Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS)

Abstract Background and Objective: Mental health represents a fundamental dimension of women's overall well-being and is deeply influenced by various individual and environmental factors. Among these, access to urban public spaces plays a significant role in shaping women’s psychological and emotional experiences in cities. Public spaces—such as parks, plazas, and green areas—can provide opportunities for social interaction, relaxation, physical activity, and a sense of safety, all of which contribute to improved mental health. This study aims to investigate the relationship between access to urban public spaces and women's mental health in Ardabil, Iran, by examining multiple influencing dimensions.
Methods: This applied study uses a descriptive-analytical research design. Data were collected from a sample of 400 women in Ardabil through a structured questionnaire, using a systematic random sampling method. The instrument included 58 items across six core indicators: physical-spatial features, socio-cultural dimensions, perceived safety, access to parks, mental health status, and depression levels. Data analysis was performed using one-sample t-tests in SPSS software and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in AMOS to explore relationships between variables.
Results and Conclusion: The results indicated that physical-spatial (mean = 3.17) and socio-cultural (mean = 3.05) components were in relatively favorable condition. The SEM path analysis demonstrated that the physical-spatial factor (β = 0.89) exerted the most significant effect on improving urban space quality. Environmental safety, socio-cultural characteristics, access to parks, mental health, and depression followed in descending order of impact. The study underscores the importance of inclusive urban design and planning, suggesting that enhancing physical and environmental aspects of public spaces can foster women's presence in cities and significantly support their mental well-being.

Abstract Background and Objective: Geotourism is a scientific trend in common connection with the fields of earth sciences and tourism, which aims to identify geosites or special geomorphological places. The aim of this research is to evaluate the geotourism potentials of the tourism target cities of Alborz province based on the Hadzik and Kobalikwa model.
Methodology: The methodology in this study is the use of quantitative models of Hadzik and Kobalikova. In the dynamic model, the term heritage is composed of several elements including cultural, historical, social, aesthetic, archaeological, educational, scientific, entertainment, physiological and artistic (landscapes have been a source of inspiration for painters, sculptors and writers). The value and importance of each geotourism site in this method is estimated by the scientific value indices and the surplus values of that geotourism site. The Kobalikova model emphasizes more on scientific, educational, economic, conservation and cultural criteria.
Findings and results: Based on the results of the Hadzik model, it was shown that among the studied regions, Taleghan County with a score of (82.65) has a greater ability to attract tourists than other regions. Karaj County with a score of (44.79) and Savjbolagh County with a score of (25.15) are in second and third place. Based on the results of the Kobalikwa model, the Taleghan region obtained the highest score with the highest value in all indicators and a total score of (9.03), and accordingly, the Taleghan region has the highest geotourism potential.
Conclusion: Therefore, it is concluded that Taleghan geotourism areas have a good potential for attracting tourism compared to other geotourism areas. Finally, it is suggested that in future studies, more natural and human factors should be used to evaluate geotourism potentials.
Keywords: Geotourist, Tourism Target, Alborz, Hadzik, Kobalikva.

Abstract 1. Background and Aim
Urban deteriorated fabrics, due to physical degradation, weak infrastructure, high population density, and limited accessibility, are highly vulnerable to natural and human induced crises. These challenges complicate crisis management in such areas, emphasizing the necessity of resilience assessment. The present study aims to assess the physical resilience of District 4 in Urmia, rank its four subdistricts based on resilience levels, and propose practical strategies to reduce their vulnerability.
2. Methods and Material
This study employs a descriptive analytical approach and utilizes the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model to evaluate and rank the subdistricts. To delineate the study area, maps related to the examined indicators including building quality and age, population and building density, plot area, number of floors, construction materials, and street width were generated and analyzed using ArcGIS software. The collected data were weighted and processed using Expert Choice software.
3. Results and Discussion
The results indicate that Subdistrict 2, with a score of 0.196, has the lowest resilience and the highest vulnerability to urban crises, whereas Subdistrict 1, with a score of 0.304, benefits from more favorable physical conditions and infrastructure, exhibiting greater resilience. The key factors contributing to reduced resilience in the study area include the high age of buildings, the use of substandard materials, narrow streets, and excessive population and building density. To improve resilience, several measures have been proposed, including street network rehabilitation, structural retrofitting of buildings, urban infrastructure development, financial incentives for urban renewal, expansion of safe open spaces, and landuse revision. Implementing these strategies within a strategic planning framework, with active participation from urban management authorities, executive institutions, and local residents, can significantly enhance the physical resilience of the area and reduce its vulnerability to potential crises.

Abstract Background and Objective: This paper analyzes the factors affecting urban tourism development using a futures studies approach in Delfan County. Urban tourism, as a key aspect of global economic development, faces challenges in Iran's smaller cities where its potential is limited due to inadequate infrastructure and a lack of effective policies.
Methodology: This research adopts an applied approach in terms of purpose and a descriptive-survey method in terms of nature and research method. Employing analytical methods and expert surveys, the study identifies and examines key indicators using the MICMAC software, analyzing their mutual impacts on sustainable urban tourism development. Data collection methods include documentary (library-based) and field (questionnaire-based) research. The statistical population of this study comprises 30 experts in tourism, local authorities, and futures researchers.
Findings and Conclusion: The findings indicate that infrastructure development, the establishment of sanitary facilities, and the reduction of administrative bureaucracy are key factors in attracting tourists and increasing their satisfaction. Furthermore, ensuring safety and enhancing the sense of security in tourist areas are identified as crucial factors. Finally, the paper provides recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders to promote sustainable tourism development in Delfan County.
Background and Objective: This paper analyzes the factors affecting urban tourism development using a futures studies approach in Delfan County. Urban tourism, as a key aspect of global economic development, faces challenges in Iran's smaller cities where its potential is limited due to inadequate infrastructure and a lack of effective policies.
Methodology: This research adopts an applied approach in terms of purpose and a descriptive-survey method in terms of nature and research method. Employing analytical methods and expert surveys, the study identifies and examines key indicators using the MICMAC software, analyzing their mutual impacts on sustainable urban tourism development. Data collection methods include documentary (library-based) and field (questionnaire-based) research. The statistical population of this study comprises 30 experts in tourism, local authorities, and futures researchers.
Findings and Conclusion: The findings indicate that infrastructure development, the establishment of sanitary facilities, and the reduction of administrative bureaucracy are key factors in attracting tourists and increasing their satisfaction. Furthermore, ensuring safety and enhancing the sense of security in tourist areas are identified as crucial factors. Finally, the paper provides recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders to promote sustainable tourism development in Delfan County.

Abstract Background and Objective: The smart city, as a modern approach to urban management, aims to enhance quality of life, service efficiency, and sustainable development through advanced information technologies, citizen participation, and data-driven decision-making. This study evaluates and ranks the neighborhoods of Tehran's District 6 based on the development level of smart city indicators.
Methodology: The research is applied in nature and employs a descriptive-analytical method. Initially, smart city indicators were identified through a review of theoretical sources, followed by the development of a specialized questionnaire based on the COCOSO model. Field data were collected from 30 urban planning experts, including university professors and municipal officials, using snowball sampling. The Shannon entropy method was used to determine the weight of each indicator, and the COCOSO decision-making model was applied to rank the neighborhoods.
Results and Findings: Results indicate that Neighborhood 4, with a score of 5.442, ranks first, followed by Neighborhood 5 (5.411) and Neighborhood 6 (5.118) in second and third places, respectively. Neighborhoods 3, 1, and 2 rank fourth to sixth with scores of 4.099, 3.322, and 1.447, respectively. The findings suggest that balanced smart city development in this district requires targeted policymaking, enhanced digital infrastructure, and leveraging local capacities in each neighborhood.
Conclusion: These results highlight that utilizing local advantages, particularly in lower-performing neighborhoods, can significantly contribute to improving smart city indicators and reducing spatial inequalities.

Abstract Today, the expansion of urbanization and the city becoming the primary habitat for humans have led to urban planners focusing mainly on enhancing the quality of urban life in all its dimensions. Among these, one of the most crucial dimensions is fostering a sense of security in urban spaces, which has always played a significant role as a psycho-social phenomenon in citizens’ experience of the urban environment. Therefore, appropriate planning to increase urban security is an undeniable necessity in urban planning.Consequently, the main objective of the present research is to examine the extent to which physical factors and neighborhood structures influence citizens’ sense of security in Alashtar city, and to propose solutions for eliminating insecurity factors and enhancing citizens’ sense of security. Thus, the research method is descriptive-analytical, based on a questionnaire with a sample size of 384 individuals, selected using the random cluster sampling method.Furthermore, 9 components were used to assess citizens’ sense of security, and 19 components were used to examine the physical factors. For analyzing the obtained data in both statistical and graphical sections, SPSS and GIS software were utilized.The research findings indicated that the sense of security at the neighborhood level in Alashtar city is at a low level (t = -15.43). In terms of the scores for physical security indicators as well (-1.428), the city is in an unfavorable condition. Therefore, it can be stated that there is a significant relationship between physical factors and citizens’ sense of security in Alashtar city, and the physical conditions have proven effective in influencing the level of citizens’ sense of security.

Abstract Urban management must respond to the trends of change in the city and its citizens. In such a way that its strategic actions are commensurate with urban issues and its developments. In this regard, what has always been neglected in the process of urban management in the country is the discussion of desirable urban governance. Accordingly, the study examines the components affecting desirable urban governance. The present study is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its method, which is classified as a dependency study. The statistical population of the study is the citizens of Ardabil city. The sample size was estimated using the Cochran formula at 384 people. The data collection tool is based on two library and survey methods (questionnaire). In this regard, the questionnaire was distributed and completed among the citizens using a simple random sampling method. In order to evaluate the impact of each of the variables affecting desirable urban governance, 6 components (participation, legality, accountability and responsibility, justice-centeredness, collective agreement, transparency) were used. LISREL and SPSS software were also used to analyze the data. The results of the one-sample T-test showed that all the components under study are among the factors affecting desirable urban governance because the test results of all variables were positive and scored more than the median (3). The significance level of the variables was also observed to be less than 0.05, so the research hypothesis was confirmed at a level of 95%. Considering that all the components under study had a factor load of more than 0.4, the results of the path coefficient (β) indicate positive relationships between the research variables. Also, the value of the RMSEA index coefficient was equal to (0.72) and the chi-square coefficient was obtained (42.39), so it can be claimed that the research model shows good and desirable fit.

Abstract Entrepreneurship is a concept that has attracted great attention from economists and management theorists in the last few decades. Today, for social and economic progress and development, societies need to develop entrepreneurship; but there are obstacles that prevent entrepreneurial activities and entrepreneurship cannot develop in societies. Entrepreneurs or entrepreneurs are the economic success of society. Entrepreneurs play a key role in the economic development and social transformation of every society. Entrepreneurs have been considered and studied as key elements in accelerating the development of developing countries and in the revival and continuation of the development of industrialized countries. In this article, the concept of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship development, and obstacles to entrepreneurship development are examined. Entrepreneurship development refers to the process in which individuals (entrepreneurs) identify business ideas and opportunities and establish and grow new businesses using financial, technical, and human resources. Entrepreneurship development generally includes processes and activities that encourage and support individuals to start and manage their own businesses. Which has obstacles, obstacles to entrepreneurship development in each city may differ based on the characteristics and geographical, economic, social and political conditions of the city. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the obstacles to entrepreneurship development in Lali city using the SWOT model. This study is descriptive-analytical in terms of its applied purpose. And its information has been collected and prepared through library and field methods.

Abstract Background and Objective:. Today, most cities in the world are exposed to many crises, including environmental crises, demographic changes, physical-economic problems, poverty, lack of urban services, etc. The complex urban environment has forced thoughtful people to think about reforming and creating new urban structures in order to get rid of problems and shortcomings in achieving the highest level of life. Based on this, urban managers and planners have considered making the city smart as a necessity to remove obstacles in cities and improve life in them. A smart city is a multidimensional phenomenon that encompasses various indicators.
Methodology: This article attempts to review the concepts of smart city, its components and indicators for the city of Ardabil and analyze them. It is done through semi-structured interviews with experts and managers of 22 people in the municipality of Ardabil using random sampling methodand also through a questionnaire of Ardabil citizens using Cochran sampling method with 384 people, and the final extracted indicators were examined in the form of SWOT model.
Results and findings: The result of the position of the smart city in Ardabil city is that out of the four states of aggressive, conservative, defensive and competitive, it is in the worst possible state, that is, defensive (the confrontation of weakness and threat). It is also weak in terms of internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and has not shown suitable conditions against external factors (opportunities and threats). According to the studies, the internal factor matrix (IE) was 0.86 and the external factor matrix (EFE) was 0.74, which is a long way from equilibrium and indicates the inappropriate position of Ardabil city from the perspective of a smart city.
Keywords: Smart city, smart city index, Swot model , Ardebil city

Abstract Since citizenship is one of the key concepts in understanding and describing the position and condition of today's human being, it demands that the needs of this position be answered through a chain of cultural and educational activities. The main purpose of the research is to evaluate the role of cultural activities of municipalities on the promotion of public culture (case study of Naqadeh city).
The current research has been done based on the descriptive-analytical method. Two steps have been used to collect and analyze information. The first step is to collect the required information and data using studies and authentic library documents and the second step is to use a questionnaire compiled by the researcher, the statistical population of the city of Naqdeh 81598. The number and size of the sample is 382 based on Cochran's formula. Inferential operations have been performed using Excel and SPSS software, and frequency tables and T-test statistical techniques have been used to describe and analyze them.
The findings indicate that the first hypothesis with the total average of indicators equal to 4.36. And the second hypothesis with the average of all indicators is equal to 4.50.
The results show that it is very necessary to try to develop cultural infrastructures and create cultural centers and community centers and use the resources to operationalize cultural and social programs

Abstract Abstract

Background and Objective: Diabetes is a major chronic non-communicable disease with growing global and national prevalence, imposing substantial burdens on healthcare systems and negatively affecting patients' quality of life. As a modern analytical approach, spatial analysis offers valuable insights into the geographic distribution of diseases and supports the development of targeted interventions. This study aims to fill a gap in neighborhood-scale research by employing advanced spatial tools to explore the spatial distribution of diabetes, emphasizing equity in access to healthcare services.

Methodology: This applied, descriptive-analytical research examined the spatial and temporal distribution of diabetic cases in the Abotaleb neighborhood of Ardabil between 2018 and 2022. Data from 235 patients recorded at the local health center were analyzed using Google Maps and ArcGIS. The study utilized techniques such as Kernel Density Estimation, Hot Spot Analysis (Getis-Ord Gi*), Average Nearest Neighbor (ANN), and proximity analysis.

Findings and Conclusion: The results indicated that the spatial distribution of diabetic patients followed a clustered pattern, with the highest concentration observed in the central and southern parts of the neighborhood, comprising approximately 30% of all patients. In the later years of the study, the clusters expanded toward the northern and western areas. The hot spot analysis showed that about 5% of patients were located in zones with 99% confidence, 10% in 95% confidence zones, and 15% in 90% confidence zones. Additionally, nearly 25% of patients were found in cold spots, indicating areas of lower patient density. Proximity and spatial neighborhood analyses revealed that some areas faced significant limitations in access to healthcare services. Age was also identified as a key variable contributing to the formation of spatial clusters. These findings underscore the need for revisiting the location of healthcare facilities and incorporating spatial analysis into health policy planning.

Abstract Background and Aim: One of the challenges arising from rapid urbanization is the phenomenon of urban decay. Such deteriorated areas consistently pose major challenges for urban management due to the numerous problems faced by their residents. Therefore, urban renewal in these areas is of critical importance. This study examines the impacts of renewal efforts in the deteriorated neighborhood of Bagherabad.
Method and Materials: The statistical population of this research includes 5,514 households in Bagherabad (based on 2016 census data). To determine the sample size, Cochran's sampling method was used, resulting in a sample of 360 households. Based on prior studies, relevant indicators were selected, and a questionnaire was designed accordingly. Fieldwork was conducted to collect data. SPSS software was used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics such as mean, frequency percentage, and standard deviation were utilized. For statistical analysis, the Sign Test and Chi-Square Test were applied. Additionally, the Friedman Test was used to classify and prioritize the impact levels.
Findings and Discussion: According to the results, urban renewal in Bagherabad had the greatest positive impact on the economic dimension. The physical and social dimensions ranked second and third respectively. The environmental dimension showed the lowest level of impact.In other words, urban renewal in the Bagherabad neighborhood has led to improvements in economic and physical components. However, social and environmental dimensions have not seen significant improvement and remain in an undesirable state. It is worth noting that all dimensions, except the physical aspect, are statistically significant with a confidence level of 95%.

Abstract Background and Aim: Appropriate and rapid access to specialized medical services is an essential issue for the health of society, especially people with disabilities. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate and analyze the access status of people with mental and psychological disabilities to a specialized neuropsychiatric hospital in Ardabil city.
Methodology: The present study is descriptive-analytical in nature and applied in purpose. Data on population blocks were obtained from the 2016 census, and data on the research population were obtained from the General Directorate of Welfare of Ardabil Province. For analysis, the network analysis tool in GIS software has been used. Results and Discussion: The findings of the study showed Considering the location of mentally disabled people in the city and specialized hospitals, there were zero, 24, 44, 143, 160, and 199 people within 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 meters of service area, respectively, and 129 people were located at a distance of more than 5,000 meters. Also, in the location allocation method and within a threshold of 20 minutes, all mentally disabled people can access the hospital and specialized psychiatric services. Optimal access for the majority of people with intellectual disabilities is possible in time and space, and Fatemi Hospital is the most accessible center for disabled people due to its location.

Abstract Abstract
Forecasting the Trend of Housing Price Changes in Ardabil with a Spatio-Temporal Analysis Approach examines the spatial and temporal dynamics of housing prices in this city. In recent years, housing price fluctuations have become one of the most important economic and social challenges in the city of Ardabil, which necessitates a deeper understanding of its change patterns. This research seeks to answer the question of how different spatial and temporal factors affect housing price trends in different regions of Ardabil. The main objective of this study is to predict future changes in housing prices using modern spatio-temporal analysis methods and identify areas with potential for price growth or decline. The research method is a combination of advanced statistical analysis and Geographic Information System (GIS) with an emphasis on Geo-Temporal Weighted Regression (GTWR) models. The data used include housing price information over a 5-year period and effective environmental, economic, and physical variables. The findings show that housing prices in Ardabil follow a spatio-temporal cluster pattern and the central and northern areas of the city are increasing in price at a faster pace. Key influencing factors include access to service centers, quality of the urban environment, inflation rate, and population growth. The results show that by 1405, neighborhoods adjacent to administrative and commercial centers will face price growth of 25 to 30 percent. This study provides a valuable tool for urban policymakers and housing investors to make more informed decisions in urban planning and investment in the housing sector.

Abstract چکیده
تحلیل الگوی پراکنش فضایی قیمت مسکن در شهر اردبیل با استفاده از GIS، موضوعی است که به بررسی توزیع جغرافیایی قیمت مسکن و عوامل مؤثر بر آن می‌پردازد. با رشد شهرنشینی و افزایش تقاضا برای مسکن، درک نحوه توزیع قیمت‌ها در سطح شهر به برنامه‌ریزان و سیاست‌گذاران کمک می‌کند تا تصمیمات بهینه‌تری اتخاذ کنند. در این تحقیق، مسأله اصلی شناسایی الگوهای فضایی قیمت مسکن و ارتباط آن با متغیرهای اقتصادی، اجتماعی و کالبدی است. هدف اصلی این مطالعه، تحلیل پراکنش فضایی قیمت مسکن و تعیین عوامل کلیدی تأثیرگذار بر آن در شهر اردبیل است. روش تحقیق به‌صورت توصیفی-تحلیلی بوده و از ابزارهای GIS برای تحلیل فضایی داده‌ها استفاده شده است. داده‌های مورد نیاز از منابع رسمی و میدانی جمع‌آوری و با روش‌های آماری و زمین-آماری مورد پردازش قرار گرفته‌اند. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که: قیمت مسکن در شهر اردبیل از الگوی خوشه‌ای تبعیت می‌کند و مناطق با قیمته‌ای بالا و پایین به‌صورت متمرکز در نقاط خاصی از شهر قرار دارند. عواملی مانند دسترسی به مراکز خدماتی، کیفیت محیطی و ویژگی‌های کالبدی ساختمان‌ها تأثیر معناداری بر قیمت مسکن دارند. نتایج تحقیق بیانگر آن است که تحلیل فضایی قیمت مسکن می‌تواند به درک بهتر نابرابری‌های شهری و تدوین سیاست‌های مسکن کمک کند. این مطالعه به برنامه‌ریزان شهری پیشنهاد می‌کند از ابزارهای GIS برای پایش مستمر تغییرات قیمت مسکن و شناسایی مناطق محروم استفاده کنند.

Abstract Background and Aim: Child-friendly cities are active and attractive places that provide children with opportunities for interaction, recreation, personal growth, stress reduction, creativity stimulation, and social vitality. In this regard, the aim of this study is to assess the status of neighborhoods in Gorgan in terms of child-friendly city indicators and the factors effective in achieving them.
Methodology: The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Field and questionnaire methods were used in this study. In the first part of the study, which is the statistical population of child caregivers, the Cochran formula was used to determine the sample size, which resulted in a sample size of 350 people. In the next part of the study, which used the Delphi sampling method, 50 people with a master's degree or higher who have valid research in the field of urban planning and management with a focus on the child-friendly city of Gorgan were used as the statistical population. SPSS and SMART-PLS software were used to analyze the data.
Findings and Results: In terms of child-friendly city components, Gorgan-Pars neighborhood is in a better position than Ozineh neighborhood, and the physical-environmental and managerial-organizational components are the most problematic components in the field of child-friendly city at the level of neighborhoods in Gorgan. Based on the results obtained, the physical-environmental criterion (factor load 0.77), the managerial-organizational criterion (factor load 0.73), the social-cultural criterion (factor load 0.65), and the economic criterion (factor load 0.58) have the greatest impact on achieving a child-friendly city.

Abstract Background and Objective: The first step to achieving a desirable living environment is to assess the quality of life from the perspective of residents and identify the factors that affect their satisfaction with their living environment. Accordingly, the present study was designed to assess the desirability of the quality of residential environment components from the perspective of citizens in the city of Baqubah, Iraq.
Methodology: This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of type. The statistical population includes the citizens of Baqubah city and the sample size was determined to be 384 people using the Cochran formula. SPSS software was used to analyze the data and in this regard, one-sample t-tests, independent t-tests, one-way analysis of variance and Scheffe's post hoc test were used.
Findings and Conclusion: Based on the results of the one-sample t-test, the level of satisfaction of residents with their residential environment shows the number 3.548. In addition, one-way analysis of variance indicates that two factors, age and education level, have significantly affected the level of satisfaction of individuals with the residential environment. In contrast, factors such as employment status, income level, home ownership, distance from work to home, house area and number of rooms have not shown a significant effect on satisfaction with the residential environment. Surveys show that the level of satisfaction of Baqubah residents with the residential environment, according to evaluation criteria including security, public facilities and services, physical features, visibility, lighting and ventilation, community health, access and transportation, and neighborhood relations, is generally assessed as average.

Abstract Background and Aim: According to the teachings of Islam, justice is one of the most basic and fundamental principles governing the biological system and human behavior. Among them, there are some urban areas that, in terms of spatial justice distribution, not only do not meet the needs of citizens and their equal access to urban uses, but also create problems for citizens. In Iran, many urban development plans and programs are not based on the rules of Islam and the paradigms of an Islamic society. Therefore, following the example of foreigners in the design and planning process in Islamic cities is prohibited and not permissible. The purpose of this article is to extract the dos and don'ts of Islamic rulings in the distribution of spatial justice of educational uses and green space in Iranian-Islamic urban development
Methodology: The present research method is descriptive-analytical and the data was collected based on library resources (including the results of the general population and housing census of the country and the comprehensive plan of Mashhad city) and field methods in the form of physical observations. Using the method of text content analysis and logical reasoning, the factors affecting the realizability of spatial justice distribution in Iranian-Islamic urban planning have been extracted.
Findings and Results: The results show that the area under study has not been able to benefit from Islamic rulings in spatial justice distribution and achieve its lofty goals. Therefore, in order to establish justice in the distribution of space and equal access to uses in an Islamic city for the general public, especially the underprivileged, it is imperative to observe Islamic jurisprudential rules in the preparation and implementation of urban development plans.

Abstract Abstract
Background and Objective: The rapid growth of urbanization and the increasing dependence on private cars in recent decades have created serious challenges in urban transportation systems and have reduced the quality of urban life. In this context, the Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) model, as one of the modern approaches to urban planning, is considered a sustainable strategy for reducing traffic congestion, enhancing urban environmental quality, and promoting public transportation. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the current status of transit-oriented development in District 4 of Tabriz, focusing on physical, functional, and infrastructural indicators.
Methodology: This study employs a descriptive–analytical research method. Data were collected from Geographic Information System (GIS) maps, the detailed plan of Tabriz, and demographic and transportation network information. Spatial models such as Line Density, Entropy, and Distance were applied for data analysis, and key indicators including walkability, cycling, connectivity, land-use mix, density, compactness, and policy shift were quantitatively assessed. Furthermore, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model was used to determine the relative importance of the indicators.
Findings and Conclusion: The results indicate that the central neighborhoods of District 4, due to their high population density and proximity to public transport networks, show the greatest alignment with TOD principles, while the northern and western parts, characterized by spatial dispersion and greater distance from transit stations, exhibit weaker performance. Walkability and land-use mix indicators were found to be more favorable in the older urban areas. Based on AHP analysis, connectivity and public transport accessibility were identified as the most influential factors in achieving TOD. Therefore, developing pedestrian-friendly networks, strengthening cycling infrastructure, and increasing density around transit stations are suggested as key strategies for improving TOD in the study area.

Abstract Background and Objective: The dilapidated fabric of the central part of Ahvaz city is highly vulnerable to various shocks and threats (natural such as earthquakes, floods, fires; socio-economic such as recession, demographic and technological changes) due to its high vulnerability in various physical, social, economic, environmental and institutional-management fields. In this regard, addressing the issue of future research on the role of resilience components in the dilapidated fabric of the central part of Ahvaz city is a multifaceted and vital necessity. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the scenarios of impact on improving the resilience of dilapidated urban fabric.
Methodology: The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The data collection method was library, documentary, and interview (with 50 experts) and using futures research techniques and Micmac and Scenario wizard software.
Results and Findings: The present research, aiming to determine the future trajectories of resilience in the obsolete urban fabric of Ahvaz's central district, initially identified 30 main factors across five dimensions: Environmental, Social, Physical, Economic, and Institutional-Organizational. Utilizing the MICMAC (Matrice d'Impacts Croisés Multiplication Appliquée à un Classement) and Scenario Wizard software, these factors were refined, leading to the selection of 18 key drivers (or "propellants") for scenario development.The final analysis of 19 possible scenarios yielded three distinct pathways: 8 Optimistic Scenarios (promising comprehensive physical-social development), 7 Stagnant Scenarios (indicating high-risk stagnation and fragility), and 4 Pessimistic/Crisis Scenarios (forecasting widespread collapse across economic, environmental, and safety dimensions).The most crucial results, ranked by the Cross-Impact Balance (CIB) Score, indicate that the Strong (Desired) Scenario—with the highest total impact score of 780—is heavily reliant on critical drivers such as local empowerment and extensive financial support. Conversely, the Undesirable (Crisis) Scenario, with a sharp negative score of $-210$, results from a combination of the weakness of these very drivers and increased vulnerability. The ultimate conclusion emphasizes that the future of resilience in the region is critically dependent on the strategic choices of policymakers. To prevent a slide toward stagnation and collapse (as reflected in the Stagnant and Pessimistic scenarios), immediate priority must be given to strengthening the social dimension (through empowerment) and reforming institutional structures (financial), thereby translating existing potential into comprehensive sustainability.

Abstract The optimal site selection for sensitive facilities such as prisons is a significant challenge in urban and regional management. This study aims to identify optimal locations for a prison in Neyshabur city by integrating Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) methods. In terms of purpose, the present study is applied, and in terms of methodology, it is descriptive-analytical. Through library and field studies, 14 effective criteria for prison site selection were identified and categorized into two groups: natural criteria (elevation, slope, aspect, soil type, distance from fault lines, distance from surface waters) and human-security criteria (distance from communication routes, urban boundaries, villages, military centers, industrial centers, passenger terminals, and gas pipelines). The required data were obtained from relevant organizations and processed in a GIS environment. For data analysis, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Analytic Network Process (ANP) methods were used. In the AHP method, after forming the pairwise comparison matrix and calculating the criteria weights, an inconsistency rate of 0.03 was obtained, indicating the reliability of the results. Accordingly, the criteria of 'distance from the city boundary' (0.18) and 'distance from military centers' (0.16) received the highest weights. The results showed that based on the ANP method, 6.49% (500 hectares) of the study area was classified as 'highly suitable', 43.87% (3380 hectares) as 'suitable', and 24.53% (1890 hectares) as 'moderately suitable'. In total, 74.89% of the city's area (5770 hectares) possesses favorable conditions for prison construction. The 'highly suitable' zones are primarily located in the northern and central parts of the city, characterized by gentle topography, balanced access to main roads, and a safe distance from settlements. This zoning can provide a scientific basis for decision-makers and planners in the site selection of a prison in Neyshabur city.

Abstract Background and Objective: Urbanization and rapid changes in cities have placed the preservation of the city's historical textures at the center of urban planning. Common concepts that attempt to define old buildings, building groups, and urban areas as separate entities in the urban context are blurred. Therefore, a transformation has occurred in both the concept and structure of the city's historical textures, which is derived from the challenges in this field and consequently, along with these textural landscapes for dealing with a historical territory, such as the urban landscape (HULL). In this regard, the aim of the present study is to investigate the objective and subjective indicators of the historical urban landscape of Kermanshah city with Hull's cultural theory.
Research Methodology: The method of conducting the present study was descriptive-analytical, and its information was collected through library studies and through completing a questionnaire. For data analysis, a one-sample t-test was used in the Spss21 software and the SWARA model was used for weighting and ranking the indicators.
Findings and Results: The results of the questionnaire, which are divided into two general categories of social security and integration indicators, have shown that the component indicating clarity, legibility, and memorability, and the functional-social cohesion index have the highest score and value. The results of the Swara model also indicate that among the qualities, quality, experience in the environment, respectively, have ranked first to third in the level of completely desirable performance, which is indicative of the fact that memories and good experiences have been associated with the environment and the study area in the minds of residents and individuals, which increases the likelihood of people returning and using the social space.

Abstract Abstract
Background and Aim: The rapid growth of urbanization and the inability of formal planning systems to meet the needs of low-income groups have led to the formation of informal settlements in many Iranian cities. These settlements often face social, economic, and physical challenges, and urban interventions in the form of regeneration projects are implemented with the aim of improving living conditions. However, evaluating the impacts of such interventions has always been one of the major challenges in urban policy-making, especially when the perspectives of different generations of residents are overlooked.

Methodology: The present study aims to assess the social and economic impacts of urban intervention projects in informal settlements, focusing on a case study of the 45-Meter Engelab Street in the Khalilabad neighborhood of Tabriz from the perspective of the second generation of residents. The research is applied in nature and employs a mixed-methods approach (quantitative–qualitative). Data were collected through structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews and analyzed using SPSS and MAXQDA software.

Results and Discussion: The findings revealed that the social impacts of the project were dual in nature: on the one hand, it led to increased security, improved accessibility, and strengthened sense of place attachment; on the other hand, it weakened traditional neighborhood relations and reduced social capital and organized participation. Economically, the most significant outcome of the project was the increase in property values, while indicators such as employment opportunities, government support, and local business activity showed no significant change. The comparison of quantitative and qualitative data indicated consistency between the results. Overall, the findings suggest that the regeneration of informal settlements can lead to sustainable improvement in living conditions only when social and economic dimensions are considered alongside physical aspects and the perspectives of different generations of residents are simultaneously taken into account.

Abstract Abstract: In recent decades, urban areas have experienced significant spatial and physical transformations, largely driven by rapid horizontal expansion and land-use changes. Tabriz, as one of Iran’s metropolitan cities, has particularly witnessed unbalanced and scattered urban growth in District 4, resulting in various environmental and social consequences. This study aims to evaluate the spatial–physical expansion trends of District 4 of Tabriz. The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive–analytical in nature. Considering the unbalanced urban growth and increasing pressure on natural resources and agricultural lands, the study examines urban development patterns and proposes sustainable approaches for guiding and managing future physical growth.
Methodology: The methodological framework is grounded in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and spatial matrix analysis. Core datasets—including land-use maps, road networks, and key indicators affecting urban development—were collected and processed in ArcGIS. The analytical indicators consisted of building density, horizontal expansion, land-use change, accessibility to urban services, slope, distance from major roads, and hazard zoning. These indicators were rasterized, normalized, and integrated using overlay and hierarchical analytical methods to generate development suitability maps, enabling a multidimensional evaluation of the district’s spatial potential and constraints.
Findings and Conclusion: Results indicate that District 4 has undergone dispersed and unbalanced expansion over the past two decades, with an annual growth rate of roughly 2.5 percent. The prevailing pattern is low-density horizontal sprawl, placing pressure on natural resources and undermining spatial cohesion. Building density is concentrated in central areas and along transportation corridors, whereas peripheral and newly developed zones display low density and limited access to services. Slope and hazard analyses show that while some areas possess high development suitability, others are at environmental risk. Overall, findings highlight the significant role of GIS and spatial indicators in monitoring and guiding urban growth. Redirecting development toward higher density, enhancing spatial equity in service accessibility, considering natural land capacity, and controlling horizontal expansion are recommended as key strategies for promoting sustainable development in the district.

Abstract Urbanization and global warming have significantly affected the quality of urban life, particularly thermal comfort in outdoor spaces. Thermal comfort is a key determinant of public health, social cohesion, and urban livability. In Tabriz, one of Iran’s largest metropolises with a cold-moderate climate, rapid urban expansion, high building density, reduced vegetation, and inappropriate street orientation have intensified urban heat islands (UHI) and degraded outdoor comfort. This study aims to identify key drivers of thermal comfort and develop future scenarios for sustainable urban planning.A mixed-method approach was employed, combining quantitative and qualitative techniques. Data were collected through literature review, expert consultation (Delphi method), and structural analysis using MICMAC software. Thirty experts in urban planning, climatology, and environmental studies participated in the Delphi and scenario-building processes. Results revealed five critical drivers: urban heat islands, height-to-width ratio of streets, wind speed and direction, street orientation relative to prevailing winds, and vegetation cover. ScenarioWizard was applied to generate 15 plausible scenarios, ranging from desirable to critical futures. Findings indicate that increasing vegetation, reducing UHI, and designing streets aligned with wind flow significantly improve thermal comfort. Conversely, high building density and reduced greenery exacerbate discomfort.The study concludes that integrating climate-responsive design, scenario-based planning, and urban ecology perspectives provides a robust framework for enhancing thermal comfort in Tabriz. Policy recommendations include revising current urban management strategies, promoting green infrastructure, and adopting adaptive design guidelines.