustainable development principles have been proposed. One of the key methods for assessing sustainability involves indicator-based analyses derived from environmental certification systems. Among these, the LEED-ND rating system has gained popularity among planners and designers as a market-driven approach to promoting sustainability through urban design. This framework provides a comprehensive methodology for designing and evaluating urban spaces, prioritizing sustainability, resilience, and social well-being. Accordingly, this study aims to evaluate the sustainability status of the Valiasr neighborhood in the metropolis of Tabriz based on LEED-ND criteria and to formulate effective urban design principles tailored to the local conditions of this neighborhood.
Methodology: This study is quantitative in nature, applied in terms of its objective, and descriptive in character. Data collection was conducted through both documentary (library) research and field surveys. For the analysis, the LEED-ND model was employed as the evaluation framework. In this research, 16 criteria and indicators were selected to assess the sustainability of the neighborhood.
Findings and Conclusion: The findings of the study indicate that the neighborhood falls within the Silver certification level. Given the scarcity of energy resources, population growth, and rising energy consumption, the neighborhood requires the development of urban design principles to move closer to achieving sustainability goals. The results demonstrate that the neighborhood achieved full scores in the indicators related to steep slope protection, mixed-use neighborhood centers, access to recreational facilities, tree-lined and shaded streets, and neighborhood schools. These indicators must be preserved and enhanced. For the remaining indicators, further measures are required to obtain the necessary points and improve overall sustainability performance.

Abstract Background and Objective:Rapid population growth and urbanization have created multiple challenges for the quality of life and livability in cities, particularly in Iranian cities such as Bonab. These challenges manifest in deteriorated urban fabric, informal settlements, and spatial inequalities that adversely affect residents' well-being. This study aims to evaluate the physical-spatial livability status of Bonab’s neighborhoods across different urban zones, focusing on deteriorated/informal and non-deteriorated areas, and to prioritize neighborhoods for targeted planning interventions.
Methodology: This descriptive-analytical research was conducted using documentary data and field surveys in 15 neighborhoods of Bonab. Data were collected via questionnaires distributed among residents and analyzed using SPSS software. The physical-spatial indicators included building quality, transportation networks, accessibility to services, street quality, and urban landscape. Neighborhoods were ranked based on the Integrated Development Index (DI) using the Morris method.
Findings and Results: Results indicate that deteriorated fabric and informal settlements are primarily concentrated in the southern and southeastern parts of Bonab, characterized by poor building materials and low physical quality. In contrast, northern and some central neighborhoods such as Kouy-e Shahrdari (DI=0.85), Shahrak-e Emam-Khanom Baghi (DI=0.79), and Farhangian 1 (DI=0.78) show better physical-spatial conditions. Neighborhoods including Aghdash (DI=0.15), Dizaj Shomali (DI=0.20), Dizaj Jonubi (DI=0.27), and Akbarabad (DI=0.31) rank lowest in livability and require urgent prioritized interventions. The study emphasizes the urgent need for planning and rehabilitation in Bonab’s southern and southeastern neighborhoods to improve physical-spatial deficiencies and enhance urban livability.

Abstract Background and Aim: In the present century, undesirable urban environments have caused many problems for environmental security and increased social harms, which has resulted in people feeling insecure. In this regard, the present article aims to evaluate and evaluate safety indicators in Shiraz city parks and to measure and rank them based on these indicators
Methods and Material: This research is applied in terms of descriptive-analytical method and type. The statistical population is all individuals and the information was collected through a questionnaire among 300 people from the sample, and the research was analyzed using one-sample T-test and Skull-Wallis statistical tests.
Results and Discussion: The results indicate that the overall level of safety in the parks studied is average, and the indicators of characteristics, legible design, lighting, material safety, feeling of safety, and health safety are in the average to low range with averages of 2.64, 2.83, 2.85, 2.89, 3.07, and 3.41 (according to normal 3), respectively, and the parks of Azadi, Besat, Ghodousi Gharbi, Khaldabrin, Kowsar, and Chamran are ranked first to sixth in terms of safety indicators studied with ranks of 6.2, 2.74, 2.17, 1.7, 2.49, and 3.46, respectively. Therefore, according to the findings, it is suggested: to improve the lighting conditions of the parks for night use, use and protection of equipment in the park, use of restrooms, and to think of solutions and implement them. Measures to prevent addicts and street vagrants from entering parks, etc., are being considered to improve the safety of the parks under study.

Abstract Background and Aim: Water is one of the most important and fundamental factors for the life of living organisms, in this regard, one of the most important categories that affects it is alteration and mineralization. In this regard, the soils of the northwest of Meshginshahr, which have been exposed to mineralization and alteration processes, contain large amounts of toxic and heavy elements that affect the water quality of this region. On this basis, the aim of the present study is to study the level of contamination of water in wells, springs and rivers by heavy metals in alteration and mineralization areas in the northwest of Meshginshahr.
Methods and Material: In the present study, library and field studies have been used as needed. Based on these data, a hydrographic map of the region was prepared using topographic maps (1:250,000, 1:50,000) and aerial photographs (1:20,000). In the following work process, water sampling was carried out from 3 sources: wells, springs and rivers, and existing standards (WHO) were used for chemical analysis of these samples. In this regard, sampling was carried out from 20 points of wells, springs, waterways and the Qara Su River in altered and non-altered areas.
Results and Findings: Studies conducted based on the Piper, Wilcox, Schuler diagrams and also the Stiff diagram showed that most of the waters in the study area are undesirable, non-potable and harmful for agriculture. The Langier coefficient also indicates very high sedimentation to corrosion. Another part of the research findings was based on the geochemical behavior of the elements (iron, arsenic, copper, molybdenum, lead, antimony and zinc). Studies conducted in this regard also showed that in most cases the waters under study contain more elements than the permitted limit and the declared standard. However, regarding the lead element, all the water samples in the area have a desirable quality compared to the recommended standard for irrigation.The results obtained from the chemical analysis of the waters in the studied area show that the groundwater of the alteration areas is mainly sulfated, magnesium and calcium, and with the intensification of alteration, the amount of earth elements and strong acids also increases. Most of the waters of the mineralization and alteration areas are among the undesirable and poorly known waters and are also harmful for drinking and agriculture. The high content of sulfate ions, low pH and high corrosiveness of these types of waters are among the factors that make them undesirable. Considering the pollution that has occurred in the surface and groundwater of the area, the purification of drinking water for the residents of the area can play an effective role in reducing the transfer of toxic metals to the biological cycle.

Abstract Background and Aim: The main goal of this research is to investigate the influencing factors of green human resources management on green supply chain management practices and sustainable performance of Zanjan city.
Methods and Material: The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection method and quantitative in terms of analysis. The statistical population consists of 80 urban experts with sufficient knowledge and understanding of the research variables, and due to the small number of the population, all the experts were used as samples. The conceptual model of the research was proposed by the researcher by combining previous studies and completing the concepts, which consists of 5 main hypotheses. In order to test the hypotheses, the path analysis approach with SPLS software was used.
Results and Discussion: The result of the test indicates a positive effect: "green human resource management practices on green supply chain management practices (internal and external) and sustainability performance" and "internal and external green supply chain management practices on sustainability performance". Then, using the technique of "Preference weighting evaluation ratio analysis" and experts' opinions, the three main structures of the research were evaluated and their priorities were determined. The result showed that the first structure (green human resource management methods) was ranked first in terms of influencing sustainable urban performance, so its methods (development and training, empowerment, reward, performance management, recruitment) were again available to experts and specialists through a questionnaire. was placed and their final evaluation was done. The final analysis showed that the second method (empowerment of human resources) with the highest weight is in the first priority of improving the state of sustainable urban performance. For this purpose, city officials should try to attract people who prioritize environmental concerns, develop their sustainability skills, evaluate their performance from an environmental perspective, and motivate environmentally responsible behavior.

Abstract  
Background and Aim: This research focuses on the examination of Vernacular Passive Cooling Systems (VPCSs) in traditional buildings situated in Iran’s hot and dry climates. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of these systems in providing thermal comfort without the use of conventional cooling systems. To achieve this goal, the comfort temperature range is determined and compared with the internal temperatures of these buildings. This research involves a review and analysis of studies related to thermal comfort, comfort temperature prediction, and field studies concerning thermal comfort in naturally ventilated indoor spaces. Additionally, it examines validated models for predicting comfort temperature, highlighting their inherent strengths and weaknesses.
Methods and Material: This descriptive-analytical research involves collecting data through library studies and interviews with relevant experts and officials in the studied countries. Data analysis methods include comparative analysis of policies and strategies and case studies of successful countries. Ensuring the accuracy of internal temperature measurements and other climatic variables is crucial, along with the integration of interdisciplinary knowledge from architecture, environmental sciences, and engineering for a comprehensive analysis of passive cooling systems.
Results and Discussion: The results show that passive cooling systems in traditional buildings can provide adequate thermal comfort without conventional cooling systems. These systems utilize natural environmental features and sustainable design to reduce energy consumption and improve environmental sustainability. Optimizing passive cooling techniques can significantly contribute to sustainable development and the preservation of natural resources. A comparative study of active and passive cooling systems also offers a better understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of each.

Abstract  
Background and Aim: More than half of the world lives in urban areas. In many developing countries, many people migrate to urban centers every day, and the rate of urbanization is increasing in both developed and developing countries. But the urban population imposes huge challenges on natural resources and causes social and environmental problems in urban areas. Therefore, increasing the rate of urbanization is associated with many challenges. In Iran, the rate of urbanization has almost doubled over the past 30 years. Unstable urban income, urban poverty, marginalization and inappropriate urban housing are considered as major challenges of urban development in Iran. Determining urban boundaries is one of the solutions used in policies known as curbing the growth of cities or managing urban growth.
Methods: The current review research was conducted with the aim of investigating the importance of urban boundaries in controlling and guiding urban development and the role of urban boundaries in controlling and guiding the development of Arak city. The city of Arak is the capital of the central province, which is surrounded by mountains on three sides and desert on the other side, and is not capable of development in many ways. Therefore, the population density has increased in the central and inner parts of the city. The value of land development index for Arak city is high and the level of morphological adaptation is lower. Findings and Conclusion: The findings show that if special construction criteria are applied to very large areas, a large population can be accommodated in the worn-out fabric. Such a process also causes the development of the city in a systematic pattern. It is necessary that the municipality does not ignore the creation of public spaces and uses, and by creating public spaces in the neighborhoods, it creates participation among the residents. Reforms such as the demolition of old buildings and the establishment of high-rise structures require careful monitoring so that the tissue density does not exceed the permissible limit.

Abstract Background and Aim:  Kerman is the most earthquake-prone province in the country due to active faults and earthquakes with high human casualties. Of the total area of worn-out tissue in Kerman province, which is about 4062 hectares, of which 1589 hectares are located in the city of Kerman.  The aim of the study is to identify and level the vulnerability of the city's tissues. The issue of the city of Kerman is that there are many vulnerable areas, and identifying vulnerable surfaces and reducing the vulnerability coefficient can help effectively manage the crisis. Methods:  The research method is descriptive-Analytical, the research data is prepared by documentation and field methods and references to organizations. The types of users were examined at the Kerman city level and the ratio of each was obtained.  Some of the human indicators affecting structural resistance in Kerman were examined and described, and the number and percentage of types of structures in Kerman were obtained using GIS software, maps, resources, information and navigation methods, which were given in the relevant table Findings and Conclusion: Results show that in total, 83% of the structures in Kerman have a vulnerability of more than 50%, and 4% of the structures in Kerman have sufficient resistance to a relatively strong possible earthquake. And with the research done, about 53% of the population of Kerman lives in areas with a risk of more than 50%. And finally, factors such as the strength, resistance and formability of the constructive elements were regular, structural hardness and durability, and the presence of continuous load transmission routes were examined to increase structural resistance to earthquakes.

Abstract Background and Aim: Urban heat islands (UHIs) are a growing concern in metropolitan areas, leading to temperature differences between urban centers and surrounding areas due to various ecological, morphological, topographical, and demographic factors. Major Iranian cities have undergone rapid land-use transformations and expanding urbanization, facing the challenge of UHIs.
Methods:  This study investigates UHIs in Tabriz, focusing on District 1, Neighborhood 1 as the first area and District 6, Neighborhood 4 as the second area. The study employed Landsat 8 remote sensing images to analyze UHIs in Tabriz, Iran. The images were acquired for the summer season, representing the period of maximum UHI intensity. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was calculated to assess vegetation cover, while land surface temperature (LST) was derived using the single-channel algorithm. Morphological indicators were extracted from OpenStreetMap data.
Findings and Conclusion: The study aims to extract, locate, and analyze UHIs in the study area using specific formulas and prepare relevant maps, focusing on ecological and morphological indicators. The minimum and maximum temperatures in District 1 were 15.88°C and 37.65°C, respectively, while in District 6, they were 24.11°C and 40.87°C. Analyzing the extracted maps based on the selected ecological indicators (vegetation cover, wind, solar radiation, and elevation) and morphological indicators (building height, building density, building façade, and building roofs) in both districts, we concluded that District 1 is cooler due to several factors: higher elevation, better reception of prevailing northeastern winds, more suitable street orientations, lower building heights (mostly one-story), and a higher prevalence of reflective roofs compared to District 6. Although District 6 has better vegetation cover and lower building density.