Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS)

Abstract Background and Objective: Rapid urbanization and environmental pressures challenge cities to provide a high quality of life. Livability, encompassing social, economic, physical, and environmental dimensions, is influenced by effective urban management. This study aims to evaluate the impact of managerial strategies on urban livability in Districts 1 and 10 of Tabriz, identifying strengths and weaknesses to inform sustainable planning and policy decisions.
Methodology: Descriptive-analytical approach with questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SPSS with t-tests and regression analysis to compare districts and assess relationships between management strategies and livability indicators.
Results and Findings: Findings indicate significant differences between the two districts. District 1 demonstrated higher levels of livability across most indicators, especially in infrastructure and services, while District 10 showed weaknesses in socio-cultural and environmental dimensions. Regression results confirm a meaningful relationship between the quality of urban management and perceived livability. These findings are consistent with international research emphasizing the role of governance, participation, and equitable distribution of resources in enhancing urban life.

Abstract Background and Objective: With the rapid pace of urbanization and its associated environmental challenges, novel approaches such as the smart sustainable city and green infrastructure have become essential. However, the gap between theory and practice, particularly regarding the prioritization of interventions, persists. This study was conducted with the objective of analyzing the impact of green infrastructure on the realization of a smart sustainable city and providing a data-driven framework for spatial prioritization in the metropolis of Karaj.
Methodology: This is an applied study employing a descriptive-analytical method. Initially, 24 key variables were identified and distributed to 30 experts via a questionnaire. Subsequently, using a hybrid approach, the Cross-Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification (MICMAC) technique was utilized to identify key drivers, and the Combined Compromise Solution (CoCoSo) method was employed to rank the readiness of the 11 urban districts of Karaj.
Results and Findings: The results indicated that seven drivers, including "permeable surfaces," "ecological corridors," "investment," and "integrated governance," are the most powerful factors influencing the system. Furthermore, the CoCoSo analysis identified District 5 as the most suitable area for initiating projects. The findings emphasize that a successful transition to a smart sustainable city requires an integrated strategy that simultaneously focuses on physical infrastructure, governance factors, and economic incentives, and that policies must be formulated based on spatial priorities. Ultimately, this study shows that the realization of a smart sustainable city in Karaj is only possible through an integrated strategy that incorporates the key physical, governance, and economic drivers within specific spatial priorities.

Abstract Background and Objective: Increasing population density in urban areas and the rising concerns regarding sustainability and public health have encouraged residents to adopt active mobility patterns. In this context, the concept of the 15-minute city has emerged as a modern urban model aiming to ensure that residents can access essential daily needs (such as work, education, healthcare, and recreation) within a maximum 15-minute distance using non-motorized modes.
Methodology: This applied research was conducted with a descriptive–analytical approach in the Hamidian neighborhood of Rasht. Data were collected through library studies, field observations, maps, satellite images, and upper-level planning documents. Strategies for realizing the 15-minute city were formulated using the SWOT technique and prioritized through the QSPM matrix.
Findings and Conclusion: The findings indicate that the most fundamental requirement for steering the Hamidian neighborhood toward a 15-minute city is improving accessibility and mobility systems. The top three strategies holding the highest priority directly relate to enhancing safe and efficient non-motorized mobility (walking, cycling, and public transport), emphasizing that without adequate transport infrastructure, other objectives of the 15-minute city cannot be achieved. Based on the QSPM scoring, “the quality of pedestrian pathways and pedestrian safety” was identified as the key factor with the highest score, while “smart technologies and tourism development” were recognized as the lowest-priority factor under the neighborhood’s current conditions. Despite challenges such as limited public spaces and weak transport systems, the neighborhood possesses notable potentials, including its suitable connectivity and the presence of the Einak Lagoon. Priority strategies include improving the transport network, enhancing pedestrian pathways, and developing non-motorized access to services and green spaces. Ultimately, the successful implementation of this model requires collaboration among management institutions, citizen participation, and the adoption of smart technologies.

Abstract Background and Objective: The spatial distribution of services, facilities, land uses, and activities in cities, as well as their accessibility, is a key issue in urban studies. In this regard, the location of neighborhoods in relation to access to land uses and urban services requires special attention. This study focuses on analyzing the position of the Tazeh Shahr neighborhood to examine its accessibility to various land uses within the spatial context of the neighborhood and at different distance intervals.
Methodology: This research is applied in nature and employs a descriptive–analytical approach. Data on land uses and the street network were extracted from the detailed plan of Ardabil city and processed in ArcGIS. For each land-use category, the allocated area was calculated at the neighborhood zoning level and within distance rings (0–200, 200–500, 500–1000, 1000–2000 meters, etc.). Frequency tables and spatial indices were then generated, and the Hot Spot Analysis (Getis-Ord Gi) was applied to identify clusters of service concentration or shortage. The results were presented and analyzed through thematic maps.
Findings and Conclusion According to the research findings based on the structural model, the T-Value statistic for all variables is greater The results revealed the accessibility status of Tazeh Shahr to a wide range of land uses, both within the neighborhood itself and across various distance rings. Findings indicate that while the neighborhood enjoys favorable accessibility to certain services, it faces limitations and shortages in others. Overall, the accessibility level of Tazeh Shahr to urban services and land uses varies depending on the type of land use and spatial scale, highlighting the need for optimized urban planning.

Abstract Background and Objective: Today, dilapidated urban textures are not only considered a physical and structural challenge, but due to the accumulation of deficiencies, they have become a platform for weakening the collective identity and degrading the social status of their residents. In new approaches to regeneration, the transition from purely physical renovation to "community-based empowerment" is an inevitable necessity; because the sustainability of any urban intervention depends on restoring human dignity, strengthening the sense of belonging, and restoring self-esteem to citizens who must themselves be the main agents of change and development in their living environment. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate and rank the components of empowering dilapidated textures with the approach of improving the social status of citizens in the city of Harsin.
Methodology: The present research is of an applied type and is descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology. The statistical population of the research consists of 30 experts and specialists related to the field of urban planning, urban decay and urban management. The data were collected through a questionnaire and the SAWIC multi-criteria decision-making model was used to analyze and rank the factors.
Results and Findings: The results of the study show that in the dilapidated context of Harsin, "social degradation" has surpassed physical challenges, and the socio-cultural dimension, with an emphasis on reducing damage and improving security, has the highest priority over the economic and physical dimensions. These findings prove the necessity of changing the paradigm from "physically-centered" to "human-centered" and show that physical and management interventions should only play a facilitating role. Therefore, success in empowering this context requires a strategic focus on recreating the identity and promoting the social status of residents before any physical renovation.

Abstract Background and Objective: Water crisis management in arid and semi-arid cities, including Ilam, is considered one of the critical and complex challenges due to resource limitations, increasing urban population, and climate change. This study uses an exploratory-analytical approach based on the Mactor model to identify and analyze the role and impact of actors, convergence of goals, and key drivers of water crisis management.
Methodology: In this study, a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods was used; semi-structured interviews with experts in the fields of water, environment, urban management, and local governance led to the identification of actors and macro- and micro-goals of water crisis management, and quantitative data was supplemented through impact-dependency matrices and convergence of goals.
Results and Findings: The findings showed that the Ilam water crisis management network has a clear hierarchy and specific roles of subordinate, intermediary, and strategic actors. Urban consumers have a subordinate and limited role, executive companies are mediators and coordinators, and Ilam Governorate and Water Resources Management have a strategic and determining role. The net distance map between goals indicates high convergence between legal, executive, and participatory goals, and the net distance map between actors allows for the identification of potential coalitions and points of conflict. Based on these results, coordination between actors, prioritization of key goals, strengthening public participation, and utilizing the mediator role of executive actors are suggested as effective solutions for water crisis management in Ilam. In addition to providing a detailed analytical framework, the findings can be an operational guide for sustainable water resources planning and policymaking in other similar regions.

Abstract Background and Objective: The advancement of digital technologies and the emergence of the metaverse have introduced new spatial and social dimensions to urban life, reshaping patterns of interaction, participation, and identity formation. Within this evolving context, social sustainability-one of the core dimensions of sustainable urban development-requires renewed analytical attention. This study investigates the impact of the metaverse on urban social sustainability, focusing on the city of Urmia as a case study.
Methodology: This research employs a mixed analytical methodology. In the first phase, the readiness of Urmia’s technological and spatial infrastructures for the development of an urban metaverse was assessed, including Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Web-based spatial platforms, Internet of Things (IoT), big data infrastructures, and communication networks. In the second phase, empirical data were collected through a structured questionnaire to examine the relationship between the extent of metaverse use and key dimensions of social sustainability. Data analysis was conducted using linear regression models in SPSS. The examined dimensions of social sustainability include social cohesion, social participation, sense of place and urban identity, and social equity and accessibility.
Results and Findings: The results reveal that metaverse use has a positive and statistically significant effect on social cohesion, social participation, and urban identity, with the strongest impact observed on urban identity. Although the relationship between the metaverse and social equity and accessibility was positive, it did not reach statistical significance at the 95% confidence level. Overall, the findings suggest that the metaverse, if supported by inclusive infrastructure development and appropriate urban governance frameworks, can serve as an effective instrument for strengthening urban social sustainability.

Abstract Background and Aim: Third places are active and attractive public spaces that provide the context for interaction, recreation, personal growth, stress reduction, creativity stimulation, and social vitality in cities. The purpose of this study is to geographically analyze the indicators and examples of a happy city with an emphasis on Ray Oldenburg''''s third place theory in the city of Khorramabad.
Methodology: The research method is descriptive-analytical and survey-type. The statistical sample of the research consists of 400 citizens who were selected by simple random sampling using Sample Power software. Data collection, classification, and analysis were performed using SPSS and AMOS statistical software.
Results and Discussion: The findings of the study showed that Khorramabad city is in a weak position in terms of the dimensions and criteria of a happy city. Also, the results obtained from the structural equation modeling of the study showed that the economic factor with a factor load of 0.082 has the greatest impact on happiness. After that, environmental, physical-spatial, security and socio-cultural factors with factor loads of 0.076, 0.073, 0.071 and 0.063 were determined in the next ranks of impact on social happiness. In addition, it was determined that the third places, which include parks, sports centers, cafes, libraries and mosques, each have an impact of 0.071, 0.044, 0.043, 0.027 and 0.020 on social happiness in the selected area. Finally, based on the integrated path analysis model of the research, the effects of third places on the social vitality of Khorramabad city were determined to be 0.063.

Abstract Background and Aim: City furniture is actually a manifestation of the aesthetics and identity of a society. Therefore, functional design, appropriate location, and proper and principled use of furniture in the city context are very important. Although city furniture is one of the most important categories of a city, it is not possible to equip and improve the current situation of this important thing at a time and simultaneously in all regions of a city; therefore, a comparative comparison in this regard can be effective and help urban managers perform better and make decisions in accordance with the priority of intervention at the level of each region. On this basis, the present study has been developed with the aim of a comparative study of the regions of Tabriz metropolis based on the components of city furniture.
Methodology: This research is applied in nature and descriptive, analytical and survey in terms of method. The statistical population of the research includes 30 experts and specialists in the urban field. In order to evaluate and prioritize the target areas, 5 components (environmental quality, beauty and proportion of urban furniture, correct placement of urban furniture, balanced urban structure, quality of urban furniture components) were used. In this regard, 10 areas of Tabriz city were prioritized using the MABAC model.
Findings and Conclusion: The results of implementing the model showed that Region 2 was in the first place with a final score of 0.513 and was in a favorable position, while Regions 5 and 9 were in the second and third places with scores of 0.388 and 0.362, respectively. In contrast, Region 1 was in the last place with the lowest score of -0.382. According to the findings of the present study, planning and management in accordance with the ranking made in the present study can, in turn, pave the way for urban managers to make future plans in the study area.

Abstract Background and Objective: With the rapid pace of urbanization and emerging challenges such as air pollution, traffic congestion, and declining quality of life, walkability has gained attention as a sustainable strategy in urban planning. This study aims to assess the environmental quality of the Andisheh neighborhood in Dezful, Iran, based on walkability indicators and within the framework of the 15-minute city approach.
Methodology: The research is applied and follows a descriptive-analytical method. Seven key indicators were identified: land-use mix, environmental safety, public transportation, sidewalk design, intersection improvements, parking management, and bicycle lane development. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to determine the relative weight of each criterion, while a SWOT analysis was employed to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats affecting walkability in the area.
Findings and Conclusion: According to the AHP results, "land-use mix" (0.348) and "environmental safety" (0.222) were the most critical indicators for enhancing walkability. The SWOT analysis highlighted significant opportunities such as increased property values and access to public services, along with threats including resistance to car-use restrictions and insufficient safety measures for pedestrians, especially at night. Despite existing urban challenges, the Andisheh neighborhood demonstrates strong potential for implementing the 15-minute city model due to its spatial characteristics and community structure. However, the success of this approach relies on improving pedestrian infrastructure, strengthening public transportation, enhancing safety, and raising public awareness. This research provides a practical framework for promoting walkable environments and sustainable urban living in similar neighborhoods.

Abstract Background and Objective: Mount Sabalan, the second highest peak in Iran (with an elevation of 4,811 meters) and one of the most significant natural features of Ardabil Province, has played a decisive role in the formation of ancient civilizations in the region. Not only is it the tallest peak in northwestern Iran, but it is also considered one of the key centers for the emergence of early civilizations in this area. This study investigates the impact of Sabalan’s unique characteristics—including its water resources (hot springs and the Qarasoo River), fertile volcanic soils, and strategic location—on the spatial distribution patterns of archaeological settlements in Ardabil Province.
Methodology
Data analysis was carried out using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and comparative methods. The present study employed field surveys, spatial analyses, and archival research to examine 20 significant archaeological sites in Ardabil Province, including Yeri City (Meshginshahr), the archaeological areas of Sarein, and the historical Qahqaha Castle complex.
Findings and Conclusion:  The results show that more than 80% of the archaeological settlements in Ardabil Province are located within a 40-kilometer radius of Mount Sabalan. The fertile soils on the eastern slopes of the mountain played a crucial role in the development of ancient agriculture in the region.The research demonstrates that Sabalan’s natural features—especially access to water resources (the Qarasoo River and hot springs), fertile lands, and natural defensive positioning were key factors in the site selection of ancient settlements. Additionally, evidence suggests that the mountain’s ritual significance also influenced settlement patterns. This study highlights that Sabalan’s environmental conditions significantly contributed not only to the initial attraction of human communities but also tothe continuity and advancement of civilizations in the region.

Abstract Background and Objective: In today's world, for the realization of sustainable urban development, creative tourism is considered as a key variable that plays an important role in improving urban sustainability indicators. The present study, focusing on the city of Ahvaz, examines the necessity of how creative tourism can play a role as a powerful tool in improving urban sustainability indicators. By identifying the cultural and artistic potential of the city, it seeks to provide practical solutions to solve environmental, social and economic challenges, and in this way, it draws a path to achieving a sustainable and dynamic city.
Materials and Methods: The statistical population was 1,184,788 citizens of Ahvaz, of whom 384 were selected as a statistical sample using the Cochran formula and studied. Data analysis was performed through correlation analysis and structural equation modeling using SPSS and Smart PLS software.
Findings and Results: The results showed that the research measurement tool has high validity and reliability. The average variance extracted (AVE) values ​​for all constructs are above 0.5 and the composite reliability (CR) and Cronbach's alpha values ​​are also above 0.7, indicating the convergent validity and sufficient internal consistency of the instrument. In confirmatory factor analysis, the factor loadings showed that each sub-index is a strong and valid indicator for its respective construct, as almost all factor loadings were above 0.7. The highest factor loading was related to the "Creativity" sub-index (0.914) and the lowest was related to "Green Space" (0.631). These results confirm that the measurement model has high accuracy and validity.

Abstract Background and Objective: The phenomenon of marginalization, as one of the major challenges in Iranian metropolises, not only reflects spatial inequalities but also paves the way for various forms of social exclusion. This study was conducted to analyze the relationship between informal settlements and social exclusion, emphasizing the mediating role of social capital in the metropolis of Mashhad.
Methodology: This research employed a mixed-methods (quantitative-qualitative) design. The statistical population consisted of residents of informal settlements in Mashhad, from which 500 individuals were selected through stratified random sampling. Quantitative data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire, and qualitative data were gathered through 20 semi-structured interviews. Quantitative data analysis was performed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), while qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis.
Results and Findings: Quantitative findings revealed that informal settlements have a direct and positive effect on social exclusion (β = 0.59), and social capital exerts a significant negative effect on social exclusion (β = -0.42). Furthermore, social capital plays a significant mediating role in the relationship between informal settlements and social exclusion. Qualitative findings uncovered three main themes: pervasive structural deprivation, social isolation and experience of discrimination, and weakness of support networks. Exploratory factor analysis also identified three factors contributing to informal settlements: economic poverty and employment issues, migration and lack of urban services, and lack of legal ownership. The findings indicate that informal settlements lead to social exclusion through both direct and indirect pathways (via social capital). This study suggests that urban policies should focus not only on physical interventions but also on strengthening bridging social capital and establishing participatory local institutions. The results of this research can serve as a basis for equity-oriented planning in similar metropolises.

Abstract Background and Objective: Metro, as one of the main infrastructures of the city, can have a significant impact on the urban development system. The present study also seeks to investigate the effects of constructing a metro network on the land supply pattern (case study: 45-meter Golshahr station, Karaj) because the metro public transportation system is one of the most efficient forms of public transportation in today's cities.
Methodology: The present study has been evaluated in the form of two parts: inferential statistics and multi-criteria decision-making. The pattern governing the research is strategic in terms of approach; cognitive in terms of nature; applied in terms of purpose; descriptive-analytical in terms of method; cross-sectional in terms of time; and quantitative and qualitative in terms of data type. Considering the research questions, which are of the cause-effect type, four hypotheses were introduced. The statistical population of the study includes residents of the Golshahr neighborhood of Karaj, and the Cochran formula was used to determine the sample size using an online calculation method, and it was determined as 384 people. Also, 20 experts were consulted for the multi-criteria decision-making section.
Results and Findings In the first step, the importance of the criteria of building and space quality, accessibility, desirability of environmental landscapes, economic benefit, and land value were determined and ranked based on the votes of citizens living in the Golshahr neighborhood of Karaj. Based on the Likert spectrum coefficient and identification of the indicators affecting them, the criterion of space and building quality was ranked first, which is due to the importance of the indicators of "overall satisfaction with infrastructure facilities and neighborhood relations" in the Golshahr neighborhood; while the index of the impact of the metro on commercial use is also of the greatest importance from the perspective of the respondents. Also, examining the hypotheses using a one-sample t-test showed that in the four aforementioned criteria, the positive effect of the construction of a 45-meter metro station on the surrounding areas can be seen in the Golshahr neighborhood of Karaj. In the next step, the elements affecting the integration of the effectiveness of public transport systems and related land areas and uses were evaluated using the Analytic Hierarchy Process technique to prioritize criteria and indicators. Based on the results, transport, economic, social and environmental criteria are of the highest to lowest importance, respectively.

Abstract Background and Objective: Khuzestan Province has always faced numerous challenges in the field of water resources due to its climatic and geographical conditions. These challenges, known as water stresses, can have widespread impacts on various aspects of social life and reduce the resilience of society to crises. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between water stresses and social resilience in Khuzestan Province using the structural equation modeling (SEM) method.
Methodology: The present study, with a statistical population of 4,710,509 citizens of Khuzestan Province, selected and examined a sample of 386 people using the Cochran formula. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire with confirmed content (face) and construct validity and acceptable composite reliability. The data were analyzed using correlation analysis and structural equation modeling methods using SPSS and Smart PLS software.
Results and Findings: The results of structural equation modeling indicate a strong and significant relationship (p<0.05) between water stress indices and social resilience. In other words, these findings show that with increasing water stress, social resilience in the studied community decreases. In addition, the model fit indices also show that the data are well consistent with the conceptual model of the research and the model has the necessary fit. This strengthens the validity and reliability of the modeling results and confirms that the proposed model is able to correctly explain the relationship between the variables under study. Finally, comparing the correlation coefficients shows that the environmental index and then the institutional index have the strongest relationship with the social resilience index and water stress. Also, the results of the PLS test showed that among the water stress indicators, the environmental indicators with a score of 24.828, the economic indicators with a score of 21.762, and then among the social resilience indicators, the institutional index with a score of 21.677 and the social index with a score of 20.145 ranked first to fourth, respectively, and this indicates the impact of water stress indicators on social resilience in Khuzestan Province.

Abstract Background and Objective: Urban social resilience, as one of the key pillars of crisis management and sustainable development, has an inseparable link with the capacity of urban communities to endure, adapt, and return to a desired state in the face of external shocks. Meanwhile, the experience of war and its enduring consequences impose specific structural and social vulnerabilities on urban fabrics that require an approach beyond standard crisis management. This research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the role of social resilience in enhancing the capacity of Ahvaz city to confront the multi-dimensional consequences of war and analyzing the resilience capacities of residents in the face of these challenges.
Methodology: This research is applied in nature and follows a descriptive-analytical methodology with a quantitative approach. To achieve the research objectives and evaluate the role of social resilience in addressing the consequences of war in Ahvaz, the key variables were first extracted and organized into a conceptual model using documentary and library research. For this purpose, eight components were identified for "social resilience" (including social capital, social trust, participation and interaction, sense of belonging, social leadership, values and norms, knowledge and information, and collective efficacy) and three components for "post-war consequences" (including physical indicators, social-psychological impacts, and reconstruction status).
Results and Findings: Data analysis was conducted using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and the Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach via Smart-PLS software. The results demonstrate a favorable model fit in explaining the complex relationships between social resilience and post-war consequences in the city of Ahvaz. Structural analyses confirm that all hypotheses were significant at the 99% confidence level, indicating that social resilience plays a key role in mitigating the impacts of war. Components such as "collective participation," "local cohesion," and "community-based approaches to reconstruction" have the greatest impact on enhancing citizens' resilience. While validating the measurement instrument, these findings emphasize prioritizing justice in reconstruction to strengthen sustainable resilience in this metropolis.

Abstract Background and Objective: Determining the optimal distribution of land uses and service centers is an issue frequently encountered by urban planners. Due to the rapid population growth and urban sprawl, problems such as insufficient and inappropriate spatial distribution of land uses have emerged. The lack of proper spatial distribution of secondary education facilities in Zabol city has led to numerous challenges, including incompatibility, limited access, and inadequate open spaces. Many of the city's educational spaces lack the essential characteristics of a suitable learning environment. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the spatial-temporal distribution of secondary education facilities in Zabol city.
Methodology: The methodology of this research is descriptive-analytical, based on library and document studies. After gathering field data and information, spatial distribution, school location, and functional coverage radius of secondary schools in Zabol were analyzed using GIS and SPSS. The study identified schools that were located outside the coverage radius of existing schools and in proximity to incompatible land uses.
Findings and Conclusion: The results of the analysis indicate that nearly 50% of the secondary schools in Zabol do not meet standard criteria and are in suboptimal conditions in terms of their proximity to incompatible land uses, accessibility, building conditions, and open spaces. Overall, based on the research findings, it can be concluded that the spatial-temporal distribution of secondary education centers in Zabol city faces numerous issues.  Reforms in urban policy, improved access to schools, and enhancement of the educational environment can lead to improved educational conditions and the well-being of students in the city.

Abstract Background and Objective: The study of urban sustainability and the implementation of smart city components is a complex and dynamic research area. The aim of this study is to contribute to the existing body of knowledge by examining the theoretical and practical concepts of smart city components in achieving urban sustainability. By examining the interrelationships between these concepts, this research seeks to provide insight into effective strategies for transitioning towards more sustainable and resilient urban environments in Iranian cities. The present study examines the components of smart cities and their role in urban sustainability.
Methodology: The present study is of an applied type in terms of purpose and a descriptive-survey study in terms of nature and research method. In explaining the structure, it has been investigated in the city of Khorramabad in the form of a structural equation model, which is a method for examining the relationships between latent variables that simultaneously consider observable variables. The data collection method is also documentary (library) and field (questionnaire). The statistical population of the present study consists of citizens living in urban areas of Khorramabad. The sample size was determined using the sampling formula as 384 people. LISREL software was used to design the structural model and implement the model.
Findings and Conclusion: To measure urban sustainability with the approach of implementing smart city components, five components including economy, urban management, environment, citizenship, and transportation were used. The statistical population of the present study consists of citizens living in urban areas of Khorramabad. The results of the study show that implementing a smart city requires attention to all areas of urban management, citizenship, environment, transportation, and economy. The transportation component has the greatest impact on urban sustainability. Environmental and citizenship components also have a significant impact on urban sustainability. However, in the opinion of Khorramabad citizens, urban management and economic components have a lesser impact on urban sustainability. The findings of this study have the potential to inform policy decisions, urban planning practices, and stakeholder engagement strategies, and ultimately contribute to the development of more sustainable and livable cities. Based on this analysis, it can be concluded that implementing a smart city requires attention to all areas of urban management, citizenship, environmental, transportation, and economics. To improve urban sustainability with the approach of implementing smart city components in Khorramabad, the development of public transportation, reduction of air and water pollution, increased citizen participation, and improvement of quality of life should be considered. Also, the needs of citizens should be emphasized based on the use of new technologies in implementing a smart city.

Abstract Background and Aim Land use change modeling is an essential tool for environmental analysis, planning, and management. The main objective of this research is to investigate and evaluate land use changes in Ardabil city over a 23-year period (from 1998 to 2021). This goal is achieved by extracting land use maps for 1998 and 2021 through satellite images and obtaining the changes that have occurred in land use during this period.
Methodology: Land use change modeling is an essential tool for environmental analysis, planning, and management. The main objective of this research is to investigate and evaluate land use changes in Ardabil city over a 23-year period (from 1998 to 2021). This goal was achieved by extracting land use maps for 1998 and 2021 through satellite images and obtaining the changes that have occurred in land use during this period, and finally predicting these changes for 2038 using a Markov model.
Findings and Conclusion: This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the changes that have occurred in the land uses of the city of Ardabil. In this research, satellite images from the years 1998 of the Landsat TM sensor and 2021 of the Landsat OLI sensor were used to investigate the changes in land use between the years 1998 and 2021. Then, land use changes were predicted for the year 2038 according to the current trend of changes. This research showed that by using appropriate tools such as remote sensing and geographic information systems and the models and algorithms available in these systems and tools, we can have appropriate spatial and temporal modeling for land uses and related issues. This research also showed that if images with higher accuracy and better quality are used and multiple models are also used, we can witness a more detailed examination of such issues, which can definitely help urban managers, officials, and decision-makersforbetterplanninganddecision-making.The overall results showed that built-up areas had a decreasing trend and this trend will continue for the year 2038. Also, road use had a growing trend from the past to 2021, which will maintain its growing trend for the year 2038. Green space also had a growing trend and will continue for the year 2038.

Abstract Background and Objective: The rapid growth of urbanization and the increasing number of vehicles in cities have led to serious issues such as traffic congestion, parking shortages, and a decline in quality of life. Izeh, due to the concentration of commercial and service centers in its central core and the limitations of urban streets, faces a severe parking shortage. This study aims to determine the optimal locations for multi-story public parking facilities in Izeh to alleviate traffic problems and optimize urban parking spaces.
Methodology: This research follows a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing field studies, document analysis, and expert opinions for data collection. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed to prioritize location criteria, while the SWOT matrix was used to assess environmental conditions. The key evaluation criteria included population density, traffic volume, accessibility, proximity to commercial centers, available land area, feasibility of construction, and land cost.
Results and findings: The results indicate that the central core of Izeh, due to its high concentration of commercial and administrative activities, has the greatest demand for multi-story parking facilities. The most influential factors in site selection were population density and traffic volume, whereas land cost and physical constraints posed major challenges. Based on the SWOT analysis, the aggressive (SO) strategy was identified as the most effective approach, leveraging available opportunities and strengths to optimize parking facility implementation. The study suggests that private sector investment should be encouraged to overcome execution challenges and enhance project efficiency. Additionally, this model can be applied to other cities facing similar urban parking challenges.

Abstract Background and Objective: Rapid urbanization and growing socio-economic inequalities in medium-sized Iranian cities like Bonab have led to spatial duality and reduced urban livability. This study aims to evaluate the factors affecting socio-cultural livability disparities in neighborhoods located within two distinct zones of Bonab: the worn-out texture–informal settlements (south and southeast) and the non-worn-out texture (central and northern) areas.
Methodology: This descriptive-analytical and exploratory study utilized data gathered through field questionnaires and documentary sources. The sample size was determined using Cochran’s formula. Data normality was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Statistical analyses, including one-sample t-tests and one-way ANOVA, were conducted using SPSS software, while GIS was employed to map the spatial distribution of the data.
Findings and Results: TheThe results revealed that the average socio-cultural index in the non-worn-out texture zone (mean: 3/47) was significantly higher than that in the worn-out texture–informal settlements zone (mean: 2/98). Only a few worn-out neighborhoods exhibited relatively favorable conditions. Spatial analysis further demonstrated a declining trend in livability quality from central and northern areas toward the southern and southeastern neighborhoods. According to ANOVA, the most influential factors affecting livability were security (determination coefficient: 0/740), health quality (0/694), and education quality (0/682). Additionally, the uneven distribution of educational, cultural, and recreational centers within the worn-out zone has intensified livability inequalities.

Abstract Background and Objective: Participatory urban planning aims to increase citizen involvement in urban decision-making and requires tools for analyzing vast amounts of textual data. This study investigates the application of Natural Language Processing (NLP) in analyzing citizens' opinions regarding urban development plans.
Methodology: Using content analysis methods and machine learning algorithms, opinions collected from social media platforms were analyzed. The results indicated that NLP can accurately identify sentiments, main topics, and patterns present in citizens' comments.
Findings and Conclusion: These findings suggest that NLP can serve as a powerful tool to enhance the decision-making process in urban planning. However, limitations such as informal language and the presence of specialized terminology in comments indicate a need for further development of NLP models. 

Abstract Background and purpose: Construction violations are a global problem that can have serious consequences for individuals, communities, and the environment, so identifying its factors to prevent its consequences in the cities of the country is important. Identifying the causes of construction violations in Sarein and presenting it to the foundations involved with the problem of construction violations such as the municipality and the Islamic Council, etc.
Methodology: The method of this study is descriptive -analytical and can be used in the application category in terms of its use. To analyze the factors that have been dealt with in a 5 -year period. With quantitative data and Pearson correlation test and single sample test method and mean analysis of SPSS software and EXEL software was used to provide tables and charts.
Results and Conclusion: The results of the analysis show that economic factors with correlation coefficient of 0.781 and high value of t = 49.111 and an average of 30.1286 have the most impact on construction violations compared to other factors. Other factors, respectively: physical factors with correlation coefficient of 0.653 and T = 38.251 and mean 25.3571, management factors with correlation coefficient 0.718 and T = 30.499 and mean 24.1857 and social factors with correlation coefficient 694 and T = 29.796 It is effective in the occurrence of building violations in the city of Sarein and the relationship between these factors and construction violations is significant. 5 The main factors affecting construction violations of the total factors measured 1-Dodge and More Revenue 2-Municipal Solidarity to Income from Crimes 3-Article 100 and Regulations of Engineering and Urban Development44 Physical divisions or zoning are 5- The fields of tendency to deviate from the rules of construction such as compression ceiling and occupation level, etc., finally comparing this analysis with other previous internal studies in this field, it can be concluded that the city of Sarein is similar to the same situation. It has the opinion of the causes of construction violations with other cities in this article.

Abstract Background and purpose: The historical background of each city reflected in its historical context, in addition to being part of the social and cultural capital of that city, indicates the identity of that city and has the ability to influence its social cohesion. One of the most important dimensions of historical contexts is business complexes and markets, which is the intersection of various urban ideas in the field of trade, social relations and social solidarity. The study attempts to rely on the field study of the historic market of Urmia, which is long -standing, its impact on increasing people's convergence and social resilience. In this regard, the field exploration of the historical market of Urmia as well as the historical context of Urmia in relation to social resilience and its key indicators were carried out.
Methods: Descriptive and analytical method was used to investigate the subject, and in the field study, two statistical community of clients to the historical market of Urmia and its business were used in which the study indicators, including the sense of location, social participation Social awareness, safety was questioned, the results of which were analyzed in SPSS statistical software. Findings and Conclusions: Finally, the results of field exploration and surveys showed that of these indicators, merely the indicators of spatial belonging and social responsibility have been higher value in promoting social resilience of historical context, but other indicators have favorable results. Does not obtain. Finally, overall, based on field exploration and field investigations, the historical market of Urmia cannot promote social resilience in the current state of Urmia, so studies showed that in addition to the major social resilience indicators of the historical market. Urmia is not in a good position, the historical market performance is in Urmia's urban area, and more than half of the inhabitants of the historical context do not go to the historical market of Urmia.

Abstract Background and Objective: Simulation and continuous review of dynamic processes and urban growth patterns with regard to past development and its prediction in the future, for planners and proponents of natural resource conservation in setting sustainable development strategies, achieving sustainable urban development as well as better decision making. In this regard, the city of Karaj with the approach of being the center of the province as being industrial and migrating has had an impact on all the internal structure of the surrounding cities and villages. As a result, the use of hybrid modeling with a deeper and local perspective for codified planning for the sustainable development of the city of Karaj is inevitable. The aim of this study was to model the growth patterns of Karaj city using heuristic statistical preprocessing (ER), ordinary least squares regression (OLS) and spatial weighted regression model (GWR) and also to predict its development using the model. CA-Markov considering the 20-year period 1381-1400.
Research Method: For this purpose, first, effective criteria in this process were collected, analyzed and prepared from relevant organizations, and land use maps were extracted from Landsat satellite images. In the next step, the maps were validated and changes were detected. The results of change detection show that the largest increase in area occurred in the built-up areas (2893.86 hectares) and the largest decrease in area occurred in barren lands (808.02 hectares). Based on these changes and to avoid the trial and error method in selecting the best combination of input criteria to the GWR model, pre-processing was performed on the criteria using the ER and OLS methods. In the next step, considering the output of ER and OLS methods, 8 independent variables were selected as inputs to the models. Then, modeling of urban growth patterns was performed using the GWR model.
Findings and Conclusions: results showed that out of 8 variables, two variables had the same direction of impact (negative or positive) in the studied space and the other variables change their impact in the whole region. Finally, using the CA-Markov model, the land use map for 1420 was predicted. The final results showed that the CA-Markov model predicts that the highest rate of development will occur in 1420 in the eastern and northeastern parts of Karaj.