Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS)

Abstract Introduction and Objective: Inflation, as one of the most significant economic variables, has profound effects on the economic development process of countries. This study examines the mutual impacts of inflation and aspects of economic development in Iran and Iraq, aiming to analyze the relationships between the inflation rate and various economic variables such as production, agriculture, industry, dependency, education, and health.
Method: This study analyzes the impact of inflation on different dimensions of economic development using long-term data from 1990 to 2024 for both countries. The data were collected from reliable sources such as the World Bank and were evaluated using tests like the Dickey-Fuller test, Johansen cointegration test, and Granger causality test to assess the relationships between the variables. Regression models were also employed to examine the effects of inflation on each dimension of economic development.
Findings: The results indicate that all economic indicators in both countries are stationary, and there are significant relationships between the inflation rate and economic variables. In Iran, an increase in the inflation rate is associated with a slight increase in GDP, but it has considerable negative effects on the agriculture, health, and education sectors. In Iraq, inflation is considered a driver of economic growth, although its negative effects on health and education are also evident.
Conclusion: This research emphasizes that controlling inflation can contribute to improving economic conditions and achieving sustainable development in Iran and Iraq. Furthermore, the findings of this study can serve as a valuable reference for policymakers and economic analysts in formulating effective strategies for inflation management and supporting economic growth. Given the profound impact of inflation fluctuations on human and economic development, further research is necessary to gain a better understanding of these complex relationships.

Abstract Background and Objective: Sustainable development in OPEC member countries is influenced by various factors, including human development, energy consumption, and oil exports. A precise understanding of the long-term effects of these factors can assist economic policymakers in formulating effective strategies for sustainable regional economic growth. The aim of this study is to examine the long-term relationships between human development, energy consumption, and oil exports with sustainable development in OPEC countries.
Methodology: This applied research utilizes annual data from the period 2000 to 2021 and conducts an econometric analysis of the mentioned variables using the PMG-ARDL method within a panel data framework. The data were collected and analyzed from reputable international sources.
Findings and Conclusion: Given the structural dependence of OPEC economies on oil revenues and their vulnerability to price fluctuations, adopting a comprehensive approach to economic policymaking is essential. The results of this study indicate that, despite the positive role of oil exports in sustainable development, unmanaged and inefficient energy consumption can have adverse effects on economic and environmental sustainability. Furthermore, the weak impact of human development on sustainability highlights the need to reassess the quality and direction of human capital investments in these countries. Therefore, it is recommended that policymakers focus on enhancing energy efficiency, diversifying income sources, and strengthening human infrastructure to pave the way for balanced, resilient, and long-term development—one that not only fosters economic growth but also increases countries' resilience to external shocks.

Abstract 1. Introduction
Today, the expansion of the global phenomenon and the development of urbanization have significant effects on carbon dioxide emissions and environmental quality. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to examine the impact of globalization and urbanization in OPEC member countries.
2. Methods and Material
In this study, the generalized moments econometric model was used to examine the impact of globalization and urbanization on carbon dioxide emissions in OPEC oil-exporting countries during the period 2006-2022.

3. Results and Discussion
According to the Generalized Moment Model (GMM) estimation, the first pause in carbon dioxide emissions has had a positive and significant effect on itself. Globalization has had a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. So that a one percent increase in globalization has increased carbon dioxide by 0.021 percent. Renewable energy consumption has had a negative and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. So that a one percent increase in renewable energy consumption has reduced carbon dioxide emissions by 0.16. Renewable energies are playing a larger role in the world's energy supply system. Renewable energies are essentially compatible with nature and pollute, so the use of renewable energies reduces carbon dioxide emissions. With a one percent increase in GDP, carbon dioxide emissions have increased by 0.013 percent. Urban population has had a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. So that with a one percent increase in urban population, carbon dioxide emissions have increased by 0.03 percent. A one percent increase in government spending has increased carbon dioxide emissions by 0.11. Increased government spending on providing production infrastructure and updating production equipment, increased spending on education to strengthen the workforce leads to a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions.
4. Conclusion
Authors should highlight the key takeaways of the research, emphasizing the main contributions and their implications for policy, theory, or practice. This section may also include brief remarks on the limitations of the study and suggest directions for future research. Avoid restating results; instead, focus on their meaning and importance. Implementing constructive policies to increase energy efficiency in various sectors of the economy, including industry, transportation.

Abstract Background and Objective: Given the importance of school sport in promoting health, strengthening social capital, and achieving sustainable development goals, it is essential that school sport programs be designed within a coherent framework grounded in spatial justice. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to explain the model of cultural adaptation for the sustainable development of school sport in rural and urban areas.
Methodology: This applied study employed a qualitative research design using thematic analysis. The study population consisted of sport management faculty members, experienced physical education administrators and experts from the Ministry of Education, policymakers, and specialists in sport planning and education in the country. Participants were selected through purposive and snowball sampling methods. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with 15 experts, which continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. Trustworthiness was ensured based on four criteria credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability and reliability was established through an inter coder agreement of 90%.
Results and Findings: The findings revealed that the model of cultural adaptation for the sustainable development of school sport comprised 41 key points, 11 concepts, and four main categories: strengthening and empowering service infrastructures, sustainable management and planning, sustainable development requirements and factors, and sustainable environmental knowledge management. These categories indicate that achieving cultural adaptation for the sustainable development of school sport requires a comprehensive and multidimensional approach encompassing infrastructural, managerial, social, and environmental dimensions. Synergy among service improvement, sustainable planning, policy support, and the enhancement of environmental knowledge can facilitate the institutionalization of sport culture in rural and urban schools. Accordingly, simultaneous attention to spatial justice, intersectoral participation, and resource management plays a decisive role in ensuring the sustainability of school sport programs.

Abstract Abstract
This research aimed to investigate the role and function of green infrastructure in realizing a sustainable smart city in District 6 of Tehran, a region that faces serious challenges in ecological management and achieving urban sustainability due to high building density, lack of green space, high energy consumption, and environmental pressures. The main issue of the research was how to improve the environmental performance and resilience of this region by strengthening green infrastructure and utilizing smart technologies, and what indicators have the greatest impact in this process. Given the environmental and structural limitations of District 6, the need to create a link between technology, urban management, and ecology is increasingly felt. The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology with a quantitative approach.The statistical population consisted of 40 specialists, experts, and managers in the field of smart city and urban environment who were selected purposefully. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, and for data analysis, Cronbach's alpha and KMO were used to measure reliability and sampling adequacy, exploratory factor analysis to identify conceptual dimensions, Pearson correlation to determine relationships between indicators, and linear regression to determine the effect of each factor on the dependent variable. The results showed that the management and technology dimension plays the greatest role in explaining the sustainable smart city in Region 6, and indicators such as data mining, smart sensors, and smart water resource management have the highest impact. After that, the ecological dimension, including heat island reduction, ecological design, and runoff management, comes in second place, indicating the importance of environmental infrastructure in dense areas of the city.In contrast, the socio-economic dimension and citizen participation received the least weight, indicating the weakness of software structures and the need to empower the local community. Overall, the research emphasizes that achieving a sustainable smart city in Region 6 requires the simultaneous integration of smart technologies, ecological infrastructure, and social participation

Abstract Background and Objective: Religious tourism has emerged as a significant driver of regional competitiveness and sustainable urban development in countries endowed with rich religious heritage. Iraq, as one of the most prominent pilgrimage destinations in the Islamic world, possesses substantial religious and cultural assets. However, despite these advantages, the country continues to face critical challenges, including inadequate infrastructure, spatial inequalities, administrative corruption, and managerial inefficiencies, which hinder the transformation of religious tourism potentials into a sustainable competitive advantage. Therefore, this study aims to identify the key driving forces and formulate effective strategies for enhancing Iraq’s regional competitiveness with a particular emphasis on religious tourism through a futures-oriented approach.
Methodology: This study is applied in terms of purpose and adopts a descriptive–analytical approach grounded in futures studies. The study population consisted of university academics, futures studies and tourism experts, executive managers, specialists from the Iraqi Ministry of Tourism, and stakeholders involved in religious tourism. Using purposive and snowball sampling techniques, a panel of 20 experts with at least ten years of professional experience and a master's degree or higher was selected. Data were collected through a cross-impact matrix questionnaire and analyzed using MICMAC structural analysis software..
Results and Findings: The study concludes that the future competitiveness of Iraq’s religious tourism destinations depends on reinforcing institutional capacity, improving governance quality, fostering innovation, and promoting stakeholder collaboration. Accordingly, several strategic initiatives are proposed, including the establishment of a pilgrimage spatial planning office, the creation of a supply-chain financing fund for local businesses, and the development of specialized university–industry intermediary institutions to facilitate knowledge transfer and innovation in the tourism sector.

Abstract abstract As one of the largest mines in Iran, Khavaf iron ore mine plays an important role in the economic and social development of the region. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the multidimensional consequences of Sangan mining on the sustainable development of the region, focusing on food security, social justice and the environment. The data used include economic and social information of the region, GIS and remote sensing spatial data, and official mining statistics and reports. The findings show that mining plays a significant role in creating direct and indirect employment, increasing household income,The development of infrastructure and the growth of downstream steel industries have strengthened the economic capacity of the region. However, the negative effects of mining are also observed; including pressure on natural resources, land use change, destruction of vegetation, reduction of livelihood diversity and increase of social and spatial inequalities. Spatial analysis shows that the intensity of these effects is greater in areas close to mines and decreases with increasing distance. Also, the unequal distribution of economic benefits and resource governance limitations have made vulnerable groups, especially women and householdsagriculture, be more vulnerable to negative consequences. These results emphasize the necessity of a comprehensive and multidimensional approach for the sustainable management of mineral resources, including redistribution policies, participatory governance and environmental protection. Finally, the study shows that sustainable development in mining areas can only be realized by combining economic, social and environmental dimensions and the active participation of the local community, and mining can be exploited as an opportunity for regional development with proper management.

Abstract



Background and Objective: This research was conducted to measure tail risks and interbank correlations within the Iranian banking system and to identify the root causes of systemic fragility. The focus is on the extended period following the global financial crisis (from 2008 to 2024), during which the banking system has been under severe pressure from structural factors such as fixed provisional profit payments to depositors, widespread overdrafts from the central bank, severe balance sheet imbalances, and macroeconomic shocks. The primary objective is to assess the current state of systemic vulnerability and forecast probable future paths using advanced hybrid modeling approaches.
Methodology: This study employs a novel hybrid model integrating deep learning, Gaussian processes, Time-Varying Parameter Vector Autoregression (TVP-VAR) models, interbank network analysis, and extensive Monte Carlo simulations. Quarterly data on twelve key banking variables (including overdrafts, non-performing loans, capital adequacy ratio, liquidity, etc.) alongside macroeconomic variables (inflation, exchange rate, economic growth, etc.) from 2008 to 2024 were analyzed. A systemic vulnerability index and the magnitude of risk transmission through various channels (particularly the trust channel) were calculated and compared with conventional methods.
Results and Findings: The results indicate that the Iranian banking system entered a stable critical and chaotic regime at the beginning of 2008 and has remained in this state until the end of 2024. The systemic vulnerability index surpassed 0.96 in 2024, signifying a highly fragile condition nearing a critical point. Shocks to the system operate in a highly asymmetric manner, with negative shocks being approximately ten times stronger than positive ones and tending to be nearly permanent. Risk transmission among banks occurs almost entirely (close to 100%) through the trust channel and hidden correlations. The root cause of this fragility is the continued policy of paying fixed provisional profits to depositors (despite real resource-use imbalances) and the widespread overdrafting of banks from the central bank, which has created a vicious cycle of liquidity expansion and steadily increasing systemic risk. Simulations estimate the probability of a systemic collapse by the end of 2026, assuming the current trend continues, at over 87%. Conversely, immediate and decisive structural reforms, including the complete elimination of fixed provisional profit payments, the dissolution or merger of insolvent banks, and a serious overhaul of corporate governance, could steer the banking system toward a stable and self-reinforcing regime. The forecasting accuracy of the proposed model is significantly higher than that of traditional methods.

Abstract Background and Aim: By creating jobs, attracting investment, and promoting sustainable practices, solar energy not only addresses environmental challenges but also fosters strong economic development. Studying the effects of solar energy on employment and economic growth is not only essential for a better understanding of the economic and social impacts of this energy source, but can also contribute to sustainable development and the creation of sustainable job opportunities in the future. Given the environmental challenges and the need for clean energy sources, these studies become even more important. Given the importance of solar energy and its role and place in growth and employment in Iraq and Iraq’s high potential in this field, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of using solar energy on employment and economic growth in Iraq.
Methods and Material: In this research, a time series approach based on the autodistribution model with wide lags (ARDL) was used to examine the effects of solar energy use on employment and economic growth in Iraq during the period 1995-2022.
Results and Discussion: The findings of this study showed that solar energy had a positive effect on economic growth at a 95% confidence level. The effects of solar energy on employment were also positive and statistically significant at a 90% confidence level. According to the findings, the error correction term coefficient in this model was -0.489 and was statistically significant, indicating that if a shock is introduced to the economic growth rate in Iraq, 0.489 percent of the imbalance in the economic growth rate will be adjusted during each period and will approach its long-term trend. Also, the error correction coefficient in this model is -0.365 and is statistically significant, indicating that if a shock occurs to the employment rate in Iraq, 0.365 percent of the imbalance in the employment rate will be adjusted during each period and will approach its long-term trend. According to the results obtained, Iraq can invest in solar energy to improve economic growth and employment while preserving the environment.

Abstract Background and Objective: Oil revenues significantly affect fiscal policies, public spending, and budget management in Iraq. Studying these impacts helps policymakers assess the effectiveness of revenue management strategies such as oil revenue allocation, budget planning, and the establishment of stabilization funds. In addition, the impact of geopolitical risk on economic growth, which has been dominant in most oil-exporting countries, has become a necessity, and its results can have very important policy implications for policymakers and decision-makers at the macro level. Therefore, Iraq’s dependence on oil revenues makes understanding the effects of oil revenues on economic growth of great importance for assessing the sustainability of the Iraqi economy. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of oil revenues on Iraq’s economic growth by considering geopolitical risk. The results of the study will help identify the extent to which Iraq's economic growth is dependent on oil revenues and the possible risks associated with such dependence, along with existing risks.
Methodology: This study is of an applied type based on its objectives. Data and information in the background section were collected with a library approach, and the data and statistics required to estimate the empirical model were collected from the Central Bank of Iraq and the World Bank websites in a time series format, and the analysis of the research model was also carried out using the self-explanatory model with extended lags (ARDL). The country's macroeconomic variables in the period 1995 to 2022 are the data used in this study.
Findings and Conclusion:Based on the results of the model estimation, oil revenues have a positive and significant effect on economic growth in the short and long term, and the effect of geopolitical risk and the interactive effect of geopolitical risk on oil revenues are negative and significant in the long term on economic growth. The results also show a positive and significant impact of foreign direct investment on economic growth. Oil revenues as a major source of income can lead to an increase in the government budget, domestic and foreign investment in infrastructure, improvement of public services and creation of job opportunities in various economic sectors. However, political tensions and instability and geopolitical risk can reduce investment, reduce production and consequently reduce economic growth. Therefore, the government should adopt policies that reduce negative factors and increase factors that enhance economic growth.

Abstract Background and Objective: Human capital in the economic structure is considered a vital resource for production and value creation in the economic system. Human capital plays an important role in economic growth and development through various mechanisms. Human capital is formed in the form of knowledge, skills, expertise, and capabilities in individuals to increase income, quality of services, and production volume, and society and organizations can use it to advance their goals. Understanding human capital can help identify skill gaps and educational needs necessary for rebuilding and revitalizing the economy. Therefore, studying the impact of human capital on the economic development of Iraq after years of internal conflict is vital. The aim of this research is to study the impact of human capital on the economic development of Iraq during the period 1990-2023.
Methodology: The present study analyzes and examines the short-term and long-term effects of the impact of human capital on the economic development of Iraq during the period 1990-2023 in the form of econometric models and methods. For this purpose, the asymmetric distribution lag autoregressive model (NARDL) is used. This model is an extended form of the distribution lag autoregressive model ARDL.
Findings and Conclusion: Human capital has had a negative and significant short-term effect on GDP. In such a way that a one percent increase in human capital has caused a 0.593percent decrease in GDP. The variables of government spending and financial development have also had a positive and significant short-term effect on GDP. Labor and unemployment have had a negative and significant negative effect on GDP. In the long-term period, human capital has had a positive and significant long-term effect on GDP. In such a way that a one percent increase in human capital has caused a0.176 percent increase in GDP. Also, the variables of government spending and financial development have had a positive and significant long-term effect on GDP. Labor and unemployment have had a negative and significant negative effect on GDP. Investing in education, strengthening technical and vocational education to match labor market needs and the skills of educated individuals, and improving the capacity and quality of teachers through continuous training and provision of up-to-date resources will pave the way for increased economic development in Iraq.

Abstract Background and Objective: Seismicity is a measure that encompasses the occurrence, mechanisms, and magnitude of earthquakes in a given geographical location. Thus, it summarizes the seismic activity of a region. Based on geological evidence and recorded earthquakes, the study area is considered one of the active and seismic zones in Iran. Therefore, knowledge of the seismic potential of the region is necessary to prevent unprincipled construction in the study area. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the seismic potential of faults in the Balharud-Garmi basin.
Methodology: In this study, ArcGIS software was used to draw maps and analyze them. First, using the 1:100,000 geological map of the Geology and Mineral Exploration Organization of the country, the faults (main and minor) in the study area were determined and their lengths were determined. Then, the seismic power of the faults in the study area was calculated using the relations of Zare (1995), Norouzi (1985), and Norouzi and Ashjai (1978).
Findings and Results: According to the relevant results, the average seismic power in terms of Richter in the faults of Nowruzabad is 12.55, Azadabad 10.20, Sari-Nasirlu 28.62, Ilikhchi 9.08, Chenar 6.56, Farzi-Kandi 17.42, Parchin 10.35, Ojaq-Alazar 17.94, Demirchi 7.23, Pireh-Khalil 6.55, Qanab 19.16, Shorfeh 7.73, and Shordarq 3.92. The results showed that the study area, especially the central parts towards the south of the basin due to the concentration of fault lines, is prone to seismicity and there is a possibility of earthquakes with a magnitude greater than 4 on the Richter scale. The Sari-Nasirlu, Azadabad and Al-Qanab faults have the highest seismic power in the region, respectively. Studies also show that there is a direct relationship between the seismic power of faults and the length of the fault. Given the lack of sufficient studies on the tectonics and seismicity of the region, other studies should be conducted

Abstract Background and Objective: Given the increasing importance of environmental issues and the challenges facing countries in achieving sustainable development, a better understanding of the relationship between democratic governance, the use of renewable energy, and trade policies is an inevitable necessity. On the other hand, identifying how these factors affect environmental indicators can help policymakers design optimal strategies to reduce environmental degradation and enhance sustainability. Foreign trade can play a dual role in environmental improvement or degradation. On the one hand, international trade can improve environmental quality through the transfer of clean technologies and environmental innovations; but on the other hand, in the absence of appropriate regulations, it may lead to increased pressure on natural resources and further pollution. Therefore, a simultaneous and integrated examination of these three factors can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the relationships between economic, environmental, and governance policies. Given the importance of the subject, this study attempts to analyze the relationship between these factors and their effects on Iraq's environmental indicators.
Research Method: In this study, Autoregressive Distributed Lag model (ARDL) was used to examine the impact of democracy, green energy, and foreign trade on environmental progress in Iraq from 2006 to 2022. These methods provide the ability to examine the long-term and short-term effects of variables and allow for the analysis of the complex relationships between democracy, green energy, foreign trade, and environmental progress.
Findings and Conclusions: The results show that increased carbon emissions are associated with democracy in Iraq, especially in a situation where economic and political pressures to accelerate economic growth increase energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Also, renewable energies (green energies), although they may have an incremental effect on carbon emissions in the short term, can help reduce carbon emissions and improve environmental quality in the long term. On the other hand, foreign trade has had negative effects on the environment due to Iraq's dependence on fossil energy resources, so Iraq needs green and sustainable trade policies. Also, in this study, the error correction coefficient is -0.3807. This coefficient shows that about 38.07 percent of the short-term imbalance is adjusted in each period and the system moves towards long-term equilibrium

Abstract Background and Objective: In recent years, with increasing energy costs, global warming, and the need for greater attention to the environment, attention to investment in renewable energies such as wind energy has increased sharply. Wind energy is a significant opportunity for economic growth. Investment in wind energy infrastructure can improve employment, attract investment, and stimulate economic activities in areas where wind resources are abundant. Consequently, studying the impact of wind energy on economic growth is essential to unlock the full potential of renewable energy resources, drive sustainable development, and foster a greener and more resilient economy for future generations. Given the importance and position of renewable energies such as wind energy in recent years and their major advantages over fossil fuels, and the current gap in studies of this kind in Iraq, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of investment in wind energy on economic growth in Iraq.
Methodology: In this research, Autoregressive Distributed Lag model (ARDL) was used to examine the effect of investment in wind energy on the sustainability of economic growth in Iraq from 1995 to 2022. These methods provide the ability to examine the long-term and short-term effects of variables and allow for the analysis of the effect of investment in wind energy and other variables under study on economic growth.
Findings and Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that investment in wind energy had a positive and significant effect on economic growth in Iraq at a 90% confidence level. Also, other variables under study, including the human development index, foreign trade, and fixed capital formation, have a positive and significant effect on the sustainability of economic growth in Iraq. The error correction coefficient was -0.465 and was statistically significant, indicating that if a shock is introduced to the economic growth rate during each period, 0.465 percent of the imbalance in the economic growth rate will be adjusted and it will approach its long-term trend. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the priority of energy policies should be to increase investment in renewable energies, including wind energy.

Abstract Background and Objective: his study aims to examine the regional impact of the glass ceiling phenomenon on women's entrepreneurship indicators in selected countries (Egypt, Iran, Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, and Turkey) over the period from 2008 to 2024. The glass ceiling, as an invisible barrier preventing women from accessing senior managerial positions and entrepreneurial opportunities, is the focus of this research. The objective is to analyze the dynamics of these constraints and their effects on key indicators such as parliamentary participation, wages, economic participation, gender equality index, managerial positions, and board membership.
Methodology: This study employs the Quantile Vector Autoregressive (QVAR) panel method based on the Diebold and Yilmaz (2012) framework. Annual data for the mentioned variables were collected and standardized by creating a composite index. The analysis was conducted across the 25th, 50th, and 75th quantiles to examine connectivity and volatility spillovers among variables under various conditions (stable, moderate, and volatile). A rolling window approach was used for temporal dynamics analysis, and unit root tests ensured data stationarity.
Findings and Results: The results indicate that the glass ceiling has a significant negative impact on women's entrepreneurship during crises (e.g., the 2014–2016 oil price collapse) and prosperity periods (e.g., 2018 women's rights reforms). Parliamentary participation emerges as the primary receiver of volatility, particularly vulnerable in crises, while board membership and the gender equality index serve as transmitters and stabilizers. The U-shaped pattern of the Total Connectedness Index (TCI) confirms reduced connectivity in intermediate conditions and increased connectivity during crises and prosperity. Lebanon and Iran showed greater vulnerability, while Qatar and Oman exhibited relative resilience. To mitigate glass ceiling effects, recommendations include implementing women's entrepreneurship mentoring programs in Iran and Lebanon, increasing women's parliamentary quotas in Lebanon and Egypt, developing women-supportive organizational cultures in companies in Iran and Turkey, conducting public education to reduce gender stereotypes in Iran and Jordan, and strengthening local databases for more accurate data collection.

Abstract Background and objective: Geotourism is one of the branches of tourism that emphasizes geomorphology, hydrology, and geology of potential destinations and geosites, and its goal is to increase the economic power and welfare of host communities and destinations. The aim of the present study is to study and evaluate the impact of geotourism dimensions on economic development in villages of Khalkhal County (Case study: Majolan, Khojin, Kazaj).
Methodology: To evaluate the studied villages, Kobalikwa models, which emphasize scientific, educational, economic, conservation, and additional criteria, and the Violet model, which examines geotourism areas based on four criteria: origin of formation, geographical distribution, tourism, and accessibility, were used.
Findings and conclusions: The results obtained from the Kobalikwa model showed that Khojin village has taken the first place with a total score of 12.25, and the geographical diversity and biodiversity dimensions of this village have had a greater impact on the regional economy and have led to the economic development of Khojin village. Also, based on the results obtained from the Feyolt model, the village of Kazaj received an average score of 0.75 in the management rate section and an average score of 0.68 in the tourism rate section, and has taken the first place. Also, the geographical diversity and socio-political dimensions of this village have had the greatest impact on the regional economy and have increased economic power through the expansion of tourism in the region. Therefore, it is concluded that the villages of Khalkhal County have a high geographical diversity and in this respect can have a significant impact on the development of geotourism and the development of the regional economy. Finally, it is suggested that the effectiveness of geotourism dimensions in areas with potential potential be evaluated using various and new models.

Abstract Background and Objective: The issue of protecting historical architectural monuments and spreading the understanding of its cultural-identity values ​​has always been raised in human societies; But today, only maintaining such a building from destruction and environmental damage is not considered efficient and acceptable, rather it is necessary to regenerate the historical buildings and return them to the effective and continuous urban life in connection with the community. In this regard, the current research has aimed the inner and outer building of Saad Abad complex in Tehran primary core and the middle courtyard of these two buildings as an area containing tourism potentials, which a part of it, has been left unused by now, however the historical identity of this area had been integrated. Therefore, due to the internal micro-scale spaces of both buildings and also the lack of direct spatial connection between them, with the aim of compensating for interruption of direct access from one building to another in a connecting space, two strategies for the additional part design, such as Infill and underground Development strategies based on the necessity of gaining satisfaction and support of  tourists and their participation in decisions related to regeneration approach for historical building, it prioritizes the statistical population of 100 random tourists.
Methodology: The mentioned measurement is done through a structured questionnaire and the final result of its analysis will be presented by SPSS statistical software along with bar graphs in alignment with the field information obtained in the form of qualitative information. The research method of this article is survey and field based on quantitative-qualitative information and it also taking needs of users, history and architectural structure of the site, the facilities and use of various parts of the Saadabad complex and geographical features into account in order to answer three basic questions regarding the appropriate use of the site, the identity characteristics, movement and communication system, body and socio-cultural components of the tourism complex and at last, the appropriate design strategy for the site.
Findings and Results: Based on the most felt need of visitors to the Saadabad complex for a covered rest space, along with the dependence of the identity of Saadabad on the history of the Pahlavi royal family, and the tourists' opinion on the use of the digital arts museum with the theme of the biographies of the members of the Pahlavi royal family and the Pahlavi history educational workshop for different age groups, the studied area can accept all three of these uses.

Abstract Introduction: Today, the occurrence of extreme phenomena and climate changes, along with the expansion of human activities and encroachment on natural areas, has led to an increase in damages caused by floods. Especially rural settlements due to features such as geographical location, environmental features, physical-spatial structure, and level of possession.
Methods and Material: Therefore, in this research, by analyzing the results of the field visit of 1418 villages in the country, the damage condition of the villages against the flood risk was investigated and after determining several methods presented for immunization, one of these villages has been analyzed by providing the details of the immunization study and hydrological and hydraulic modeling.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that 1169 visited villages are at risk of flooding and respectively, the organization of rivers and floodways with 31.5%, the implementation of watershed management projects in the upstream basin of the villages with 20.8% and then the operation of collecting and directing surface and underground water with 12.3%, were the most important and most frequent solutions to reduce the flood risk in the visited villages.Considering the pervasiveness of improper location selection and the development of constructions on the edges of rivers and the non-observance of the bed and flood protection limits of rivers and floodways, and especially the huge cost of action in the reconstruction and rehabilitation phase after the flood, therefor planning and action in order to prevent and reduce the risk of flooding in accordance with the national disaster risk reduction program, promoting the position of risk reduction considerations in development plans, the implementation of plans to organize and secure rivers and waterways in populated areas, as well as freeing nuisance occupations on the banks of rivers and waterways, are among the priority measures regarding flood risk management.

Abstract Background & Aim: Several factors contribute to the development of tourism in a region, among which climate is one of the most significant. Climate acts as a key driver or deterrent for tourism in any given area. This study aims to compare the results of two models, TCI (Tourism Climate Index) and UTCI (Universal Thermal Climate Index), and to provide a climate zoning analysis for comfort and discomfort in various locations across the provinces of Ardabil, West Azerbaijan, and East Azerbaijan on a monthly and seasonal scale.
Methods and Material: In this research, based on the thermal thresholds of the TCI and UTCI indices, a bioclimatic atlas for the provinces of Ardabil, West Azerbaijan, and East Azerbaijan was developed on a monthly and seasonal basis, and the results were compared. The UTCI index was calculated using RayMan and Bioklima software. The data were interpolated using the Kriging method in ArcGIS, and the corresponding maps were created.
Results & Conclusion:
According to the results of the TCI index, the months of May, June, July, August, and September generally show favorable conditions across all stations, except for Parsabad in September, Mianeh and Khoy in August and July, Kaleybar in May, and Jolfa in June, which exhibit less favorable conditions. The seasonal analysis indicates that most stations in spring and summer are suitable, except for Parsabad in summer, Kaleybar in spring, and Jolfa and Khoy in summer, where conditions are less favorable. The results of the UTCI index reveal that, during May, June, July, August, and September, all stations exhibit favorable conditions except Parsabad and Sahand in May, which display less favorable conditions. In the seasonal analysis, all stations show suitable conditions in spring and summer, except for Sahand in spring. Based on the results, due to the mountainous nature of the studied provinces and the presence of snow and winter conditions conducive to winter tourism, planning can be undertaken to promote winter tourism, considering the months with more favorable numerical index values.

Abstract Background and Aim: Energy and technology, as two main factors of production, play a prominent role in improving and sustaining the economic growth of countries. Today, a larger part of economic growth is attributed to the efficient use of energy and technology than in the past. Awareness of the impact of technology and energy on economic growth can lead policymakers to pursue more optimal strategies to promote sustainable and inclusive economic growth and development, and in the long term, economic prosperity will affect the well-being of society. Given the importance of the research and the necessity of the present study, the aim of this study is to examine the impact of energy and technology consumption on the economic growth of Iraq.
Methodology: In the present study, the auto-explanatory model with extended lags (ARDL) was used to examine the impact of energy and technology consumption on the economic growth of Iraq during the period 2000 to 2022.
Findings and Conclusion: The results of this study show that the coefficient of the impact of energy consumption on economic growth in Iraq was 0.073 and the estimated T-statistic was 2.16. Given that the absolute value of the t-statistic was greater than the critical value at the 95% confidence level (1.96), it can be stated that energy consumption had a positive and significant effect on economic growth. Another result showed that the coefficient of influence of the technology index on economic growth in Iraq was 0.129 and the estimated T-statistic was 3.34. Given that the absolute value of the t-statistic was greater than the critical value at the 95% confidence level (1.96), it can be stated that the technology index had a positive and significant effect on economic growth. Also, the error correction coefficient was -0.576, which was statistically significant, indicating that if a shock were to occur to the economic growth rate in Iraq, 0.576 percent of the imbalance in the economic growth rate would be adjusted during each period and would approach its long-term trend.

Abstract Background and Aim: Development, as a concept, has been associated with various meanings, interpretations, and theories. Development is an evolutionary process whereby human capacity is increased to start new structures, solving problems, adapting to constant changes, and deliberately and creatively striving to achieve new goals. Forests are increasingly recognized as a key element for sustainable development and support several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), some of which include reducing hunger and poverty, regulating fresh water, climate practices, health and welfare, and biodiversity. One of the most important indices used to assess deforestation is the Normalized difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), which is used to assess forest change trends. The results of all studies that examined NDVI index will be questionable in the term of Sustainable Development Goals. This study investigates the trend of NDVI vegetation index during the period 2001 to 2018 based on the MODIS data in Malard city.
Methods: In this study, the MODIS vegetation data at a resolution of 1 km were used. The vegetation data, abbreviated MOD13A3, is monthly and with a 1 kilometer spatial resolution. This data covers 830 points for Malard city, so that it can be surveyed in 1×1 kilometers of 830 points in the city. Since based on research conducted by Farajzadeh et al. (2011:107), May to August have the highest NDVI, this index was extracted only in the highest NDVI months, ie May, June, July and August. The data were subdivided into three-year intervals and the rate of change was extracted based on the index introduced by the United Nations for sustainable development goals. Then annual land use was obtained for a deeper examination.in the final step we used an analytic-description method to describe the results in the connection with sustainable development goals.
Findings and Conclusion: The results showed that a decreasing trend was observed in the percentage of NDVI area in May, June and July between -0.03 and -0.9% in month. So that, under the maximum NDVI months, it was found that the amount of Barren increased about 9 km² every 6 years and the amount of areas covered by forests and green plants decreased about 8 km² every 6 years. Therefore, it is necessary to implement the measures and plans regarding prevent desertification in the city that will meet the goals of sustainable development

Abstract Landslide is always a serious threat to human settlements. In the Face of such accidents, little can be done at the moment of occurrence. Before that, its effects can be foiled with planning and for reduction of possible casualties and damages. The aim of the present study is to take a systematic look at natural hazards, including Landslide in order to draw up a scientific and accurate plan outlining for preparation and planning based on the use of spatial information systems and multi-criteria decision-making models in line with the zoning risk landslides and determining the direction of residential development is predictable. The present study extracted 15 effective criteria in landslide risk. Then using of the results of the evaluation of two models of (DEMATEL, FUZZY hierarchical analysis process) showed that the DEMATEL model is in accordance with the principles and laws of mathematical and has more certainty. While the process of FUZZY hierarchical analysis was only consistent with the knowledge and expertise rating. In the risk zone whit the DEMATEL model low risk, zones %37/1 (190/39 km²) it has the largest area of 513/12 square kilometers, have most area of surface. Also, high risk zone with %2/32 (11/89 km²), high and medium risk zones each with %34/33(176/13 km²) and low risk by 134/71(%26/25 km²) were next in the ranking. Zoning and risk with FUZZY hierarchical analysis, risk zone of very small allotment, %36/53(187/43 km²) and low risk zone of %17/73(90/96 km²) and medium risk zone %17/79(91/27 km²), and high risk zone of %16/84(86/41 km²), as well as very high risk zone%11/2(57/6 km²) were ranked.   

Abstract Investigating and analyzing motivations of tourists are some of the most important sections in tourism industry with the purpose of giving appropriate services to the travelers. Health tourism is a type of tourism which plays a main role in tourism development. Lake Urmia is one of the best tourist attractions from natural and adventurous view. Therefore, we can provide the conditions for the growth of tourism and regional development in different aspects with an approach of resource conservation if we recognize the potential of this area and make strategies for future. In order to do it better, it’s required to recognize the motivations of the tourists. So, the main aim of this paper is to investigate the motivations of tourists in Lake Urmia. The population of research includes all the travelers to Urmia City that 384 of them were chosen as the sample by the table of Krejcie and Morgan. The data was gathered by the use of questionnaires (with 0.925 Cronbach’s Alpha) of Alizadeh Sani et al. The questionnaires were given to the tourists by Cluster Sampling Method. To analyze the data, Confirmatory Factor Analysis was done in SPSS software. The findings reveal that 8 repulsive motivational factors of gain of knowledge and cure for diseases, increase of communications, thinking and taking advice, pursuit of peacefulness, increase of social cycle, sightseeing, meditations and getting to know with other cultures and also 4 attracting motivational factors of easy and various access to services, adventures, history and culture, and events and activities are recognized as the most important motivational factors among health tourist of Lake Urmia