Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS)

Abstract Introduction
Urbanization has triggered massive development activities which led to significant changes in land use and land cover (LULC). Fundamentally, the changes in LULC have to be monitored to detect the presence of regional environmental changes and impacts. Reducing the suburban area of arable lands, destruction of vegetation, and increase of land surface temperature in urban areas, and the effects of rising temperatures are some negative consequences of urban development, building street and other malicious activities within cities. This research aims to use remote sensing to assess the consequences of destruction, and changes in land use in the city of Mashhad, was performed, and this project is trying to focus on determination and comparison of its negative effects on vegetation loss and increase of temperature and the response of city management to these changes.
Methodology
The methodological framework adopted in this study involved different analytical processes of Landsat imagery to examine the effects of the LULC changes on land surface temperature. Satellite images for 1979 from Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager and Thermal Infrared Sensor (OLI-TIRS) for 2009 and 2023 were obtain and were used to analyze the changes in LULC in Mashhad. All the images were selected based on the clarity of the images with less cloud coverage; moreover, the images were all captured in the month of May for the
corresponding years. In this study, Orthorectification of images for 1987 and 2009 and 2023 in this study area, which has a geographic coordinate system, was carried out by the ILWIS software capabilities, and by using affine method. Then, using resampling on bands related to 1987, their sizes were equal to the bands of 2009. Vegetation map of the study area, using satellite data and remote sensing techniques were developed. For this purpose, a vegetation index called Normalized Difference Vegetation Index or NDVI was used.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that Based on the classified the uneven distribution of LULC in Mashhad varied by year. The built-up areas expanded tremendously in almost every part of city within 36 years. This pattern was also associated with the loss of vegetation cover as the built-up category took over the green space on a large scale. However, the land use pattern in 2009 displayed an exceptional fluctuate trend of vegetation and built-up areas dispersion. From the map roughly, there was a conversion of built-up area into vegetation land from 1979 to 2009. But in 2023, it appeared plausible that the previous barren lands which was categorized as built-up areas had turned into green space for urban agriculture or urban park. Referring to the map, it was apparent that the largest transition of vegetation cover into built-up areas occurred from the central towards the north of Mashhad. In general land-use patterns can directly impact the generation of heat in the urban climate. The identification of NDVI and LST parameters could provide useful information regarding the environmental changes for sustainable urban development and management. Hence, it can be concluded that a relative increase in urban ambient air temperature in Mashhad, therefore, vegetation is changed, which can be regarded as the negative effect of land use change in this city; but due to the development of green spaces, the process of destruction has decreased in recent years.
Conclusion
Conjointly, rapid urbanization in Mashhad city led to the occurrence of regional heating based on the increase in LST value. Therefore, sufficient allocation of vegetation and water body in the city is recommended as a measure to reduce urban heat generation. Of course, because the development of green space has reduced the speed of changes, proper and timely intervention prevents the situation from escalating. Of course, such interventions should take into account all national and local conditions. So the study further recommends that additional factors like other LULC indices, socioeconomic variables, and other factors could be considered in future studies to produce more sturdy conclusions regarding the surface climate impact study.

Abstract Background and Objective: Urban landscapes are considered one of the most important urban spaces and can play an important role in creating a sense of happiness for citizens; for this reason, they should be the focus of experts and examined from different perspectives. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study is to analyze and identify the indicators of planning and designing a happy urban landscape.
Methodology: In order to achieve the research goal, library resources were used to write the introduction and interview experts in the field in two stages to obtain the indicators, with a sample size of 24 experts. In the first interview, the indicators were obtained, then in the second interview, the importance of the indicators was determined by forming an actor-target matrix. Subsequently, the obtained data was entered into the MACTOR software and ATLAS.ti software and analyzed.
Findings and Conclusion: The results showed the indicators of the existence of green spaces and urban parks, the existence of places for social interactions, having security and safety, using diversity and color balance, prioritizing the role of humans in urban spaces, the existence of sidewalks and The existence of spaces for the most frequent recreational activities, the indicators of the existence of green spaces and urban parks and prioritizing the role of humans in the most important urban spaces and the indicators of the existence of green spaces and urban parks, the existence of places for social interactions, having security and Safety, taking advantage of diversity and color balance and prioritizing the role of humans in urban spaces are the most converging indicators. In general, experts should make the human-centeredness index of urban spaces the main criteria in their planning and designs in order to increase the desire of citizens to be active and happy in cities with the importance of human role.

Abstract Background and Aim: Today, the role of land use on urban traffic has been proven for everyone. Creating any type of user will generate and attract travel. In the development of uses, the access road and parking should be planned in such a way that entry and exit are possible with the least negative impact on the traffic network.
Methods: This article aims to investigate the impact of the uses located around the city squares on the traffic flow and the rate of accidents. First, the accidents occurred in a certain period of time were obtained from the traffic police department of the city. Then, the squares with the highest accident rate were selected as a statistical sample in the city of Mehriz. The coordinates of the collisions around those two squares were obtained from the archived forms of the traffic city police accident experts, then they were loaded in Google Earth software and finally, they were analyzed by field observations.
Findings and Conclusion: The results showed that most of the points of collision and interference happened in the marginal parking area of ​​commercial-service uses and with the area of ​​influence from the whole city that have not even provided the minimum parking area specified in the approved detailed plan of this city. Therefore, for any request for creation, development or change of land use, its traffic impacts must be checked in addition to complying with the established principles and criteria.

Abstract Background and Aim: Street lighting is a key factor in ensuring the safety and quality of life for citizens. This research examines a novel approach for mapping urban street lighting using mobile mapping techniques. Given the existing challenges in evaluating and managing street lighting, this study analyzes the lighting conditions of the streets in Ahvaz. In this research, laser scanning technology and mobile mapping, along with software such as ArcGIS and Photoscan, have been utilized to collect and analyze precise data regarding the state of street lighting.
Methods and Material: The research methodology is descriptive-analytical, and the data includes information related to light intensity, lighting distribution, and the identification of dark spots. By analyzing this data, accurate maps of the street lighting conditions have been produced.
Results and Discussion: The results indicate that approximately 30% of the surveyed streets require improved lighting. The accuracy of the generated maps is estimated to be around 80%, demonstrating the high capability of this method in providing precise and practical information for urban managers. This research assists urban managers in making better decisions regarding the enhancement of street lighting. Improving the state of street lighting can lead to increased safety, reduced crime rates, and improved quality of life for citizens. This study can also serve as a model for other cities.
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Abstract Background and Objective: Landscapes and urban green spaces, especially urban parks, are considered to be one of the most important urban spaces, due to the importance of the continuity of activity in urban parks at night, the obstacles in the mentioned process should be identified. Lighting is the attraction of the night landscape of city parks.
Methodology: To obtain the required data from reliable library sources, observation, questionnaire and semi-structured interview, the questionnaire consists of 4 indicators and 21 components. 315 people participated in the questionnaire section. The semi-structured interview questions were also taken from the 4 indicators in the questionnaire, which were asked in the form of four questions, and 27 people participated in this section. To analyze the data obtained from the questionnaire and the semi-structured interview, respectively, the mean score and the structural analysis method were used, and in the section of combining quantitative and qualitative data, the combined research method was used.
Findings and Conclusion: The results showed that lighting in the entrances and sidewalks of urban parks play an important role in the direction of beauty, readability, security, safety and vitality of these places. In general, it can be said that proper lighting adds beauty to city parks at night, increases security and safety, increases the legibility of city parks, and makes cities livable during the day and night, which in It brings the ultimate dynamic night scene in cities.

Abstract Background and Aim: The creation of new urban facilities requires a detailed study on how to properly establish them in different areas of a city. In order to properly allocate urban facilities, the first essential point is to choose the optimal place according to different and sometimes conflicting conditions. This issue becomes important when very important factors such as saving human lives are considered. Therefore, the optimal selection of fire stations is considered to be a fundamental issue due to the importance of the lives of people who are at risk. and among the urban service centers, the fire department performs the task of providing security in order to prevent and deal with fire.
Methods and Material: In this research, by examining the effective factors in locating fire stations, slope, direction of slope, elevation classes, distance from roads, distance from faults, distance from urban centers, maps were prepared using Geographical Information System (GIS) and then classified. It is done again on it and then Expert choice software is used to weight the criteria using AHP hierarchical process. Finally, by applying the overlapping method, the weighted criteria are combined and the optimal location for the establishment of fire stations is determined.
Results and Discussion: In this research, by using the existing parameters of the optimal location in Khorramabad city, it has been determined that the maps can help the authorities to develop optimal location so that they are less injured in critical situations.

Abstract Background and Objective: Historical sites and buildings are considered to be among the most important urban spaces that can play a significant role in sustainable urban development. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the role of historical buildings in urban tourism.
Methodology: To collect data, library resources were used to write an introduction and semi-structured interviews were conducted in two stages to achieve research indicators. In the first interview, the experts were asked to introduce the main actors and important goals related to the research objective. In the next stage, after forming the actor-actor matrix and the actor-goal matrix, they were provided to the experts and they were asked to complete the aforementioned matrices according to the guidelines. After collecting data related to the actors and targets affecting the research objective, actor-actor and actor-target matrices were formed and then provided to the experts in Word format. They were asked to indicate the actors' effects on each other with the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4, where 0 indicates no effect and 4 indicates the most effect. Then, they were asked to indicate the actors' level of agreement and disagreement with the goals through the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, -1, -2, -3, and -4, where 0 indicates no opinion, 4 indicates the most agreement, and -4 indicates the most disagreement. After entering the experts' opinions into the MACTOR software, analyses related to the desired topics, such as the most influential actors and other required items, were conducted, and the results obtained were used in the present study.
Findings and Conclusion: The results showed that the Cultural Heritage and Tourism Department and the Islamic City Councils were recognized as the most influential and competitive tourism actors and experts, and tourism and travel service companies were recognized as the most impressive actors. Also, installing advertising banners on historical buildings throughout the city was identified as the most important goal by the actors. In general, it can be stated that decisions made in the Department of Cultural Heritage and Tourism, Islamic City Councils, and municipalities have the greatest impact on the planning process for a better role for historical monuments and sites in urban tourism, as well as the performance of other actors related to the aforementioned process. Therefore, the three mentioned bodies must put specialized decisions on their agenda that are in line with the conditions of the region in question, so that these decisions serve as a bridge of communication and a guide for other actors in carrying out their roles. Also, history experts, archaeologists, urban planners, urban tourism experts, and tourism and travel service companies, as other players in the planning process, must strengthen their connections and make consistent decisions so that these decisions complement each other and prevent obstacles and problems from occurring.

Abstract Background and Aim: Today, with climate change and global warming, we are witnessing destructive environmental effects, including the water crisis. Therefore, paying attention to water as an important element for human survival in the category of planning and urban design is quite a tangible thing. The purpose of this article is to achieve important indicators of a water-sensitive city and create an optimal model for the city of Yazd.
Methods: According to the review of the research background, most of the research has examined and evaluated the city with respect to the water-sensitive city approach. In some cases, the localization model is presented, and in the present article, the evaluation and localization model are targeted. However, the method and presentation of the model are different. In this article, an attempt has been made to use a different method to present the model. This model can be used as a basis for further research.
Findings and Conclusion: More precisely, it can be said that the factors adopted for the criteria of a water-sensitive city have been accepted by confirmatory factor analysis. Which itself is a new method in this field. In addition, the suggestions provided are comprehensive and practical. Which is suitable for use by all organizations, researchers, relevant departments, and even foreign researchers in the world who deal with the socialization of the water issue with the aim of changing the behavior of urban consumers.

Abstract Background and Objective: Optimal land use and physical organization of cities based on efficiency, environmental protection, social justice, and equitable access to services are among the primary goals of urban planning. Therefore, the location and spatial distribution pattern of urban land uses should be aligned with meeting the needs of all social groups, aiming to improve the welfare and comfort of citizens. In this context, qualitative and quantitative evaluation of land uses in the spatial structure of the city and examining their locational suitability across defined zones are of particular importance. Pharmacies are among the units that play a significant role in meeting the diverse needs of citizens in the fields of health, treatment, and wellness. Due to this role, their spatial distribution pattern greatly impacts the level of pharmaceutical service coverage. Given the inter-neighborhood nature of pharmacies, this study investigates their spatial distribution at the level of the municipal areas of Rasht city.
Methodology: To achieve the research objectives, various spatial analysis models within the ArcGIS environment were used, including hot spot analysis, frequency weighting, spatial autocorrelation analysis, population density in relation to the number of pharmacies, and Thiessen polygon analysis.
Findings and Conclusion: The results indicate a high frequency weight of pharmacies in areas 1-3, 3-2, and 2-2; a statistically significant condition in district 2-1 based on high Z-scores in hot spot analysis; a rate of 7.27 pharmacy units per 10,000 people in district 2-2; the representation of proximity-based pharmacy access through Thiessen polygon analysis; and finally, the outcome of spatial autocorrelation analysis showing a random distribution pattern of pharmacies across the areas of Rasht. Each of these findings reveals aspects of spatial distribution patterns across the city, which are discussed further in the full article.

Abstract Background and Objective: The spatial distribution of urban services is a key factor in quality of life and the realization of spatial justice. Centers offering goods and services related to visual health, in addition to their economic role, are also important from a public health perspective. With population growth and the physical expansion of Ardabil city, the need for proper organization of these services has increased. The aim of this study is to investigate the spatial distribution pattern and service coverage of eyeglass retail units in the city of Ardabil using the relevant capabilities and tools in the ArcGIS environment.
Methodology: This research follows a descriptive–analytical approach, and data were collected through both documentary studies and field surveys. The statistical population includes all visual health service centers across Ardabil city. Spatial analysis was conducted using geographic tools within the ArcGIS environment.
Results and Findings: Out of a total of 38 identified units, 34 are located in Region 1, while Regions 4 and 5 lack any such services. Districts 1-1 and 2-1 show the highest concentration. Cluster analysis revealed that District 1-1, particularly Neighborhood 08-1, constitutes a hotspot with a 99% confidence level, indicating that service density there significantly exceeds the city’s average. This high concentration can lead to congestion and unequal access. In contrast, in the fourth to seventh rings away from the city center, no units have been deployed in these areas. The Nearest Neighbor Index (0.215602) confirms a clustered distribution pattern. Therefore, targeted expansion of these services in underserved areas is essential to promote spatial equity and improve access for all citizens.

Abstract Background and Objective: Walking, as one of the most important forms of sustainable transportation, has wide-ranging positive impacts across economic, social, environmental, and individual dimensions. In contemporary urban planning literature, it is considered a fundamental priority and, at the same time, a missing link in urban development. Pedestrian pathways, as some of the most significant urban public spaces, serve various functions, including leisure activities, daily shopping, social interactions, everyday encounters, environmental perception, strengthening place identity, and enhancing safety, security, vitality, and urban livability. In this context, the central fabric of the city of Ahvaz faces challenges such as narrow and irregular streets, weak urban infrastructure, fine-grained land parcels, decline in the function of local centers, shortage of service land uses, physical deterioration, increased traffic and noise pollution, as well as insufficient attention to pedestrian-oriented and green spaces. These conditions further highlight the necessity of urban regeneration and improving the quality of urban spaces.
Methodology: The research method, considering its theoretical–applied objective, is descriptive–analytical in nature. The required data were collected through both field and documentary methods. This study aims to evaluate citizens’ satisfaction with pedestrian spaces in the city of Ahvaz. The statistical population includes residents, shopkeepers, and users of the study area, and the sample size was determined using the Krejcie and Morgan method. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and the Friedman test.
Results and Findings: The results indicate that the physical dimension plays the most significant role in citizens’satisfaction, followed by social, economic, and finally environmental dimensions. Overall, the findings suggest that improving the quality of supporting spaces can effectively enhance citizens’ satisfaction and improve the performance of pedestrian networks in the central fabric of Ahvaz. Considering the importance of the physical dimension in increasing citizens’ satisfaction, it is suggested that in future pedestrianization projects, special attention be paid to the quality of façade design, urban furniture, lighting, and the improvement of urban edges, in order to enhance the visual and functional attractiveness of the space.
Given the relatively favorable level of citizen satisfaction with the social dimension, it is recommended that planning for the organization of cultural, artistic, and social events along this corridor be increased, so as to strengthen social interactions and citizens’ sense of belonging.

Abstract Background and Objective: Examining the impact of the virtual world on the real world, particularly in the domain of transportation and traffic, is of significant importance. While the metaverse offers potential benefits for the future of transportation, it must be approached with a critical perspective. This theoretical study investigates the influence of the metaverse on real-world transportation systems.
Research Methodology: The primary aim of this study is to challenge our understanding of the metaverse and its implications for transportation, identify its opportunities and challenges, and propose an agenda for future research. This foundational research adopts a document-based and literature review approach. The findings suggest that transportation policymakers must remain aware of metaverse trends and critically evaluate their feasibility.
Findings and Conclusion: Developing a digital twin for transportation infrastructure is both complex and costly, requiring stakeholder collaboration. A cost-benefit analysis is essential to ensure the practicality of such integration. Brand managers can leverage the metaverse to create immersive experiences and enhance brand awareness. Moreover, the metaverse enables virtual tours and virtual test drives. The paper concludes that despite the challenges, the metaverse offers numerous opportunities and demands substantial investment. Finally, recommendations for future research are provided, emphasizing the need to examine the benefits, technical requirements, and socio-economic implications of integrating the metaverse into transportation.

Abstract Introduction: The city of Ahvaz, as one of the metropolises of Iran, is facing many livability challenges. These problems have severely affected the quality of life of the citizens and the livability in this city and require the special attention of city officials and planners. In this regard, the aim of the current research is to identify and prioritize indicators of good urban governance on the livability of Ahvaz city.
Methods and Material: This research has been done in terms of practical purpose and using descriptive-analytical method. In the qualitative part of the information, theoretical saturation was reached through interviews with 5 experts who were purposefully selected, and the method of thematic analysis identified 2 main components, 12 indicators and 36 effective sub-indices of good urban governance on urban livability in Ahvaz city. During targeted sampling, 40 experts were selected in the field of urban planning, urban development and environment. Then, in the quantitative section, using MARCOS multi-criteria decision-making and the weight of the criteria has been calculated by the hierarchical analysis method. Prioritizing indicators of good urban governance on urban livability in Ahvaz city showed that good urban governance, especially accountability, transparency and efficiency, has a direct effect on improving the quality of life in Ahvaz. The indicators of environment, housing and culture and society are most influenced by good urban governance, while the economic situation of the city needs more attention.
Results and Discussion: The results indicate that the Marcus model is sensitive to possible changes in the importance of decision-making criteria and sustainability. The method of selecting the most important effective factors of good urban governance on urban livability in Ahvaz city has been shown.

Abstract Background and Objective: The building breach is the difficulty that still remains unsolved as the cities are becoming more problematical and challenging. The increased extent and size of building breach and the harms on cities is undeniable and it is necessary to suitable action to prevent it. The present study aims to investigate the patterns that violate the constructions in Ramshir city.
Methodology: It is an applied study that uses a descriptive- analytical method to examine the breach patterns and identify the preventative factors and their spatial distribution in that city. The required data was collected using a questionnaire filled by citizens that followed by recognizing the spatial construction breach distribution using ARCGIS package. To analyze the data, in addition to ARCGIS, the SPSS and EXCEL packages as well as combinational –analytical model ANP- DEMATEL were used.
Findings and Conclusion: The results showed that the   dominantly violating patterns in Ramshir is the addition of building index with an average 2.33 within five past years out of 8 indices. The elements affecting on the construction breach from citizens’ perspective, is the social factors with an average 3.95. Among the influencing measures for evaluating the rate of breach in Ramshir, it should be said that the most influential index is “having too little information of construction rules” index. The neighborhood3 and4 have the highest breach in construction. Finally, the recommendations and solutions were given.

Abstract Background and Objective: Geotourism examines geological features, such as rock structures, tectonic processes, and natural phenomena such as caves, springs, and mountains. These features can be used in the present study to evaluate and quantify the capacities of tourism land in order to attract tourism in Karaj city based on quantitative models (case study: villages of Berghan, Varian, Sanj Kordan).
Methodology: In this study, two quantitative models, Kobalikva and Feullet, which are indicated by the abbreviations (K) and (F), have been used. In the Kobalikva method, which emphasizes more on scientific, educational, economic, conservation and additional criteria, and evaluates the studied areas by comparing sub-criteria. In the national park model, geotourism areas are examined based on four criteria: origin of formation, geographical distribution, tourism and accessibility.
Results and findings: The results of the evaluation of the Kobalikva geotourism model showed that the village of Berghan has a high potential for attracting tourists, with a score of 11.5. Also, according to the results, the water village of Varian is in second place with a score of 8, and the reason is that compared to the village of Burghan received a lower score due to difficult access and its only waterway. And the third region in terms of tourism with a score of 6 is the village of Sanj Kordan. The Violet model also showed that Burghan tourism region has the highest potential in the studied areas with a score of 75.10. Based on the results in this model, Burghan's management and tourism rate was estimated to be very excellent. Therefore, it is concluded that based on the results, Burghan's geotourism region has appropriate capabilities for tourism development in Karaj Township in Alborz Province compared to other studied areas. Finally, it is suggested that artificial intelligence capabilities be used in future studies to evaluate the studied areas.

Abstract Background and Objective: Effective urban waste management is a critical challenge in Ahvaz, Iran. The city faces growing environmental, health, and social issues due to increasing population, escalating waste generation, and insufficient infrastructure and planning. In this context, urban governance, defined as the set of mechanisms, institutions, and decision-making and implementation processes, plays a particularly crucial role.
Methodology: This applied research aims to investigate the relationship between various urban governance indicators and urban waste management in Ahvaz. Its nature and method are analytical-exploratory. From a statistical population of 1,302,591 Ahvaz citizens, a sample of 386 individuals was selected using Cochran's formula. Data collection was carried out using a researcher-developed questionnaire, which demonstrated confirmed content (face) and construct validity, along with acceptable composite reliability. The data was analyzed using correlation analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM), employing SPSS and Smart PLS software.
Results and Findings: The results from the structural equation modeling reveal a strong and significant relationship (p<0.05) between urban governance indicators and urban waste management. This clearly demonstrates that improving urban governance in Ahvaz will directly lead to a more robust and efficient urban waste management system. Furthermore, the model fit indices indicate a strong alignment between the data and the conceptual model, reinforcing the validity and reliability of the modeling results. This confirms that the proposed model effectively explains the relationship between the variables under study.
A comparison of correlation coefficients shows that waste generation has a particularly strong and close link with waste segregation and recycling. In contrast, waste collection exhibits a weaker correlation compared to other dimensions of urban waste management. Additionally, the PLS test results ranked the urban waste management indicators as follows: waste segregation and recycling (201.658 points), waste generation (148.120 points), waste treatment and disposal (66.819 points), and waste collection (21.398 points). These findings underscore the pivotal role of urban governance, especially in strengthening the infrastructure and processes for waste segregation and recycling. This highlights the necessity of investing and giving special attention to improving urban governance indicators as a fundamental prerequisite for achieving an efficient and sustainable urban waste management system.

Abstract Background and Objective: The spatial distribution of urban services and facilities, particularly in the field of health and healthcare, is a key issue in urban planning. Pharmacies, as critical units for providing medications and health services, must be spatially distributed in a way that ensures spatial justice and equitable access for all citizens. Therefore, both qualitative and quantitative assessments of land use within the city’s spatial structure and their locational suitability across defined zones are of great importance. In recent years, Ardabil has experienced rapid population growth and physical expansion, intensifying the need for the development and equitable distribution of pharmaceutical services. The aim of this study is to examine the pattern of distribution, spatial dispersion, and location allocation of pharmacies across the districts of Ardabil city using the capabilities and tools of ArcGIS.
Methodology: This research is descriptive-analytical in nature and the required data were collected through documentary and field methods. The statistical population includes all active pharmacies in the city of Ardabil. Considering the trans-neighborhood operation of pharmacies, the analyses were conducted at the scale of urban areas. To examine the spatial pattern of distribution and dispersion of pharmacies, several analytical capabilities were used in the ArcGIS environment; including hot spot analysis (Getis-Ord Gi) to identify statistically significant clusters*, Moran's spatial autocorrelation index (Moran's I) to measure the degree of spatial dependence, and nearest neighbor mean analysis to identify the type of cluster or dispersed pattern in the spatial distribution of pharmacies. Spatial data were collected using GPS and transferred to the ArcGIS environment via Google Earth. The simultaneous combination of these analytical tools along with the high accuracy of spatial data is the main innovation of this research compared to previous studies.
Results and Findings: In terms of quantity, District 2-1, with 57 pharmacies, represents the main concentration center of pharmacies in Ardabil, whereas Districts 2-3, 2-4, and 1-5 each have only one pharmacy. The results of Hot Spot analysis indicated high Z-values and a significant hot spot in District 2-1 with a 99% confidence level, while other districts did not exhibit similar patterns. The Moran’s I index (0.0808) suggests a random distribution pattern of pharmacies across the city districts. However, the average nearest neighbor ratio (0.49) indicates a clustered pattern in the spatial distribution of pharmacies within Ardabil. The study reveals a spatial concentration of pharmacies in certain districts of Ardabil, particularly in District 2-1, leading to unequal access across the city. Central districts benefit from better service coverage due to their proximity to healthcare centers, while peripheral areas face shortages. Although this clustering improves efficiency in some areas, it undermines spatial equity. The research highlights the need to revise location policies for pharmacies and calls for a more balanced distribution to enhance access, improve service efficiency, and promote equity in the urban health system.

Abstract Background and Objective: The quality of the residential environment is a dynamic, complex, and multidimensional concept that is formed from dimensions. In this regard, one of the appropriate ways to assess the quality of the residential environment is to measure the satisfaction of residents with that environment. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the satisfaction of the residential environment in the city of Arbil for future planning.
Methodology: The research method is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature and method. The information required in this study was collected through field and documentary methods. The statistical population of the study is residents of different neighborhoods (wealthy, middle-class, and poor). SPSS software was used to analyze the data. In this regard, one-sample t-tests were used. Finally, the Friedman test was used to rank the indicators under study.
Results and Findings: Based on the one-sample t-test, residents' satisfaction with their residential environment in wealthy residential neighborhoods was (3.516), in middle-income neighborhoods it was (3.272), and in poor neighborhoods it was (2.196). Based on the Friedman test, the security index was ranked first and the lighting and ventilation index was ranked last. According to the results of the present study, the level of satisfaction is relative and varies in different urban areas and neighborhoods and has yielded different results. The results of the study showed that satisfaction in different neighborhoods of Arbil is (3.233) and is at an average level.

Abstract Introduction: Multidimensional urban quality of Life encompasses horizontal dimensions (objective and subjective dimensions) and vertical dimensions (themes), which include relevant aspects of the living conditions that should be objectively and subjectively assessed. They took into consideration the objective, mental and vertical and horizontal dimensions of the quality of life category, which makes the officials would be able to not only provide their satisfactory at the highest level, but also step positively forward to determining reasons of citizens’ dissatisfactory and establish infrastructures that citizens are interested to, through tracking changes of all aspects of quality of life and choosing proper development of the city.
Methods and Material: The following study seek to survey the condition of quality of life of Birjand city that is recently assigned as the center of South Khorasan, applying descriptive – analytic method. Therefore, a sample of 271 households are selected from different restricts of the city and data are collected through field survey and using questionnaire. Finally, the collected data has been analyzed by statistics methods and related software applications.
Results and Discussion: The results suggest that the condition of quality of life quality mainly was lower than moderate level, from subjective and objective aspects throughout the whole city. Nevertheless, northern districts suffer much worse and improper condition rather than southern districts; and it is essentially needed that officials, not only implement to improve quality of life within the city, but also take a deeper care to northern districts which are taken more prioritization.
Conclusion:This study tried to contribute to our understanding of the disparities in urban QOL, and provide a scientific basis for urban policies that achieve diversity and inclusiveness.

Abstract  
Background and Aim: Today, tourism is one of the main sources of income in many countries. Tourism development, in addition to paying attention to the infrastructure of the industry, requires comprehensive planning of understandable encouragement factors by tourists. Biophilic urban planning, which has been implemented in the 1990s, is a comprehensive approach to many factors of practical solutions. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to model the planning and biofilic approach to tourism in Mahabad.
Methodology:  The present study was conducted in a descriptive-analytical method with the aim of identifying and prioritizing the biofilic tourism. Research data was collected in a library as well as in the field through the questionnaire. Coronbach's alpha coefficient has been used using content validity and also has an acceptable coefficient of 0.77.
Findings and Conclusion:  The results of the study indicate that both the research hypotheses were confirmed and the Biofilic Indicators in Mahabad have been affected by emotional image, perceptual image, oral advertising, and intention to visit tourists, and the most influential of the mouth -to -mouth advertising factor The least impact was related to the intention to visit tourists. Also, according to the research experts, the first biophyllic city index needed for the study area is to increase parks in the urban hierarchy.

Abstract Background and Aim:  Urban land use patterns undergo fundamental changes over time, and in creating these changes,the role of humans and their activities is the most important. Therefore,modeling and predicting land use changes in the future,considering their changes in the past,will greatly help city managers and planners in making better decisions to guide the future development of the city.In line with the mentioned cases,the purpose of the present research will help to reveal the changes and modeling the development of Kerman city. To achieve this goal, the images of TM, ETM+ and OLI sensors of Landsat satellite were used for the years 2010 to 2020,respectively,in order to prepare land use maps of the studied area. In addition, the parameters used in this research included distance from highways and roads,distance from higher education centers and distance from military centers.In the pre-processing stage, after applying geometric, radiometric and atmospheric corrections,image highlighting operations are performed and using the supervised classification method with the maximum likelihood algorithm,in three classes of built land, barren land and vegetation of land use maps.were prepared In the second stage, the changes made in terms of area, trend and spatial distribution were investigated and analyzed. In the next stage, based on these changes and three independent variables, the modeling of the potential of multi-layered use conversion was done. This method can be used to predict future changes.
Methodology:The research method is descriptive-Analytical, the research data is prepared by documentation and field methods and references to organizations. The types of users were examined at the Kerman city level and the ratio of each was obtained. 
Findings and Conclusion: The forecast results of 1405 show the fact that if the current trend of changes continues until 1405,the area will increase by 1357 hectares compared to the current situation, and the area of ​​barren land and vegetation will decrease by 1077 and 472 hectares. The results of this study can help urban planners and managers to better understand the current conditions and make appropriate decisions in the future for proper land cover management.

Abstract Background and Aim: Urbanization is a socio-spatial process that is directly related to the expansion of urban areas and the growth of urban population. Developed countries such as the United States, Japan, and the United Kingdom have already completed their urbanization processes. The urban spatial structure has a significant effect on the sustainable development of cities. One of the important stages of urban spatial structure analysis is the identification of urban centers.
Methods:  This research is of applied type and was done in Tabriz city in 1402. The data collection method is library and document. The investigated indicators included educational centers, banks, health centers, offices, sports venues, commercial centers, green spaces, tourist places, religious places, military places and parking lots in Tabriz city. After preparing the urban blocks and the desired data, the prepared information was added to all the urban blocks of Tabriz in ArcGIS software. Then, based on expert opinions, the appropriate range of distances from the desired facilities was determined using a 5-point Likert scale. In this research, the network analysis method was used to identify the central cores of the city.
Findings and Conclusion: According to the results of network analysis, the city had two big central cores in the city center and 2 sub-cores around the city. The final result was that the city of Tabriz was forming the next nuclei and becoming a multi-nuclear city.
 

Abstract Extended Abstract Introductio: The distinction between historical district and other urban district due to their valuable and heritage attributes is completely evident. Historical district needs to undergo changes in their infrastructure and physical structure in order to update and align with contemporary developments. It is evident that if these valuable historical districts do not adapt to the needs of modern times, they will face the process of deterioration, affecting both the fabric itself and its residents. In fact, this necessitates the conservation and protection of historical districts. addressing the topic of "urban conservation and protection" globally and in Iran itself is a complex and detailed research endeavor, as the existing experiences in this field testify to the extensive range of topics that can be investigated. The developments of the 2010s can be considered as the first practical steps towards establishing a common ground between sustainability and revitalization. in historical districts, sustainability and preservation have been given attention as drivers for development and revitalization in the planning of historical cities. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to develop a conceptual model for achieving sustainable urban revitalization to be applied in the historical district of Shiraz, by answering the main research question: How can an appropriate model for achieving sustainable urban regeneration be developed based on indicators of sustainability and urban regeneration texts? to address this question, the present paper is divided into two main stages. The first stage involves examining the content of sustainability in the historical district, while the second stage focuses on intervention procedures in the historical district to study the process of achieving classified sustainable regeneration. Methods and Material: The research methodology employed in this paper is based on the content of the research question and the achievement of the research objective, which is the realization of sustainable urban  regeneration in the historical district of Shiraz. The approach used is qualitative content analysis and is of an inductive nature. Influential processes related to the concepts of sustainability and regeneration were examined through documentary study, referring to information contained in books, articles, and credible documents, in a structured manner to gather relevant information. The application of a descriptive-analytical method in this qualitative study, based on the practical objective and the collection of data related to the approach of sustainable urban regeneration, seems justified. The main purpose of this research is the growth and improvement of the old district of Shiraz through the realization of sustainable urban regeneration in its historical area, and the outcome of this study is based on a strategic planning process and the analysis of a conceptual model for the realization of sustainable urban regeneration, which can lead to the revival of the historical district of Shiraz. Results and Discussion: The protection and development of historical districts, particularly in a sustainable manner, are an integral part of contemporary life and future generations. Hence, if the city of Shiraz develops a conceptual model or intervention approach for itself in relation to sustainable regeneration, the destiny of the historical area will become clearer. A conceptual model that effectively assesses and evaluates the relationship between sustainability, regeneration, and the district will be essential. Conclusion: in this article, a theoretical framework based on concepts and approaches related to "sustainable regeneration" has been presented, and these concepts have been utilized to propose a conceptual model for achieving sustainable urban regeneration in the historical district of Shiraz. To determine the applicability of this approach in assessing the sustainability of historical district in each urban area, it has been recognized that each study site requires a unique set of indicators based on geographical, economic, social, legal, and environmental structural differences.

Abstract Background and Aim: The importance of effectively managing free time to balance work and daily life cannot be overstated. Effectively managing leisure time is not only crucial for maintaining personal and social identity but also plays a vital role in ensuring a high quality of life. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, managing leisure time has become even more critical, and it presents a major challenge for families and urban planners alike. With the pandemic's widespread impact on daily life, including social distancing measures and lockdowns, leisure time patterns have undergone significant changes in recent times. To gain a more accurate understanding of leisure time patterns during and after the pandemic, a study was conducted in Tabriz city. The study aimed to identify and evaluate the various leisure time activities that people engaged in during the pandemic period. The study also sought to determine the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on people's leisure time choices.
Methods:  The research methodology was practical and descriptive-analytical, allowing for effective participation of the target population. Key data was collected through a web-based questionnaire, and analyzed with high accuracy using statistical software such as SPSS and Excel.
Findings and Conclusion: The findings indicate that during the pandemic, there was a decrease in the tendency to engage in leisure activities indoors, and an increase in the use of electronic tools, and desire to participate in physical activities in open spaces. Additionally, gender surveys revealed that women tend to spend more leisure time outside the home than men, and education level did not significantly impact leisure patterns. Therefore, it is important to consider both structural and individual factors when determining how to manage leisure time and to develop social, political, and cultural programs that promote activities that benefit physical and mental health.

Abstract Extended Abstract Introductio: Presence in social environments and participation of citizens in cities is one of the main factors of achieving social growth in cities and ultimately achieving sustainable urban development. Today, policy makers and city managers consider attracting the maximum participation of people as one of the strategies of good urban management. Despite all the efforts made in Iran, until now the process of participation as a public culture has not had a proper place in the thoughts and actions of citizens. Considering the importance and role of participation in urban development in this research with the aim of investigating the relationship between the two mentioned indicators, in order to explain and evaluate the two indicators of participation and urban development from the perspective of citizens in Baneh city and to investigate the relationship between participation and physical, socio-cultural development And it has been economical. Descriptive-analytical research method using field observation tool and citizens' opinion questionnaire has been collected and researched in spss software environment with various descriptive and inferential tests including Pearson's correlation test. Inaccurate results have shown that citizens' assessment of the two indicators of participation and urban development is not at an acceptable level. Also, the correlation results of the two mentioned indicators showed that there is a significant relationship at the 95% level between the two indicators of public participation and urban development in all sub-indices related to development in Baneh city. 2.Methods and Material: This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of type. The statistical population of the research includes the residents of Baneh city with a population of about 120 thousand people, and by entering this number in the Cochran formula, 384 people were selected as the sample size and the questionnaire was distributed among them. In order to measure the validity of the questionnaire, from the interview and asking the opinions of supervisors, advisors and experts on the plans of the study area and similar to the subject under study and applying their possible amendments were used. Cronbach's alpha method was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire. The value of Cronbach's alpha was 0.741 and it can be concluded that the research questionnaire has good reliability. To analyze the data, Pearson's correlation coefficient was used in SPSS software.         Volume 5, Issue 1 - Serial Number 15, Spring 2024                                       Online ISSN: 2783-0764 Journal Hompage https://www.srds.ir/ DOR.20.1001.1.27830764.1403.5.1.8.0   Results and Discussion: The number of respondents is male (50.8) and female (48.2) and there are 0 (0) unanswered. Therefore, the number of male respondents is more than female respondents. The average of 33.47 indicates that the respondents are middle-aged. The youngest respondent was 18 and the oldest respondent was 80 years old. In order to investigate the state of public participation at the level of the citizens of Baneh city, in this part of the research, by examining previous research and the opinions of experts and Dear professors, 16 items were designed as suitable items to evaluate the people's participation in Baneh city in the form of a questionnaire and provided to the sample size of the research. be And it does not have an acceptable status. In order to investigate urban development and its different dimensions, three main dimensions of urban development including physical, socio-cultural and economic dimensions have been investigated. In order to examine each of the development indicators in more detail, items for the aforementioned indicators were observed according to the review of previous sources and the opinions of experts that the evaluation of the citizens of the level of development in the investigated indicators is not at an acceptable level. Be The average satisfaction and evaluation of the residents of Baneh city on various indicators of urban development is at a very low level. So that the average physical development index is 1.6, the average socio-cultural development index is 1.9, and the average economic development index is 1.4, which is lower than the average level of citizen satisfaction. The results of the Pearson correlation test show that there is a significant correlation between the two research indicators and it can be said that the relationship between public participation and urban development in different physical, socio-cultural and economic dimensions is significant at the 95% level. Conclusion: With the aim of investigating the state of public participation at the level of the citizens of Baneh city, after reviewing previous research and the opinions of respected experts and professors, 16 items were selected as suitable items to evaluate public participation in Baneh city in the form of a questionnaire designed and available in the volume The research sample was selected, and the results showed that the state of public participation is moderate to low in terms of citizens. And it does not have an acceptable status. Also, in order to investigate the various dimensions of urban development in Baneh, the main indicators of urban development including three physical, socio-cultural and economic indicators and 16 related sub-indices have been provided in the form of a questionnaire to the sample size of research at the level of the citizens of Baneh city. The results of citizens' assessment of the level of development in each of the development indicators are presented in the following tables. As can be seen in the results, the citizens' assessment of the level of development in the investigated indicators is not at an acceptable level. Pearson's correlation test has been used in order to investigate the relationship of the participation index and its effects in the urban development of Baneh. The results of the Pearson correlation test show that there is a significant correlation between the two research indicators and it can be said that the relationship between public participation and urban development in different physical, socio-cultural and economic dimensions is significant at the 95% level.