Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS)

Abstract Abstract
Background and Objective: Azerbaijan, with its ancient name Atropatekan, located in the northwest of the Iranian plateau, is a geostrategic region with special capacities. The aim of this research is to study the importance of the position of Azerbaijan, especially Shiz (present-day Takht of Solomon) in the Sassanid period, and to examine the influential components of this importance.
Methodology: This research was conducted using the method of library studies and a descriptive-analytical approach. The materials are presented based on reliable historical texts and archaeological articles and reports.
Research Questions: The questions raised include the reasons for the Sassanids' greater attention to the geographical area of Azerbaijan; In other words, on what indicators did the Sassanid Empire strengthen and expand its sphere of power in Azerbaijan, especially Shiz (Ganzak)? What impact did these indicators have on the expansion and development of the Sassanid Empire?; Can geographical features, natural features, and proximity to borders be the reason for the importance of this region and religious centralization?
Results: The results of the research show that the geography and geopolitical borders of the region, the abundance of water resources, fertile soil and suitable agricultural base, mines, and transportation routes, were important potentials in Sasanian Azerbaijan and had indescribable strategic value. One of the reasons for the success of the Sasanian kings in various wars and conquests is the geo-strategic location of Azerbaijan. This is why the Sasanian victor adopted the strategy of reviving and establishing new cities along the trade routes from the northeast to the northwest borders; The construction of large water supply facilities during the Khosrow era, the strategy of concentrating power in Shiz and developing scientific centers in this city, the creation of defensive fortifications throughout Azerbaijan, the exploitation of rich mineral resources and the construction of iron smelting furnaces have strengthened the circle of power and the stability of the government in actualizing and exploiting these potentials.

Abstract Abstract
Introduction: Ecotourism and geotourism, as specialized branches of sustainable tourism, play a vital role in the conservation of natural resources and geological heritage. Ecotourism promotes responsible tourism in pristine natural environments, focusing on the conservation of biodiversity and promoting the participation of local communities. While geotourism emphasizes the identification, conservation, and scientific and educational exploitation of geosites and geomorphosites of geological value, these two complementary approaches provide a comprehensive framework for the sustainable development of natural and cultural tourism.
Research Method: In this study, the geotourism potential of ten regions was assessed using two valid methods: Facilus and Nicolas. The Facilus model, emphasizing scientific, tourism, and conservation value indicators, and the Nicolas model, with a multi-criteria approach including scientific and educational value, geological diversity, ecological and cultural value, conservation threats, and usability, provided accurate quantitative and qualitative analyses of geotourism potential.
Conclusion: In the study of prominent geotourism and ecotourism areas in the two cities of Khalkhal and Kowsar, the results showed that the Firouzabad geosite and Aznav village, by obtaining the highest scores in both models, were recognized as key areas for the development of scientific, educational geotourism and environmental protection. Also, combining data from these two models allowed for accurate identification of the strengths and weaknesses of each region and the provision of targeted management solutions to promote tourism conservation and development. This study emphasizes the need for simultaneous use of multi-criteria models for comprehensive assessment of geosites and suggests that in future studies, economic and social indicators should also be considered in order to achieve comprehensive and sustainable tourism development.

Abstract Introduction: Geotourism is a branch of sustainable tourism that focuses on the geological features and natural landscapes of an area. Tourism has various forms and types that are related to geography and tourism. The purpose of this research is to assess the potential for the development of geotourism in the protected areas of the eastern slopes of Sabalan.
Research Method: This research aimed to identify and prioritize the components of geotourism development in the protected areas of the eastern slopes of Sabalan. Qualitative data were analyzed using ATLAS.ti software and 17 codes were extracted under 4 main themes including education and empowerment, management and infrastructure challenges, local participation and sustainable development, and regional identification and branding. For quantitative analysis and ranking of these components, Friedman's nonparametric test was used with the participation of 278 respondents.
Results: The test results showed that there was a significant difference in importance between the components, such that "local participation and indigenous values" had the highest priority, followed by education, environmental awareness, and human resource empowerment. The findings emphasize the need to focus on active community participation, continuous education, scientific management, and strategic planning to achieve sustainable and balanced geotourism development. This study can be a practical guide for policymakers and managers in the tourism and environmental sectors to promote the status of geotourism in protected areas.

Abstract Background and Objective: In this study, a combination of remote sensing data, the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, statistical analyses, and Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to examine the trends in land use/land cover changes, vegetation cover, and land surface temperature (LST) over the past decade (2013–2024) in Firouzkouh County.
Methodology: Google Earth Engine (GEE), as a powerful cloud-based processing platform, provides access to a wide range of satellite datasets such as MODIS and Landsat, along with various tools for spatio-temporal analysis. To generate land surface temperature (LST) maps, the MODIS MOD11A2.061 product was used, and annual as well as decadal average LST maps were extracted. The results indicated an increase in land surface temperature in certain areas, particularly around urban zones and agricultural lands. Additionally, to assess changes in vegetation cover, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) derived from Landsat and MODIS imagery was utilized. Correlation analysis between NDVI and LST was conducted using SPSS software.
Results and Findings: The results of these analyses revealed a generally inverse relationship between NDVI and LST across most areas; regions with denser vegetation cover experienced lower land surface temperatures. This finding highlights the significant role of vegetation in mitigating surface heat through processes such as evapotranspiration and shading. Subsequently, zonation maps and spatial analyses were conducted using ArcGIS, Excel, and SPSS software, allowing for the identification of critical areas experiencing either vegetation decline or temperature increase. It is recommended that future studies incorporate additional indices such as the Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), Temperature Condition Index (TCI), and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) for a more detailed assessment of drought and vegetation health. Furthermore, the use of higher spatial resolution data, such as Sentinel-2 imagery, along with machine learning algorithms like Random Forest or Support Vector Machine (SVM) within the GEE environment, can enhance the accuracy of analyses and facilitate more precise identification of complex environmental patterns.

Abstract Background and Objective: Landslides are among the most common natural hazards, causing extensive economic, environmental, and human losses. This study aims to assess and map landslide susceptibility in the Siah Rud watershed located in Gilan Province, using a hybrid approach that integrates the Analytic Network Process (ANP) model with Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
Methodology: This applied, descriptive-analytical research utilizes the ANP model within the GIS environment to delineate landslide hazard zones in the Siah Rud watershed. Ten influential factors were selected for the analysis: land use, elevation, slope, slope aspect, vegetation cover, precipitation, geological formations, and distances from roads, rivers, and faults. The relevant thematic layers were derived using various data sources, including DEMs, Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 satellite imagery, geological maps, and precipitation maps. Analytical tools in ArcGIS were employed to extract certain layers, such as distance from rivers and roads. The ANP model, which surpasses AHP in modeling interdependencies between criteria, was used for weighting and final analysis.
Results and Findings: According to the ANP weighting results, the variables with the highest influence on landslide occurrence were slope (0.27), geological formations (0.24), and precipitation (0.16). Spatial analysis further revealed that areas with steep slopes, weak volcanic and sedimentary formations, high rainfall, and proximity to faults and rivers had greater instability potential. In contrast, regions with dense vegetation, forest land use, and significant distances from roads and faults showed higher stability. The final GIS-based hazard zonation map classified the area into five risk levels, with 36% of the watershed falling into high and very high hazard zones. These high-risk areas were primarily concentrated in the upstream parts of the watershed, where the combination of steep topography, high rainfall, sparse vegetation, and unstable geological conditions contributes to widespread landslide susceptibility.

Abstract Rapid urbanization and unbalanced urban development, especially in developing countries, have led to the formation of neighborhoods with inefficient textures, reduced quality of life, weakening of social capital, and residential instability. In such circumstances, traditional top-down planning is unable to respond to the diverse needs of neighborhoods. In contrast, neighborhood-based planning, emphasizing public participation, optimal use of social, human, and natural capital, and paying attention to the specific characteristics of each neighborhood, has been proposed as a new approach to achieving sustainable urban development. Despite the effectiveness of this approach, neighborhood-based planning has not yet found an established position in many Iranian cities, including Khaf City. This study uses the SWOT model and QSPM matrix to strategically analyze urban sustainability in the Laj neighborhood of Khaf City.The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on a field survey (questionnaire and semi-structured interviews), and the statistical population includes neighborhood residents and urban experts. The results showed that despite the existence of social capital, the neighborhood faces structural weaknesses, spatial inequality, and threats such as social anomalies and youth migration. QSPM analysis showed that the revision (WO), offensive (SO), diversity-oriented (ST), and defensive (WT) strategies have high implementation priority. The selected strategy "Strengthening urban management through modern technologies and university interaction" received the highest attractiveness score. This study shows that achieving sustainable development at the neighborhood level requires a multidimensional and strategic approach with an emphasis on empowering local institutions, strengthening social participation, and utilizing external capacities

Abstract Background and Objective: The purpose of this study is to analyze and describe the hydro-geomorphological and natural factors of the Firoozabad watershed, located in Ardabil Province, using modern GIS technologies and cloud-based processing via Google Earth Engine (GEE).
Methodology: To achieve the study objectives, geomorphic and environmental factors—such as vegetation cover and land use—were extracted from Sentinel-2 satellite imagery and the GLC-FCS30D database within the GEE environment, which enabled fast and accurate processing of large-scale datasets. Elevation data with a spatial resolution of 12.5 meters were obtained from the ALOS PALSAR Digital Elevation Model, and geological and soil type data were provided by the Geological Survey of Iran. Data analysis was carried out using GIS software and GEE, leading to the creation of various maps to identify spatial patterns and interrelations between factors.
Results and Findings: The NDVI values ranged from -0.26 to 0.67, indicating that the densest vegetation cover is found in the northeastern and eastern parts of the watershed, while the western, southwestern, and certain central areas show a noticeable reduction. The average slope of the basin is approximately 20%, with a standard deviation of 13.63%. Areas with slopes exceeding 40% are prone to severe erosion and rapid surface runoff. Annual precipitation varies between 531 and 837 mm, and its uneven distribution influences both vegetation patterns and hydrological processes. The geological structure, featuring erosion-prone formations like marls and shales alongside permeable alluvial layers, significantly affects the watershed's hydrological and morphological dynamics. The mean elevation is 1,895 meters, with an elevation range from 1,118 to 3,225 meters. Land use is predominantly composed of rangelands (54%) and agricultural lands (44%), where poor management could threaten natural resources. These findings can provide a scientific and practical foundation for watershed management planning focused on conserving soil and water resources and reducing the risks of erosion, floods, and landslides.

Abstract Background and Objective: This paper affirms that creativity is one of the important features of architectural designs and a major concern for designers. Nevertheless, it seems that creativity has received less attention from the builders of industrial units. In this regard, the present article seeks to analyze the reasons, barriers, and solutions for enhancing creativity in the architectural design of industrial units. To this end, it evaluates formal and constructional innovation (as one of the main components of creativity) in the design of these units.
Methodology: The current study is based on a mixed-methods approach and secondary analysis. In the quantitative section, it utilizes survey data from a previous study on the architecture of units in the Caspian Industrial Estate. These comprise 63 industrial units, whose formal and constructional status was determined through observation. In the qualitative section, it cites the findings of a previous study regarding the nature of the design process in industrial complexes. Subsequently, through rational argumentation and data comparison, it analyzes the reasons, barriers, and solutions for enhancing creativity in the architectural design of industrial units.
Results and Findings: The results indicated that the use of novel forms has not been a concern for the designers or builders of industrial units. Furthermore, the results confirmed that despite a higher level of constructional innovation, this novelty was primarily concentrated in the area of modern materials and prefabrication, and did not extend to novelty in structural systems. The industrial nature and its relationship with the reduction of creative dimensions in design, the failure to generalize innovation to other technical areas, and the repetition of clichéd designs are the most significant challenges or barriers in the path of promoting creativity in these designs. Finally, the article presents solutions to overcome these conditions.

Abstract Background and Objective: The capacities and capabilities of Sistan and Baluchestan province in terms of geography, natural and economic resources, and potential human resources are many, which, if realized, can bring many advantages to both the province and the region. Given the importance of this issue, the purpose of the present study is to design a social-security development model for Sistan and Baluchestan province.
Methodology: The research method is structural equation modeling and quantitative-survey. The research population consisted of all managers and employees of government organizations in Sistan and Baluchestan province. The sample size was 292 people selected using the Cochran formula. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire and the collected data were analyzed in two descriptive and inferential methods using SPSS 16 and Smart PLS software.
Results and Findings: Seven components play a role in explaining the socio-security development of Sistan and Baluchestan province, which are: economic security, social security, military security, development of justice, development of quality of life, development of social ethics, and finally development of political security. In order to examine the fit of the model, X2, R and RS were examined, and the existence of a low X2 and the ratio of chi-square to the degree of freedom of less than three, as well as the calculated coefficient of determination and adjusted coefficient of determination, indicated a proper fit of the model. Finally, from the summary of the factors, dimensions and components of the socio-security development model of Sistan and Baluchestan province, 4 factors were proposed with high priority. These factors are: first priority: military security, second priority: social security, third priority: development of quality of life, and finally, fourth priority: development of justice. It is hoped that this type of study will be a step towards deepening applied knowledge and improving the socio-security situation of Sistan and Baluchestan province.

Abstract Background and Objective: Rural settlements as a context for human life and activities are a multidimensional issue. The issue of rural settlements is part of a broader issue that is manifested under the title of sustainable development at the national and regional levels. Therefore, it is considered by rural, urban and regional planners. Since the peri-urban spaces and villages of Iran, especially in North Khorasan Province, are at a critical juncture in their rural-urban transformation and development process, they must have precise planning in line with unbridled growth. In this regard, this research intends to envision a sustainable role for the village by designing a 5-year plan for Khodagholi village.
Methodology: The method of this research is descriptive-analytical in nature. Library and field methods (questionnaire, interview and observation) were used to collect information. Also, focus groups and qualitative methods were used to analyze the information. The geographical territory of Khodagholi village is one of the villages within the Bojnord city limits.
Results and Findings: The research findings show that the location of Khodagholi village within the Bojnord city limits has increased the rate of migration to this village and has caused many problems. According to the SWOT results, the strengths and opportunities of this village are more than the weaknesses and threats. Therefore, its most important development strategy is aggressive. According to the QSPM results, creating the necessary infrastructure for tourism and accommodation, developing the services, infrastructure and facilities required by the village, completing the rural guide plan, developing small, home and modern jobs, developing the industrial-workshop sector of the village and completing the value chain of village products are the most important strategies for sustainable development of the village.

Abstract Background and Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate urban regeneration and evaluate informal settlements with a case study of Qanat Naseri neighborhood in Arak city. Qanat Nasseri neighborhood is one of the informal settlements that faces numerous challenges in physical, social, economic, and environmental dimensions. For this reason, it was necessary to identify the neighborhood's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats and provide solutions to organize them.
Methodology: The research method was descriptive-analytical and its purpose was applied. Survey and documentary methods were used to collect data and information. The statistical population of the study was the residents of Qanat Naseri neighborhood in the northeast of Arak. For this purpose, 37 educated residents of the area and 21 experts and specialists from the consulting company and the Arak Construction and Reconstruction Organization were selected and they answered the questionnaire questions. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and SWOT and QSPM models.
 Findings and Conclusion: The findings showed that public participation, improving physical infrastructure, addressing environmental problems, and economic empowerment are among the key factors in regenerating this neighborhood. The analyses conducted showed that the Qanat Nasseri neighborhood is located in the WO (conservative strategies) section of the SWOT matrix, which relies on using external opportunities to reduce internal weaknesses. Accordingly, it is necessary to use the marginal texture organization equation. In the absence of careful management and complete oversight, those with more power control all the resources and make things even more difficult for others. Sometimes, the government itself oppresses marginalized people by imposing restrictions or forced evictions. In such circumstances, the situation of each of the marginal areas should be analyzed separately and a solution should be proposed based on that. According to the findings of this study, marginal neighborhoods face numerous bottlenecks. The methods used for organization have not been very successful so far. According to this study, using the equation for organizing marginal textures does not have these shortcomings of previous methods. The second stage is dedicated to the preparation and transformation of the human condition. Ultimately, with the change in social status, positive and sustainable changes will occur in this area.

Abstract Background and Objective: The predominance of the autocratic view in urban management imposes exorbitant costs on the shoulders of people and even governments that have declared municipalities as self-governing public institutions. In this approach, cities are out of people's ownership and citizens do not have a role in the management of their settlements. The basic assumption of this study is that now cities are imagined as an aquarium and its costs are demanded from people who do not have a specific relationship with it. This is despite the fact that if people's urban rights are respected, the city is imagined as an ecosystem and not only will be managed with the lowest cost, but will also create the highest level of satisfaction. To test this hypothesis, the relationship between compliance with urban rights and the possibility of realizing an ecosystem city in Mashhad was investigated.
Methodology: The descriptive-analytical research method and its purpose were practical. The data required in this study were collected from a sample of 384 people who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, whose validity and reliability were confirmed based on experts' opinions and Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.81). The collected data were analyzed using correlation coefficient, one-way variance, post hoc tests, multiple regression and other statistical models.
 Findings and Conclusion: The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the belief in observing urban rights in five components (civil rights, political rights, social rights, cultural rights and gender rights) and the possibility of realizing ecosystem management. Also, the results of the Pearson correlation test showed that the belief in the observance of citizen's rights and city ecosystem management have a significant and positive relationship; in this sense, the more the belief in the realization of citizenship rights (right to the city) increases, the more the possibility of implementing city ecosystem management increases. The correlation coefficient of these two variables was 56%. As a result, the main hypothesis of the research regarding the effect of belief in the realization of citizenship rights on the possibility of city ecosystem management was confirmed. This finding shows that the two variables of belief in the realization of citizenship rights and the possibility of city ecosystem management are aligned in the same direction. The calculated regression coefficient was 0.62 and the determination coefficient was 37. In fact, 37% of the change in the dependent variable is explained by the belief in the realization of citizenship rights. Based on this, if the citizens believe that managers, designers and urban policy makers respect their urban rights, they will truly consider the city their home.

Abstract Background and Objective: Urbanization is a global trend that significantly impacts sustainable urban development and the quality of urban life. Assessing urban sprawl is critical for sustainable urban planning and aligns with the key objectives of the United Nations sustainable development goals. The present descriptive-analytical study aims to identify and measure the intensity of urban sprawl in the city of Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq.
Methodology: Using geographic technology and landscape indicators, the study assesses, maps, and quantifies the extent of urban sprawl in Al-Diwaniyah from 1990 to 2024. Therefore, to achieve the desired goal, a supervised machine learning algorithm using a support vector machine (SVM) along with landscape criteria was used. In this regard, first, satellite images for the years 1990, 2000, 2011, 2020, and 2024 were extracted using the Landsat satellite and classified and changes were revealed using the SVM algorithm in ENVI4.8 software. Also, by applying landscape metrics using Fragstats 4.2 software, urban sprawl in the city of Al-Diwaniyah was examined and extracted.
Findings and Conclusion: The results showed that the amount of construction in Al-Diwaniyah city increased from 2069 hectares in 1990 to 4420 hectares in 2024 during the 34-year study period. In other words, the city witnessed a growth of 113.6%. The study also discovered through landscape criteria that all forms of urban sprawl, leapfrog, infill, strip/ribbon, and low density development characterize the urban sprawl pattern in Diwaniyah.

Abstract Background and Objective: Multi-criteria decision-making methods combined with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) enable the simultaneous evaluation of various environmental, infrastructural, and security criteria, assisting in the optimal selection of locations for the establishment of military bases. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to locate military bases in Meshginshahr County using the Analytic Network Process (ANP) model and GIS.
Methodology:To achieve the research objective, a survey method was first employed by designing a questionnaire to collect expert opinions on the factors influencing the siting of military bases in the study area. In the next step, necessary data layers were digitized based on existing maps, and a database was created in the ArcGIS environment. Data weighting was carried out using the ANP method. Finally, the zoning map of the study area was prepared by integrating and overlaying the selected layers.
Findings and Results: The results indicated that 15.67% of the county's area falls within the "highly suitable" class and 17.97% within the "suitable" class, mainly located in the central and eastern parts of the county. In contrast, 25.55% is categorized as "unsuitable" and 21.48% as "highly unsuitable," primarily found in the mountainous and steep western and southern regions.This study demonstrated that integrating multi-criteria decision-making models with GIS spatial analysis can significantly assist in optimizing the site selection of military bases while minimizing environmental and security conflicts.

Abstract Background and Objective: Considering the vital importance of human resources in the National Iranian Drilling Company, especially in the city of Ahvaz, and the exposure of employees to job stress and high workplace risks, it is essential to develop a local and comprehensive model for sports development. In this regard, the aim of the present study was to explain and design a model for the development of sports for employees in the National Iranian Drilling Company with a regional sustainability approach in Ahvaz. This research is applied in terms of its purpose and is classified as qualitative research in terms of its nature, and has been conducted with a data-based theory approach (grand theory).
Methodology: The statistical population of the study consisted of experts and employees familiar with the subject of sports and organizational development in the National Ahvaz Drilling Company with a regional sustainability approach, as well as academic experts in the field of sports management. The sample size was determined as 30 people using the purposive sampling method (snowball) and based on the principle of theoretical saturation. The data collection tool was in-depth semi-structured interviews that were conducted with the participation of sample members. Three stages of open, axial, and selective coding were used to analyze the data.
Results and Findings: The results of the study showed that sports development in the National Iranian Drilling Company is a comprehensive and cyclical system that has been formed around the main category of "model of sustainable sports development in the organization". This model was explained based on six paradigmatic categories (causal, contextual, interventionist, strategies and consequences). Causal and contextual factors initiate the development path, which then faces interventionist obstacles (political, financial, managerial). To overcome these obstacles, four key strategic roles (cultural-interactional, managerial-executive, financial and educational) were presented. The successful implementation of these strategies has led to four types of consequences (fundamental, health, structural and economic) that transform sports development from a cost to a strategic investment with high returns on health, vitality and productivity of human resources. This indigenous model provides a comprehensive framework for policymakers to promote sports into a systemic and managerial process.

Abstract Background and Aim: Heritage concepts with an emphasis on identity reflect the material and non-material lives of societies. Therefore, expanding the scope of tourism, as a field of study, reflects an increasing role in the protection of heritage in parallel with the documentation of museums. In the meantime, the tourism industry's development in the heritage field and economic growth are concerned with protecting cultural resources.
Methods: Thus, investigating the synergy of the tourism industry and intangible heritage will prevent the orientation of passive criteria. Therefore, the present study, to answer the question "What is the synergy effect of intangible heritage and tourism industry on sustainable development?", extracted the development criteria in the House of Museums of the World Heritage Protected Area of Tabriz Historical Bazaar, to explain the insights in acknowledging the relationship between these two articles, from library studies and historical documents approved by experts and specialists of the Cultural Heritage Organization of West Azerbaijan Province. Also, in terms of answering the question "How important are the tourists' experiences of the Tabriz Museum House in the development of tourism?", to measure the visitors' satisfaction with the quality of the infrastructure and resources available in the 8 houses of the museum in the historical area of the case study, structured questionnaires were distributed among 78 tourists on a five-point Likert scale.
Findings and Conclusion: In the integration of the extracted components and analysis of SPSS software with T-test, it was found that if the managers and stakeholders in the field of cultural heritage have a combined attitude towards the synergistic categories of tourism industry and intangible heritage, the procedure of conservation and transfer of intangible cultural heritage in the houses of museums in the study area will be improved.

Abstract Background and Objective: In this study, the Analytic Network Process (ANP) model was employed within a Geographic Information System (GIS) framework to zone Ardabil County for the purpose of optimal military site selection. The primary objective was to identify and prioritize the most suitable areas for the establishment of military bases, taking into account environmental, climatic, and human-related criteria.
Methodology: This research is of an applied type and has been conducted using a descriptive-analytical method. For this purpose, fourteen important indicators including altitude, slope, slope direction, geology, vegetation, temperature, humidity, soil, distance from road, village, fault, land use, distance from waterway were classified into three main groups (minor, human and environmental). First, using the ANP model and Super Decisions software, the weight of each of them (using a questionnaire and 30 experts and news) was calculated based on pairwise comparisons and internal and external relationships among them. Then, using the GIS environment, spatial information layers related to each indicator were prepared and processed, and the final weight of each layer was integrated using the Raster Calculator tool. In the next step, the final zoning map of the garrison location was divided into five classes from completely suitable to completely unsuitable.
Results and Findings: Results indicated that approximately 30% of the study area falls within the "highly suitable" and "suitable" classes, mainly located in the central and western parts of the county. In contrast, about 30% of the area was found to be "moderately suitable," predominantly covering the northern and central regions. Additionally, 40% of the area was classified as "unsuitable" or "highly unsuitable," with most of these areas situated in the northern and southern parts of the county. The findings of this research can serve as an effective decision-making tool for defense institutions and urban management authorities in the optimal placement of military facilities.

Abstract Background and Aim: Cultural-heritage tourism is important in representing the identity of its society as a distinctive aspect of the culture of any society. Visitors' dissatisfaction with the infrastructure disrupts the nature of the heritage. Therefore, paying attention to the category of tourism infrastructure to promote awareness, provides one of the effective grounds for the development of cultural-heritage tourism. The Takht-e-Soleiman World Heritage Complex welcomes domestic and foreign tourists every year due to its luxurious capital located in the city of Takab in West Azerbaijan province, but it is centralized in terms of the quality of tourism infrastructure.
Methods: The present study seeks to answer the question "What are the indicators of the quality of infrastructure in the field of heritage cultural tourism?" It deals with the role of infrastructure. Also, the answer to the question "From the tourists' point of view, what is the quality status of each of the cultural-heritage tourism infrastructures in the Takht-e-Soleiman World Heritage Area?" was investigated in explaining the achievement of the principles of tourism development in this valuable complex. The research method was analyzed as a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) applied type using structured questions in a five-point Likert format in SPSS software and 57 internal and external variables of 7 levels were identified to investigate the problems in the quality of infrastructure.
Findings and Conclusion: The results showed that most of the points of collision and interference happened in the marginal parking area of ​​commercial-service uses and with the area of ​​influence from the whole city that has not even provided the minimum parking area specified in the approved detailed plan of this city. Therefore, for any request for creation, development, or change of land use, its traffic impacts must be checked in addition to complying with the established principles and criteria.

Abstract Background and Objective: Crime as a social exclusion, despite the density and social cohesion in the creation of social spaces, due to the presence of defenseless and abandoned spaces, has penetrated the perception of public spaces users. From this point of view, the category of creating a sense of security in environmental design with the CPTED approach in urban public spaces, especially the taboos of historical contexts, is worthy of attention. In the meantime, historical markets, which are one of the centers of interactions and confrontations of citizens, should be included in urban policies to improve and recreate safe spaces.
Research Methodology: In this regard, the current research, with a practical approach with a mixed method (qualitative-quantitative) to answer the main question, "What is the efficiency of the process (CPTED) in the sense of security of the users of the spaces of the eastern historical bazaar of Urmia?" I investigated the lands east of the historical bazaar of Urmia. Thus, by randomly distributing the questionnaire to the statistical population of 110 activists, the answer of 86 people is accepted according to Cochran's formula.
Findings and Conclusion: The analysis done in SPSS software of the parameters of the first-generation CPTED approaches shows the impact of the territorialism variable with a value of 0.625 in the highest degree and management and maintenance with a value of 0.194 in the lowest degree. Therefore, the results indicate that the approach to the theory of broken windows and the theory of space crime in improving the lands east of the historical market of Urmia will be of interest in creating safe and sociable spaces. In this way, it provides suggestions for future research.

Abstract  Background and Aim: The network of urban vehicle fueling stations is considered as one of the important centers of urban services. But today it is facing widespread inadequacies and shortages. The fueling capacity, mainly due to the inappropriate geographical distribution, does not meet the needs, therefore, it is necessary to provide a model for the development of the network of urban fuel stations by examining studies on the optimal location of the stations, so that the correct distribution of the stations in the city, in addition to preventing the problems that occur in The future is imposed on the city, to prevent the waste of energy and the efficiency of existing facilities and resources. With the growth of the population, especially in big cities, the volume of demand for public services has increased. Also, the need to create multiple fuel stations is felt more than in the past. Choosing the right location is one of the most important aspects of business success. The most important problem in providing services in this sector is the lack of proper distribution of stations in terms of quantity and the limited functional radius of the stations. Methods: The presen research a applied developmental approach and a combination research method (descriptive, analytical, and field). Findings and Conclusion: As a result, it is necessary to examine the quantitative and qualitative distribution of fuel stations. In the fuel industry, the problem of choosing a gas station location includes several quantitative and qualitative factors, including the number of other stations in the area, the direction of traffic, the social composition of the surrounding residential area, and the limited structure of the station. The choice of location significantly affects the success of the business. In particular, the choice of location for fuel stations is determined by investment constraints in facilities and criteria that include a series of social services. The purpose of this article is to introduce some common techniques of operational research in the location of gas stations.

Abstract Background and Aim: Cancer is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. Always the role of natural and geographical factors in the manner and manner of distribution and its effects on disease centers and the role of natural processes in fundamental changes and humans as well as human-related diseases, even in places where these effects are clearly evident in the death or destruction of habitats and humans themselves; It has a pale appearance.
Methods: This research is based on field studies in terms of the nature of the applied goal and in terms of the descriptive-analytical research method. The statistical population of this research includes all patients with gastrointestinal cancer who were diagnosed between 2014-2017 and were registered in the Sima Cancer System (Electronic Management Integration System) and were permanently residing in Lorestan province. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, indicators related to the role of geographical factors in the spread of digestive tract cancer were extracted (average annual rainfall, vegetation cover, average annual temperature, average sunny hours, and climatic zones).In order to investigate the role of geographic factors in the classification and distribution of these indicators, one-sample t-tests, Pearson's correlation, and Friedman's test were used. In the following, ArcGIS software was used to explain the model through geographic weighted regression of use and the level and status of these effects.
Findings and Conclusion:  The results showed that the most important factor influencing the variable of cancer distribution was the vegetation component with a coefficient of 0.91%, which explains the influence situation well. Also, the results of the effect of geographical factors were such that Khorramabad and Borujerd cities had the highest effect, Kouhdasht, Delfan, Aliguderz, and Durood cities had a moderate effect, and Selah, Poldekhtar, and Azna cities had the least effect from geographical factors.
 

Abstract Bushehr province has many capabilities and potentials in the field of environment and economy. In terms of development, it faces spatial imbalances and social challenges in relation to the unfair distribution of facilities and services along the border. The development of the province in the planning system can play a decisive role in the stability and sustainable security of the southern region of Iran. The purpose of the research is practical and its methodology is descriptive and analytical. First, the weight of the indicators is calculated by FUZZY method and then the provinces cities are prioritized by using VIKOR model. According to the analysis, Bushehr province is the most prosperous county of the province and the next rank includes Assaluyeh, Kangan and Jam counties. Dashtestan township has occupied the least prosperous level. Industry, as a sector of economic progress, has played the greatest role in determining the level of development of counties as well as creating imbalances. Overloading of industrial capacity in some township will cause pollution and destructive environmental effects and will provide major challenges and threats to the structure of the residential system. Imbalances will also have consequences such as unemployment, poverty, insecurity and instability in settlements. Planning in the framework of territorial spatial arrangement is considered necessary in creation of a balanced spatial structure of the region. One of the most important research suggestions is to use all the capacities of the province in order to balance, because the north of the province has a large capacity in the field of tourism, If from which exploitation will be done, it can play a significant role in improvement and the balance of the region.

Abstract Due to the strengths that the improvement of worn-out structures in Mazandaran province especially Neka city creates such as economic, social and political growth, there are still significant challenges in the areas of physical and environmental destruction, social deprivation, insecurity, unemployment. , economic inequalities, housing shortages and traffic, which have severely reduced the quality of urban life in these areas. Accordingly, the present study aims to investigate the effect of worn tissue remediation on urban life by ranking the effective factors by fuzzy Demtel and fuzzy vector techniques. This research is of descriptive-survey type and applied research according to its nature, subject and objectives.on the part of data collection of current situation, In terms of  field method, a questionnaire was used to assess the economic, environmental and physical quality of citizens in the dilapidated context of Neka city. The statistical population of the study is the population living in Naranjbagh neighborhoods of Neka city and the sample size according to Cochran's formula is equal to 381 citizens.Statistical softwares of EXCEL and SPSS are used to analyze the data and to discover the usefulness of variables from the statistical test of structural equations, to prove the hypotheses from the regression test and then with fuzzy Demtel technique to rank the criteria and indicators. The results of the study show that the improvement of worn-out tissue has an effect on the quality of urban life of Naranjbagh citizens and is directly related to the sense that the better the improvement and reconstruction of worn-out tissue, or in other words, the better the quality of housing, the better the quality of life in such tissues; therefore, tissues appear to be more vital and healthy and residents are more satisfied with life.