Saeed Maleki with Cooperation and scientific support Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association(IGUPA) Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS) 2783-0764 7 1 2026 05 22 Assessment and prioritization of the Water Security Index (WSI) in the Qarasu watershed sub-basins in Ardabil province Assessment and prioritization of the Water Security Index (WSI) in the Qarasu watershed sub-basins in Ardabil province 1 12 216671 FA Fariba Esfandyari Darabad Professor of Geomorphology, Department of Natural Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. 0000-0003-2565-8557 Behrouz Nezafat Takle Phd student of geomorphology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. 0000-0003-3171-1772 Raoof Mostafazadeh Associate Professor, Rangeland and Watershed Management Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Journal Article 2025 01 01 Background and Objective: Water security as a comprehensive concept that encompasses the measurement of the achievement of various water resources management goals. In other words, water security is strongly influenced by many factors, including increasing urban population, economic development, changes in living standards, increasing water pollution, overexploitation of groundwater resources, and climate change. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate and prioritize the Water Security Index (WSI) in the Qarasu sub-basins in Ardabil province. Methodology: In this study, hydrological (H), environmental (E), life (L) and ... indicators were used to estimate the water security index. In other words, the water security index uses the combination of the aforementioned indicators and normalization to assess the sustainability of the watershed. Results and findings: The results of the environmental criteria assessment showed that the most rangeland is in sub-basin (17) with 19.33 percent, and in terms of forest land, the most is in sub-basin (7) with 60.92 percent, and the least rangeland is in sub-basin (11) with 0.04 percent, and forest land is in sub-basins (5, 11, 14) with 0.01 percent. The results of the life criteria assessment also showed that the most human development is in sub-basins (1, 4, 5, 11, 14, 15, 17, 24, 25) with a maximum score of 1. Finally, based on the results of combining the (H, E, L) indicators, the results of the Water Security Index (WSI) showed that the highest level of sustainability of the Qarasu-Samian watershed in terms of water security is related to sub-basin (1) with a value of 0.63, which indicates the sustainability of this sub-basin in the entire area of the Qarasu-Samian watershed. Also, the lowest level of water security sustainability of the watershed was assigned to sub-basin (21) with a value of 0.03, which indicates a very high weakness of the water security of the sub-basin in the entire area of the Qarasu-Samian watershed. Conclusion: Therefore, it is concluded that the higher the sub-basins are in terms of hydrological, environmental and life indicators, the higher the watershed will be in terms of sustainability and water security. Finally, it is suggested that in future studies, more tests, indicators and new methods should be used to assess the water security of the watershed. Background and Objective: Water security as a comprehensive concept that encompasses the measurement of the achievement of various water resources management goals. In other words, water security is strongly influenced by many factors, including increasing urban population, economic development, changes in living standards, increasing water pollution, overexploitation of groundwater resources, and climate change. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate and prioritize the Water Security Index (WSI) in the Qarasu sub-basins in Ardabil province. Methodology: In this study, hydrological (H), environmental (E), life (L) and ... indicators were used to estimate the water security index. In other words, the water security index uses the combination of the aforementioned indicators and normalization to assess the sustainability of the watershed. Results and findings: The results of the environmental criteria assessment showed that the most rangeland is in sub-basin (17) with 19.33 percent, and in terms of forest land, the most is in sub-basin (7) with 60.92 percent, and the least rangeland is in sub-basin (11) with 0.04 percent, and forest land is in sub-basins (5, 11, 14) with 0.01 percent. The results of the life criteria assessment also showed that the most human development is in sub-basins (1, 4, 5, 11, 14, 15, 17, 24, 25) with a maximum score of 1. Finally, based on the results of combining the (H, E, L) indicators, the results of the Water Security Index (WSI) showed that the highest level of sustainability of the Qarasu-Samian watershed in terms of water security is related to sub-basin (1) with a value of 0.63, which indicates the sustainability of this sub-basin in the entire area of the Qarasu-Samian watershed. Also, the lowest level of water security sustainability of the watershed was assigned to sub-basin (21) with a value of 0.03, which indicates a very high weakness of the water security of the sub-basin in the entire area of the Qarasu-Samian watershed. Conclusion: Therefore, it is concluded that the higher the sub-basins are in terms of hydrological, environmental and life indicators, the higher the watershed will be in terms of sustainability and water security. Finally, it is suggested that in future studies, more tests, indicators and new methods should be used to assess the water security of the watershed.

http://www.srds.ir/article_216671_cc39b4783dfbd9a5c42d5c6c5bccebfe.pdf

Saeed Maleki with Cooperation and scientific support Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association(IGUPA) Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS) 2783-0764 7 1 2025 05 22 Investigating the effects of solar energy use on employment and sustainable development in Iraq Country Investigating the effects of solar energy use on employment and sustainable development in Iraq Country 13 27 216754 FA Abdulrahim Hashemi Dizaj Associate Professor,Department of Economics,Faculty of Social Sciences,University of Mohaghegh Ardabili,Ardabil, Iran 0000-0002-5334-6019 Mohammad Hassanzadeh Professor, Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran 0000-0002-7768-2471 Mehdi Falahi Odeh Master’s Student, Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Journal Article 2025 01 01 Background and Aim: By creating jobs, attracting investment, and promoting sustainable practices, solar energy not only addresses environmental challenges but also fosters strong economic development. Studying the effects of solar energy on employment and economic growth is not only essential for a better understanding of the economic and social impacts of this energy source, but can also contribute to sustainable development and the creation of sustainable job opportunities in the future. Given the environmental challenges and the need for clean energy sources, these studies become even more important. Given the importance of solar energy and its role and place in growth and employment in Iraq and Iraq’s high potential in this field, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of using solar energy on employment and economic growth in Iraq. Methods and Material: In this research, a time series approach based on the autodistribution model with wide lags (ARDL) was used to examine the effects of solar energy use on employment and economic growth in Iraq during the period 1995-2022. Results and Discussion: The findings of this study showed that solar energy had a positive effect on economic growth at a 95% confidence level. The effects of solar energy on employment were also positive and statistically significant at a 90% confidence level. According to the findings, the error correction term coefficient in this model was -0.489 and was statistically significant, indicating that if a shock is introduced to the economic growth rate in Iraq, 0.489 percent of the imbalance in the economic growth rate will be adjusted during each period and will approach its long-term trend. Also, the error correction coefficient in this model is -0.365 and is statistically significant, indicating that if a shock occurs to the employment rate in Iraq, 0.365 percent of the imbalance in the employment rate will be adjusted during each period and will approach its long-term trend. According to the results obtained, Iraq can invest in solar energy to improve economic growth and employment while preserving the environment. Background and Aim: By creating jobs, attracting investment, and promoting sustainable practices, solar energy not only addresses environmental challenges but also fosters strong economic development. Studying the effects of solar energy on employment and economic growth is not only essential for a better understanding of the economic and social impacts of this energy source, but can also contribute to sustainable development and the creation of sustainable job opportunities in the future. Given the environmental challenges and the need for clean energy sources, these studies become even more important. Given the importance of solar energy and its role and place in growth and employment in Iraq and Iraq’s high potential in this field, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of using solar energy on employment and economic growth in Iraq. Methods and Material: In this research, a time series approach based on the autodistribution model with wide lags (ARDL) was used to examine the effects of solar energy use on employment and economic growth in Iraq during the period 1995-2022. Results and Discussion: The findings of this study showed that solar energy had a positive effect on economic growth at a 95% confidence level. The effects of solar energy on employment were also positive and statistically significant at a 90% confidence level. According to the findings, the error correction term coefficient in this model was -0.489 and was statistically significant, indicating that if a shock is introduced to the economic growth rate in Iraq, 0.489 percent of the imbalance in the economic growth rate will be adjusted during each period and will approach its long-term trend. Also, the error correction coefficient in this model is -0.365 and is statistically significant, indicating that if a shock occurs to the employment rate in Iraq, 0.365 percent of the imbalance in the employment rate will be adjusted during each period and will approach its long-term trend. According to the results obtained, Iraq can invest in solar energy to improve economic growth and employment while preserving the environment.

http://www.srds.ir/article_216754_bbbba518ea16da2868c9ad3b6a58ca88.pdf

Saeed Maleki with Cooperation and scientific support Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association(IGUPA) Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS) 2783-0764 7 1 2026 05 22 3.Assessment of Climatic and Geomorphological Factors in Military Base Site Selection Using Remote Sensing and GIS: (Case Study of the Moghan Plain, Ardabil Province) 3.Assessment of Climatic and Geomorphological Factors in Military Base Site Selection Using Remote Sensing and GIS: (Case Study of the Moghan Plain, Ardabil Province) 28 43 219193 FA Mousa Abedini Professor, Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran 0000-0002-4243-4670 AmirHesam Pasban Ph.D Student, Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. 0009-0005-0400-2075 Journal Article 2025 01 04 Background and Objective: Location selection is one of the strategic elements in the development of a country's defense infrastructure, requiring precise analysis of environmental, climatic, and human factors using modern spatial approaches. Therefore, the objective of this research is to investigate the role of climatic and geomorphological factors affecting the site selection of military garrisons in Moghan Plain, located in Ardabil Province, by utilizing remote sensing and GIS capabilities. Methodology: To fulfill the research objective, 14 relevant criteria were selected, including precipitation, temperature, actual evapotranspiration, elevation, slope, aspect, vegetation cover, land use, distance from rivers, faults, roads, cities, villages, and geology. The required spatial layers were derived from remote sensing data sources such as Sentinel-2 imagery, the 12.5-meter ALOS PALSAR Digital Elevation Model, and global climate datasets including TerraClimate, and were processed within the Google Earth Engine (GEE) environment. Subsequently, training sample points representing suitable and unsuitable locations were defined, and the Random Forest (RF) algorithm was trained and applied to produce the final suitability zoning map. Results and Findings: The variable importance analysis indicated that proximity to cities and villages, slope, vegetation cover, and distance from geological faults were the most influential factors in military base site selection within the study area. The final suitability map classified the region into five categories: very suitable, suitable, moderately suitable, unsuitable, and very unsuitable. Notably, portions of the northern and eastern sections of the Moghan Plain were identified as very suitable zones. This study demonstrates that the integration of machine learning algorithms with remote sensing data offers a robust and efficient approach for spatial analysis and supports strategic decision-making in the defense and military planning sectors. Conclusion: The findings of this study can support the optimization of military base site selection by integrating strategic, environmental, and security-related criteria. Such an approach has the potential to enhance military operational efficiency, strengthen crisis management capabilities, reduce infrastructure development costs, and minimize vulnerability to natural hazards. Background and Objective: Location selection is one of the strategic elements in the development of a country's defense infrastructure, requiring precise analysis of environmental, climatic, and human factors using modern spatial approaches. Therefore, the objective of this research is to investigate the role of climatic and geomorphological factors affecting the site selection of military garrisons in Moghan Plain, located in Ardabil Province, by utilizing remote sensing and GIS capabilities. Methodology: To fulfill the research objective, 14 relevant criteria were selected, including precipitation, temperature, actual evapotranspiration, elevation, slope, aspect, vegetation cover, land use, distance from rivers, faults, roads, cities, villages, and geology. The required spatial layers were derived from remote sensing data sources such as Sentinel-2 imagery, the 12.5-meter ALOS PALSAR Digital Elevation Model, and global climate datasets including TerraClimate, and were processed within the Google Earth Engine (GEE) environment. Subsequently, training sample points representing suitable and unsuitable locations were defined, and the Random Forest (RF) algorithm was trained and applied to produce the final suitability zoning map. Results and Findings: The variable importance analysis indicated that proximity to cities and villages, slope, vegetation cover, and distance from geological faults were the most influential factors in military base site selection within the study area. The final suitability map classified the region into five categories: very suitable, suitable, moderately suitable, unsuitable, and very unsuitable. Notably, portions of the northern and eastern sections of the Moghan Plain were identified as very suitable zones. This study demonstrates that the integration of machine learning algorithms with remote sensing data offers a robust and efficient approach for spatial analysis and supports strategic decision-making in the defense and military planning sectors. Conclusion: The findings of this study can support the optimization of military base site selection by integrating strategic, environmental, and security-related criteria. Such an approach has the potential to enhance military operational efficiency, strengthen crisis management capabilities, reduce infrastructure development costs, and minimize vulnerability to natural hazards.

http://www.srds.ir/article_219193_ffa6d8ad2ebe49979b905e6653d61380.pdf

Saeed Maleki with Cooperation and scientific support Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association(IGUPA) Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS) 2783-0764 7 1 2026 05 22 Geographical analysis of indicators and examples of a happy city with emphasis on Ray Oldenburg's third place theory (Case Study: Khorramabad city) Geographical analysis of indicators and examples of a happy city with emphasis on Ray Oldenburg's third place theory (Case Study: Khorramabad city) 44 72 219235 FA Kamran Dolatyarian PhD student, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran. 0000-0002-2268-789X Muhammad Hassan Yazdani Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran 0000-0001-8088-6910 Atta Ghafari Gilandeh Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran 0000-0002-8145-4818 Kamran Dolatyarian Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran 0000-0001-8088-6910 Journal Article 2025 02 11 Background and Aim: Third places are active and attractive public spaces that provide the context for interaction, recreation, personal growth, stress reduction, creativity stimulation, and social vitality in cities. The purpose of this study is to geographically analyze the indicators and examples of a happy city with an emphasis on Ray Oldenburg''''s third place theory in the city of Khorramabad. Methodology: The research method is descriptive-analytical and survey-type. The statistical sample of the research consists of 400 citizens who were selected by simple random sampling using Sample Power software. Data collection, classification, and analysis were performed using SPSS and AMOS statistical software. Results and Discussion: The findings of the study showed that Khorramabad city is in a weak position in terms of the dimensions and criteria of a happy city. Also, the results obtained from the structural equation modeling of the study showed that the economic factor with a factor load of 0.082 has the greatest impact on happiness. After that, environmental, physical-spatial, security and socio-cultural factors with factor loads of 0.076, 0.073, 0.071 and 0.063 were determined in the next ranks of impact on social happiness. In addition, it was determined that the third places, which include parks, sports centers, cafes, libraries and mosques, each have an impact of 0.071, 0.044, 0.043, 0.027 and 0.020 on social happiness in the selected area. Finally, based on the integrated path analysis model of the research, the effects of third places on the social vitality of Khorramabad city were determined to be 0.063. Background and Aim: Third places are active and attractive public spaces that provide the context for interaction, recreation, personal growth, stress reduction, creativity stimulation, and social vitality in cities. The purpose of this study is to geographically analyze the indicators and examples of a happy city with an emphasis on Ray Oldenburg''''s third place theory in the city of Khorramabad. Methodology: The research method is descriptive-analytical and survey-type. The statistical sample of the research consists of 400 citizens who were selected by simple random sampling using Sample Power software. Data collection, classification, and analysis were performed using SPSS and AMOS statistical software. Results and Discussion: The findings of the study showed that Khorramabad city is in a weak position in terms of the dimensions and criteria of a happy city. Also, the results obtained from the structural equation modeling of the study showed that the economic factor with a factor load of 0.082 has the greatest impact on happiness. After that, environmental, physical-spatial, security and socio-cultural factors with factor loads of 0.076, 0.073, 0.071 and 0.063 were determined in the next ranks of impact on social happiness. In addition, it was determined that the third places, which include parks, sports centers, cafes, libraries and mosques, each have an impact of 0.071, 0.044, 0.043, 0.027 and 0.020 on social happiness in the selected area. Finally, based on the integrated path analysis model of the research, the effects of third places on the social vitality of Khorramabad city were determined to be 0.063.

http://www.srds.ir/article_219235_cf793058c2450ee4c4945ade38057c94.pdf

Saeed Maleki with Cooperation and scientific support Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association(IGUPA) Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS) 2783-0764 7 1 2026 05 22 Determining strategies for organizing marginalized areas and implementing them in the form of mathematical reconstruction (case study of Qanat Naseri neighborhood in Arak city) Determining strategies for organizing marginalized areas and implementing them in the form of mathematical reconstruction (case study of Qanat Naseri neighborhood in Arak city) 73 90 220195 FA Rostam Saberifar Associate Professor of Geogarphy, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Low and Social Sciences, University of Pyam Noor University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-1523-0293 Reza Eftekhar MSc in Geogarphy, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Low and Social Sciences, University of Pyam Noor University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2025 02 19 Background and Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate urban regeneration and evaluate informal settlements with a case study of Qanat Naseri neighborhood in Arak city. Qanat Nasseri neighborhood is one of the informal settlements that faces numerous challenges in physical, social, economic, and environmental dimensions. For this reason, it was necessary to identify the neighborhood's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats and provide solutions to organize them. Methodology: The research method was descriptive-analytical and its purpose was applied. Survey and documentary methods were used to collect data and information. The statistical population of the study was the residents of Qanat Naseri neighborhood in the northeast of Arak. For this purpose, 37 educated residents of the area and 21 experts and specialists from the consulting company and the Arak Construction and Reconstruction Organization were selected and they answered the questionnaire questions. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and SWOT and QSPM models. Findings and Conclusion: The findings showed that public participation, improving physical infrastructure, addressing environmental problems, and economic empowerment are among the key factors in regenerating this neighborhood. The analyses conducted showed that the Qanat Nasseri neighborhood is located in the WO (conservative strategies) section of the SWOT matrix, which relies on using external opportunities to reduce internal weaknesses. Accordingly, it is necessary to use the marginal texture organization equation. In the absence of careful management and complete oversight, those with more power control all the resources and make things even more difficult for others. Sometimes, the government itself oppresses marginalized people by imposing restrictions or forced evictions. In such circumstances, the situation of each of the marginal areas should be analyzed separately and a solution should be proposed based on that. According to the findings of this study, marginal neighborhoods face numerous bottlenecks. The methods used for organization have not been very successful so far. According to this study, using the equation for organizing marginal textures does not have these shortcomings of previous methods. The second stage is dedicated to the preparation and transformation of the human condition. Ultimately, with the change in social status, positive and sustainable changes will occur in this area. Background and Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate urban regeneration and evaluate informal settlements with a case study of Qanat Naseri neighborhood in Arak city. Qanat Nasseri neighborhood is one of the informal settlements that faces numerous challenges in physical, social, economic, and environmental dimensions. For this reason, it was necessary to identify the neighborhood's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats and provide solutions to organize them. Methodology: The research method was descriptive-analytical and its purpose was applied. Survey and documentary methods were used to collect data and information. The statistical population of the study was the residents of Qanat Naseri neighborhood in the northeast of Arak. For this purpose, 37 educated residents of the area and 21 experts and specialists from the consulting company and the Arak Construction and Reconstruction Organization were selected and they answered the questionnaire questions. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and SWOT and QSPM models. Findings and Conclusion: The findings showed that public participation, improving physical infrastructure, addressing environmental problems, and economic empowerment are among the key factors in regenerating this neighborhood. The analyses conducted showed that the Qanat Nasseri neighborhood is located in the WO (conservative strategies) section of the SWOT matrix, which relies on using external opportunities to reduce internal weaknesses. Accordingly, it is necessary to use the marginal texture organization equation. In the absence of careful management and complete oversight, those with more power control all the resources and make things even more difficult for others. Sometimes, the government itself oppresses marginalized people by imposing restrictions or forced evictions. In such circumstances, the situation of each of the marginal areas should be analyzed separately and a solution should be proposed based on that. According to the findings of this study, marginal neighborhoods face numerous bottlenecks. The methods used for organization have not been very successful so far. According to this study, using the equation for organizing marginal textures does not have these shortcomings of previous methods. The second stage is dedicated to the preparation and transformation of the human condition. Ultimately, with the change in social status, positive and sustainable changes will occur in this area.

http://www.srds.ir/article_220195_70d9011250cf39b8c84ca2652f6bc1e0.pdf

Saeed Maleki with Cooperation and scientific support Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association(IGUPA) Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS) 2783-0764 7 1 2026 05 22 Comparative study of Tabriz metropolitan areas based on urban furniture components Comparative study of Tabriz metropolitan areas based on urban furniture components 91 103 220199 FA Faezeh Bahadori PhD Student in Geography and Urban Planning, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Mohammad Hasan Yazdani Professor of Department of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil Iran. 0000-0001-8088-6910 Alireza Mohammadi Professor of Department of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil Iran. 0000-0002-3327-0942 Mansour Rahmati Associate Professor of Department of Geography and Urban Planning and Rural Planning University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil Iran 0000-0002-4413-5789 Journal Article 2025 02 21 Background and Aim: City furniture is actually a manifestation of the aesthetics and identity of a society. Therefore, functional design, appropriate location, and proper and principled use of furniture in the city context are very important. Although city furniture is one of the most important categories of a city, it is not possible to equip and improve the current situation of this important thing at a time and simultaneously in all regions of a city; therefore, a comparative comparison in this regard can be effective and help urban managers perform better and make decisions in accordance with the priority of intervention at the level of each region. On this basis, the present study has been developed with the aim of a comparative study of the regions of Tabriz metropolis based on the components of city furniture. Methodology: This research is applied in nature and descriptive, analytical and survey in terms of method. The statistical population of the research includes 30 experts and specialists in the urban field. In order to evaluate and prioritize the target areas, 5 components (environmental quality, beauty and proportion of urban furniture, correct placement of urban furniture, balanced urban structure, quality of urban furniture components) were used. In this regard, 10 areas of Tabriz city were prioritized using the MABAC model. Findings and Conclusion: The results of implementing the model showed that Region 2 was in the first place with a final score of 0.513 and was in a favorable position, while Regions 5 and 9 were in the second and third places with scores of 0.388 and 0.362, respectively. In contrast, Region 1 was in the last place with the lowest score of -0.382. According to the findings of the present study, planning and management in accordance with the ranking made in the present study can, in turn, pave the way for urban managers to make future plans in the study area. Background and Aim: City furniture is actually a manifestation of the aesthetics and identity of a society. Therefore, functional design, appropriate location, and proper and principled use of furniture in the city context are very important. Although city furniture is one of the most important categories of a city, it is not possible to equip and improve the current situation of this important thing at a time and simultaneously in all regions of a city; therefore, a comparative comparison in this regard can be effective and help urban managers perform better and make decisions in accordance with the priority of intervention at the level of each region. On this basis, the present study has been developed with the aim of a comparative study of the regions of Tabriz metropolis based on the components of city furniture. Methodology: This research is applied in nature and descriptive, analytical and survey in terms of method. The statistical population of the research includes 30 experts and specialists in the urban field. In order to evaluate and prioritize the target areas, 5 components (environmental quality, beauty and proportion of urban furniture, correct placement of urban furniture, balanced urban structure, quality of urban furniture components) were used. In this regard, 10 areas of Tabriz city were prioritized using the MABAC model. Findings and Conclusion: The results of implementing the model showed that Region 2 was in the first place with a final score of 0.513 and was in a favorable position, while Regions 5 and 9 were in the second and third places with scores of 0.388 and 0.362, respectively. In contrast, Region 1 was in the last place with the lowest score of -0.382. According to the findings of the present study, planning and management in accordance with the ranking made in the present study can, in turn, pave the way for urban managers to make future plans in the study area.

http://www.srds.ir/article_220199_09d4bb3d0d603d25f7e24f6ee63932db.pdf

Saeed Maleki with Cooperation and scientific support Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association(IGUPA) Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS) 2783-0764 7 1 2026 05 22 Investigating pedestrian-based environmental quality in Andisheh Alley, Dezful City, with the 15-minute city approach Investigating pedestrian-based environmental quality in Andisheh Alley, Dezful City, with the 15-minute city approach 104 122 219955 FA Ehsan Keyshams Ardouti MSc student in Urban Planning, Jundishapur Dezful University of Technology, Dezful, Iran 0009-0000-9023-3614 Danial Salahshoor MSc student in Urban Planning, Jundishapur Dezful University of Technology, Dezful, Iran 0009-0007-2012-3488 Vahid Sarafraz Assistant Professor of Urban Planning, Jundishapur Dezful University of Technology, Dezful, Iran 0009-0000-2122-6891 Journal Article 2025 02 20 Background and Objective: With the rapid pace of urbanization and emerging challenges such as air pollution, traffic congestion, and declining quality of life, walkability has gained attention as a sustainable strategy in urban planning. This study aims to assess the environmental quality of the Andisheh neighborhood in Dezful, Iran, based on walkability indicators and within the framework of the 15-minute city approach. Methodology: The research is applied and follows a descriptive-analytical method. Seven key indicators were identified: land-use mix, environmental safety, public transportation, sidewalk design, intersection improvements, parking management, and bicycle lane development. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to determine the relative weight of each criterion, while a SWOT analysis was employed to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats affecting walkability in the area. Findings and Conclusion: According to the AHP results, "land-use mix" (0.348) and "environmental safety" (0.222) were the most critical indicators for enhancing walkability. The SWOT analysis highlighted significant opportunities such as increased property values and access to public services, along with threats including resistance to car-use restrictions and insufficient safety measures for pedestrians, especially at night. Despite existing urban challenges, the Andisheh neighborhood demonstrates strong potential for implementing the 15-minute city model due to its spatial characteristics and community structure. However, the success of this approach relies on improving pedestrian infrastructure, strengthening public transportation, enhancing safety, and raising public awareness. This research provides a practical framework for promoting walkable environments and sustainable urban living in similar neighborhoods. Background and Objective: With the rapid pace of urbanization and emerging challenges such as air pollution, traffic congestion, and declining quality of life, walkability has gained attention as a sustainable strategy in urban planning. This study aims to assess the environmental quality of the Andisheh neighborhood in Dezful, Iran, based on walkability indicators and within the framework of the 15-minute city approach. Methodology: The research is applied and follows a descriptive-analytical method. Seven key indicators were identified: land-use mix, environmental safety, public transportation, sidewalk design, intersection improvements, parking management, and bicycle lane development. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to determine the relative weight of each criterion, while a SWOT analysis was employed to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats affecting walkability in the area. Findings and Conclusion: According to the AHP results, "land-use mix" (0.348) and "environmental safety" (0.222) were the most critical indicators for enhancing walkability. The SWOT analysis highlighted significant opportunities such as increased property values and access to public services, along with threats including resistance to car-use restrictions and insufficient safety measures for pedestrians, especially at night. Despite existing urban challenges, the Andisheh neighborhood demonstrates strong potential for implementing the 15-minute city model due to its spatial characteristics and community structure. However, the success of this approach relies on improving pedestrian infrastructure, strengthening public transportation, enhancing safety, and raising public awareness. This research provides a practical framework for promoting walkable environments and sustainable urban living in similar neighborhoods.

http://www.srds.ir/article_219955_8ca70d6cd7e2bddaaf1c9fa9d7476013.pdf

Saeed Maleki with Cooperation and scientific support Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association(IGUPA) Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS) 2783-0764 7 1 2026 05 22 Analysis of the state of good Urban governance (Case study: Ardebil city) Analysis of the state of good Urban governance (Case study: Ardebil city) 123 135 219544 FA Mohammad Hassan Yazdani Professor, Department of Geography & Urban and Rural Planning, Mohaghegh University of Ardebil,Society Faculty, Ardabil, Iran. 0000-0001-8088-6910 Delavar Masoumi Professor, Department of Geography & Urban and Rural Planning, Mohaghegh University of Ardebil,Society Faculty, Ardabil, Iran. 0000-0001-8088-6910 Journal Article 2025 01 14 Background and Objective:. The movement towards good urban governance is inevitable and necessary. Good urban governance is one of the important and prominent topics in society today, in the sense that urban management, instead of assuming full responsibility for the administration of society alone, should be considered alongside citizens as one of the institutions or factors responsible for the administration of society. And with this change, urban management can play a facilitating and ground-breaking role in the development of urban and local society. Ardabil urban management can also be planned for good urban governance and its urban issues such as pollution reduction, public transportation, etc., in the direction of Ardabil city's good governance strategy to achieve sustainable development. Methodology: This article attempts to review the concepts and good urban governance, and to examine and analyze its components and indicators for the city of Ardabil. It is done through semi-structured interviews with 22 experts and managers in the Ardabil municipality using random sampling method, and also through a questionnaire of Ardabil citizens using Cochran sampling method with 384 people, and the final extracted indicators were examined in the form of a SWOT model. Findings and Conclusion: The result of the position of good urban governance in Ardabil city is in the worst possible position, namely defensive (the confrontation of weakness and threat), out of the four states of aggressive, conservative, defensive and competitive. It is also weak in terms of internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and has not shown suitable conditions against external factors (opportunities and threats). Background and Objective:. The movement towards good urban governance is inevitable and necessary. Good urban governance is one of the important and prominent topics in society today, in the sense that urban management, instead of assuming full responsibility for the administration of society alone, should be considered alongside citizens as one of the institutions or factors responsible for the administration of society. And with this change, urban management can play a facilitating and ground-breaking role in the development of urban and local society. Ardabil urban management can also be planned for good urban governance and its urban issues such as pollution reduction, public transportation, etc., in the direction of Ardabil city's good governance strategy to achieve sustainable development. Methodology: This article attempts to review the concepts and good urban governance, and to examine and analyze its components and indicators for the city of Ardabil. It is done through semi-structured interviews with 22 experts and managers in the Ardabil municipality using random sampling method, and also through a questionnaire of Ardabil citizens using Cochran sampling method with 384 people, and the final extracted indicators were examined in the form of a SWOT model. Findings and Conclusion: The result of the position of good urban governance in Ardabil city is in the worst possible position, namely defensive (the confrontation of weakness and threat), out of the four states of aggressive, conservative, defensive and competitive. It is also weak in terms of internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and has not shown suitable conditions against external factors (opportunities and threats).

http://www.srds.ir/article_219544_a319c20a8e9c8b2839a836b2cd63e57e.pdf

Saeed Maleki with Cooperation and scientific support Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association(IGUPA) Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS) 2783-0764 7 1 2026 05 22 Assessment of social resilience in villages around Urmia city Assessment of social resilience in villages around Urmia city 136 151 219749 FA Mir Najaf Mosavi Professor, Geography, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran 0000-0002-4814-5351 Roya Kamelnia PhD Candidate, geography and lamd use planning, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Journal Article 2025 03 13 Background and Aim: Social resilience is one of the approaches that has become very important nowadays in order to reduce injuries. Due to its central role, Urmia city has attracted immigrants and a large number of them settled in the villages on the outskirts of the city. This has led to the unplanned growth and vulnerability of these villages. The purpose of this research is to analyze the dimensions of social resilience in reducing human risks in the villages on the outskirts of 3 km of Urmia. Methodology: analyze the dimensions of social resilience in reducing human risks in the villages on the outskirts of 3 km of Urmia. The descriptive-analytical research method is the statistical population of the residents of the studied villages and the sample size is 374 people from the heads of the household based on the Cochran formula. The data collection tools are documents and questionnaires. To analyze the data, structural equation modeling was used using LISREL software. Findings and Conclusion: The results of modeling the structural equations of social resilience of villages based on the estimation of the standardized coefficients of the structural model of the research, a significance level of 0.021 has been obtained, which indicates the optimal fit of the model, and based on the research findings, the effects of the participation factor on social resilience with the coefficient direct and positive 0.98, the effect of the knowledge and awareness factor on the social resilience of the villages in question with a direct and positive coefficient of 0.97, and the trust index for social resilience with a positive coefficient of 0.98, the belonging factor with a direct and positive coefficient of 0.98, the effect of the credit index on resilience Social resilience with a direct and positive coefficient of 0.93, and finally the economic factor with the greatest impact with a direct and positive coefficient of 0.99 have an effective role in the social resilience of villages against hazards. Background and Aim: Social resilience is one of the approaches that has become very important nowadays in order to reduce injuries. Due to its central role, Urmia city has attracted immigrants and a large number of them settled in the villages on the outskirts of the city. This has led to the unplanned growth and vulnerability of these villages. The purpose of this research is to analyze the dimensions of social resilience in reducing human risks in the villages on the outskirts of 3 km of Urmia. Methodology: analyze the dimensions of social resilience in reducing human risks in the villages on the outskirts of 3 km of Urmia. The descriptive-analytical research method is the statistical population of the residents of the studied villages and the sample size is 374 people from the heads of the household based on the Cochran formula. The data collection tools are documents and questionnaires. To analyze the data, structural equation modeling was used using LISREL software. Findings and Conclusion: The results of modeling the structural equations of social resilience of villages based on the estimation of the standardized coefficients of the structural model of the research, a significance level of 0.021 has been obtained, which indicates the optimal fit of the model, and based on the research findings, the effects of the participation factor on social resilience with the coefficient direct and positive 0.98, the effect of the knowledge and awareness factor on the social resilience of the villages in question with a direct and positive coefficient of 0.97, and the trust index for social resilience with a positive coefficient of 0.98, the belonging factor with a direct and positive coefficient of 0.98, the effect of the credit index on resilience Social resilience with a direct and positive coefficient of 0.93, and finally the economic factor with the greatest impact with a direct and positive coefficient of 0.99 have an effective role in the social resilience of villages against hazards.

http://www.srds.ir/article_219749_556e68a679913d558533aae7f28124ab.pdf

Saeed Maleki with Cooperation and scientific support Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association(IGUPA) Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS) 2783-0764 7 1 2026 05 22 An Investigation into the Impact of Sabalan's Natural Features on Surrounding Human Settlements An Investigation into the Impact of Sabalan's Natural Features on Surrounding Human Settlements 152 162 219992 FA Habib Shahbazi Shiran Associate Professor Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran 0000-0003-4931-0977 Shadi Jabbarpour MSc Student, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. 0009-0003-6190-2454 Journal Article 2025 01 26 Background and Objective: Mount Sabalan, the second highest peak in Iran (with an elevation of 4,811 meters) and one of the most significant natural features of Ardabil Province, has played a decisive role in the formation of ancient civilizations in the region. Not only is it the tallest peak in northwestern Iran, but it is also considered one of the key centers for the emergence of early civilizations in this area. This study investigates the impact of Sabalan’s unique characteristics—including its water resources (hot springs and the Qarasoo River), fertile volcanic soils, and strategic location—on the spatial distribution patterns of archaeological settlements in Ardabil Province. Methodology Data analysis was carried out using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and comparative methods. The present study employed field surveys, spatial analyses, and archival research to examine 20 significant archaeological sites in Ardabil Province, including Yeri City (Meshginshahr), the archaeological areas of Sarein, and the historical Qahqaha Castle complex. Findings and Conclusion: The results show that more than 80% of the archaeological settlements in Ardabil Province are located within a 40-kilometer radius of Mount Sabalan. The fertile soils on the eastern slopes of the mountain played a crucial role in the development of ancient agriculture in the region.The research demonstrates that Sabalan’s natural features—especially access to water resources (the Qarasoo River and hot springs), fertile lands, and natural defensive positioning were key factors in the site selection of ancient settlements. Additionally, evidence suggests that the mountain’s ritual significance also influenced settlement patterns. This study highlights that Sabalan’s environmental conditions significantly contributed not only to the initial attraction of human communities but also tothe continuity and advancement of civilizations in the region. Background and Objective: Mount Sabalan, the second highest peak in Iran (with an elevation of 4,811 meters) and one of the most significant natural features of Ardabil Province, has played a decisive role in the formation of ancient civilizations in the region. Not only is it the tallest peak in northwestern Iran, but it is also considered one of the key centers for the emergence of early civilizations in this area. This study investigates the impact of Sabalan’s unique characteristics—including its water resources (hot springs and the Qarasoo River), fertile volcanic soils, and strategic location—on the spatial distribution patterns of archaeological settlements in Ardabil Province. Methodology Data analysis was carried out using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and comparative methods. The present study employed field surveys, spatial analyses, and archival research to examine 20 significant archaeological sites in Ardabil Province, including Yeri City (Meshginshahr), the archaeological areas of Sarein, and the historical Qahqaha Castle complex. Findings and Conclusion: The results show that more than 80% of the archaeological settlements in Ardabil Province are located within a 40-kilometer radius of Mount Sabalan. The fertile soils on the eastern slopes of the mountain played a crucial role in the development of ancient agriculture in the region.The research demonstrates that Sabalan’s natural features—especially access to water resources (the Qarasoo River and hot springs), fertile lands, and natural defensive positioning were key factors in the site selection of ancient settlements. Additionally, evidence suggests that the mountain’s ritual significance also influenced settlement patterns. This study highlights that Sabalan’s environmental conditions significantly contributed not only to the initial attraction of human communities but also tothe continuity and advancement of civilizations in the region.

http://www.srds.ir/article_219992_c844edb8a200811f6c516d6d3ad95eab.pdf

Saeed Maleki with Cooperation and scientific support Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association(IGUPA) Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS) 2783-0764 7 1 2026 05 22 The Impact of Oil Revenues on Iraq’s Country Economic Growth with an Emphasis on Geopolitical Risk The Impact of Oil Revenues on Iraq’s Country Economic Growth with an Emphasis on Geopolitical Risk 162 177 220707 FA Haidar Ali Abd Shamal Al-Hosani MSc Student, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Abdulrahim Hashemi Dizaj Associate Professor, Department of Economics,Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili,Ardabil, Iran. 0000-0002-5334-6019 Mohammad Hassanzadeh Professor, Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. 0000-0002-7768-2471 Journal Article 2025 03 07 Background and Objective: Oil revenues significantly affect fiscal policies, public spending, and budget management in Iraq. Studying these impacts helps policymakers assess the effectiveness of revenue management strategies such as oil revenue allocation, budget planning, and the establishment of stabilization funds. In addition, the impact of geopolitical risk on economic growth, which has been dominant in most oil-exporting countries, has become a necessity, and its results can have very important policy implications for policymakers and decision-makers at the macro level. Therefore, Iraq’s dependence on oil revenues makes understanding the effects of oil revenues on economic growth of great importance for assessing the sustainability of the Iraqi economy. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of oil revenues on Iraq’s economic growth by considering geopolitical risk. The results of the study will help identify the extent to which Iraq's economic growth is dependent on oil revenues and the possible risks associated with such dependence, along with existing risks. Methodology: This study is of an applied type based on its objectives. Data and information in the background section were collected with a library approach, and the data and statistics required to estimate the empirical model were collected from the Central Bank of Iraq and the World Bank websites in a time series format, and the analysis of the research model was also carried out using the self-explanatory model with extended lags (ARDL). The country's macroeconomic variables in the period 1995 to 2022 are the data used in this study. Findings and Conclusion:Based on the results of the model estimation, oil revenues have a positive and significant effect on economic growth in the short and long term, and the effect of geopolitical risk and the interactive effect of geopolitical risk on oil revenues are negative and significant in the long term on economic growth. The results also show a positive and significant impact of foreign direct investment on economic growth. Oil revenues as a major source of income can lead to an increase in the government budget, domestic and foreign investment in infrastructure, improvement of public services and creation of job opportunities in various economic sectors. However, political tensions and instability and geopolitical risk can reduce investment, reduce production and consequently reduce economic growth. Therefore, the government should adopt policies that reduce negative factors and increase factors that enhance economic growth. Background and Objective: Oil revenues significantly affect fiscal policies, public spending, and budget management in Iraq. Studying these impacts helps policymakers assess the effectiveness of revenue management strategies such as oil revenue allocation, budget planning, and the establishment of stabilization funds. In addition, the impact of geopolitical risk on economic growth, which has been dominant in most oil-exporting countries, has become a necessity, and its results can have very important policy implications for policymakers and decision-makers at the macro level. Therefore, Iraq’s dependence on oil revenues makes understanding the effects of oil revenues on economic growth of great importance for assessing the sustainability of the Iraqi economy. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of oil revenues on Iraq’s economic growth by considering geopolitical risk. The results of the study will help identify the extent to which Iraq's economic growth is dependent on oil revenues and the possible risks associated with such dependence, along with existing risks. Methodology: This study is of an applied type based on its objectives. Data and information in the background section were collected with a library approach, and the data and statistics required to estimate the empirical model were collected from the Central Bank of Iraq and the World Bank websites in a time series format, and the analysis of the research model was also carried out using the self-explanatory model with extended lags (ARDL). The country's macroeconomic variables in the period 1995 to 2022 are the data used in this study. Findings and Conclusion:Based on the results of the model estimation, oil revenues have a positive and significant effect on economic growth in the short and long term, and the effect of geopolitical risk and the interactive effect of geopolitical risk on oil revenues are negative and significant in the long term on economic growth. The results also show a positive and significant impact of foreign direct investment on economic growth. Oil revenues as a major source of income can lead to an increase in the government budget, domestic and foreign investment in infrastructure, improvement of public services and creation of job opportunities in various economic sectors. However, political tensions and instability and geopolitical risk can reduce investment, reduce production and consequently reduce economic growth. Therefore, the government should adopt policies that reduce negative factors and increase factors that enhance economic growth.

http://www.srds.ir/article_220707_42cc78619509ae768902efbc556f9bc0.pdf

Saeed Maleki with Cooperation and scientific support Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association(IGUPA) Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS) 2783-0764 7 1 2026 05 22 Synoptic tracking and analysis of widespread heavy rainfall of February 2, 1988 in northwest Iran Synoptic tracking and analysis of widespread heavy rainfall of February 2, 1988 in northwest Iran 178 192 226426 FA Behrouz Sobhani Professor, Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran 0000-0002-8037-893X Aysan Kanzi Hagh PhD student in climatology at the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili , Ardabil, Iran. Journal Article 2025 04 01 Background and Aim: Heavy rainfall every year leads to heavy and unpredictable floods in the world and Iran, which cause severe financial and human losses. The aim of this article is to examine the synoptics of the heavy and widespread rainfall in the northwest region of Iran on February 2, 1988. Methodology: First, the amount of heavy precipitation that occurred was identified by ground stations in northwest Iran, and by receiving and analyzing upper-level atmospheric data, the key factors for heavy and widespread precipitation were identified. Next, maps of geopotential height, sea level pressure, omega, relative humidity and precipitable water, wind speed, and thickness at the 500 hectopascal level were used for the days of January 31 to February 2, 1988. Finding and Results: The weather maps for heavy and widespread precipitation on February 2, 1988, in the northwest region of Iran indicate the establishment of a Siberian high-pressure system over northern Iran and the intrusion of a thermal low-pressure system from migrating Europe into the northwestern area under study at the 500 hPa level. This created a steep pressure gradient, where the ascent of warm air, along with the transfer of moisture from surrounding warm water sources such as the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, played a key role in the intensity and distribution of the heavy precipitation in the area in question. In the upper levels of the atmosphere, the formation of omega-shaped and rex blockings, along with deep Mediterranean low formations produced by these blocking systems, which placed the area of study in front of the existing trough axis, combined with the influx of very warm and moist air, led to the continuation of heavy and widespread rainfall on February 2 in northwest Iran. Background and Aim: Heavy rainfall every year leads to heavy and unpredictable floods in the world and Iran, which cause severe financial and human losses. The aim of this article is to examine the synoptics of the heavy and widespread rainfall in the northwest region of Iran on February 2, 1988. Methodology: First, the amount of heavy precipitation that occurred was identified by ground stations in northwest Iran, and by receiving and analyzing upper-level atmospheric data, the key factors for heavy and widespread precipitation were identified. Next, maps of geopotential height, sea level pressure, omega, relative humidity and precipitable water, wind speed, and thickness at the 500 hectopascal level were used for the days of January 31 to February 2, 1988. Finding and Results: The weather maps for heavy and widespread precipitation on February 2, 1988, in the northwest region of Iran indicate the establishment of a Siberian high-pressure system over northern Iran and the intrusion of a thermal low-pressure system from migrating Europe into the northwestern area under study at the 500 hPa level. This created a steep pressure gradient, where the ascent of warm air, along with the transfer of moisture from surrounding warm water sources such as the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, played a key role in the intensity and distribution of the heavy precipitation in the area in question. In the upper levels of the atmosphere, the formation of omega-shaped and rex blockings, along with deep Mediterranean low formations produced by these blocking systems, which placed the area of study in front of the existing trough axis, combined with the influx of very warm and moist air, led to the continuation of heavy and widespread rainfall on February 2 in northwest Iran.

http://www.srds.ir/article_226426_6f4d39bae2a0f54b1d8dddadc99d9b86.pdf

Saeed Maleki with Cooperation and scientific support Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association(IGUPA) Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS) 2783-0764 7 1 2026 05 22 Assessing the consequences of rural ecotourism with emphasis on economic relations within regional (Case Study: Regional Tourism favorites Sarduieh, Jiroft township) Assessing the consequences of rural ecotourism with emphasis on economic relations within regional (Case Study: Regional Tourism favorites Sarduieh, Jiroft township) 193 208 226571 FA Hossein Ebrahimzadeh Asmin Associate Professor of,Urban and regional planning,Department of Social Science,Faculty of Literature and Humanities,University of Sistan and Baluchestan,Zahedan,Iran. 0000-0001-5635-4498 Amir Hossein Ghanbari MSc of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Building city, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. 0009-0000-5523-841X Sirous Ghanbari Associate Professor of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Geography and Environmental Planning, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran 0000-0001-5592-9739 Journal Article 2025 05 04 Background and Objective: Tourism is one of the main ways of developing regions in diversifying the national and regional economy, and in many countries, investment in this industry and its related infrastructure is considered a key priority. The aim of this study is to evaluate the consequences of rural ecotourism with an emphasis on intra-regional economic relations in the villages of the Sardinia region. Methodology: The research method was descriptive-analytical and survey, so that after conducting library and documentary studies, in accordance with the topic and reviewing the background and literature of the research, the findings were analyzed from two aspects of evaluating the consequences of ecotourism and examining economic relations through a questionnaire consisting of two groups of native people, 90 people, and experts, 10 people, with SPSS22 software. The first group included: villagers (local residents) to determine the sample size, to complete the questionnaire in 5 villages, which were classified into three categories of villages with historical, religious, and natural attractions and distributed randomly. And the other was the selection of experts, who used the opinions of experts and researchers in this field to measure the validity or reliability, and the reliability of the questionnaire was measured based on the level of tourist satisfaction, which was confirmed by using the Cronbach's alpha formula, using 100 preliminary questionnaires, with 95 percent. Results and Findings: The results indicate the maximum exploitation of rural resources by the city and less confirmation of the existence of a trend of expansion and development in the studied area. In general, the actual demand for tourism in the region is weak, so appropriate planning and prioritization of tourism development using existing capabilities can eliminate the threats and weaknesses of tourism development in the Sardouia sector and ultimately act as an important step for sustainable rural development in this region. Background and Objective: Tourism is one of the main ways of developing regions in diversifying the national and regional economy, and in many countries, investment in this industry and its related infrastructure is considered a key priority. The aim of this study is to evaluate the consequences of rural ecotourism with an emphasis on intra-regional economic relations in the villages of the Sardinia region. Methodology: The research method was descriptive-analytical and survey, so that after conducting library and documentary studies, in accordance with the topic and reviewing the background and literature of the research, the findings were analyzed from two aspects of evaluating the consequences of ecotourism and examining economic relations through a questionnaire consisting of two groups of native people, 90 people, and experts, 10 people, with SPSS22 software. The first group included: villagers (local residents) to determine the sample size, to complete the questionnaire in 5 villages, which were classified into three categories of villages with historical, religious, and natural attractions and distributed randomly. And the other was the selection of experts, who used the opinions of experts and researchers in this field to measure the validity or reliability, and the reliability of the questionnaire was measured based on the level of tourist satisfaction, which was confirmed by using the Cronbach's alpha formula, using 100 preliminary questionnaires, with 95 percent. Results and Findings: The results indicate the maximum exploitation of rural resources by the city and less confirmation of the existence of a trend of expansion and development in the studied area. In general, the actual demand for tourism in the region is weak, so appropriate planning and prioritization of tourism development using existing capabilities can eliminate the threats and weaknesses of tourism development in the Sardouia sector and ultimately act as an important step for sustainable rural development in this region.

http://www.srds.ir/article_226571_fd8e7b02340f62554e8149e0cce19b3a.pdf

Saeed Maleki with Cooperation and scientific support Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association(IGUPA) Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS) 2783-0764 7 1 2026 05 22 Evaluation of pixel-based and object-oriented classification methods in preparing land cover maps using Landsat satellite images in Idrisi Terrset software (Case study: Doviraj region of Ilam Province) Evaluation of pixel-based and object-oriented classification methods in preparing land cover maps using Landsat satellite images in Idrisi Terrset software (Case study: Doviraj region of Ilam Province) 209 223 229526 FA Saleh Arekhi Associate Professor, Department of Geography and GIS, Faculty of Human Sciences, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran, 0000-0003-4882-0385 Journal Article 2025 03 09 Background and Objective: In recent years, the preparation of land cover maps through digital classification of remote sensing data has been considered as a suitable alternative for the preparation of this type of maps. Remote sensing is one of the new and efficient technologies in extracting land cover, updating maps, and detecting land cover changes. In this dirction, the aim of present study is to compare two methods of pixel-based and object-oriented classification in land cover mapping with using OLI image in Doviraj region, Ilam province using Idrisi Teerrset software. Research Method: After the supply of related image and implementing geometric and radiometric corrections on image, we applied two classification methods to land cover mapping. To assess the accuracy of classification methods, we used of indices of overall accuracy, kappa coefficient, producer accuracy and user accuracy. The results show that the object-oriented classification method has more resolution than the pixel-based classification method. Findings and Conclusion: The results of accuracy show that method of object-oriented in two indices of overall accuracy and kappa coefficient with (respectively) 94 percent and 0/93 percent was more accuracy then to pixel-based classification method with overall and Kappa coefficient 88 percent and 0/87 percent. The result of this study suggests that from object-oriented classification method use to production of land ucover map. Background and Objective: In recent years, the preparation of land cover maps through digital classification of remote sensing data has been considered as a suitable alternative for the preparation of this type of maps. Remote sensing is one of the new and efficient technologies in extracting land cover, updating maps, and detecting land cover changes. In this dirction, the aim of present study is to compare two methods of pixel-based and object-oriented classification in land cover mapping with using OLI image in Doviraj region, Ilam province using Idrisi Teerrset software. Research Method: After the supply of related image and implementing geometric and radiometric corrections on image, we applied two classification methods to land cover mapping. To assess the accuracy of classification methods, we used of indices of overall accuracy, kappa coefficient, producer accuracy and user accuracy. The results show that the object-oriented classification method has more resolution than the pixel-based classification method. Findings and Conclusion: The results of accuracy show that method of object-oriented in two indices of overall accuracy and kappa coefficient with (respectively) 94 percent and 0/93 percent was more accuracy then to pixel-based classification method with overall and Kappa coefficient 88 percent and 0/87 percent. The result of this study suggests that from object-oriented classification method use to production of land ucover map.

http://www.srds.ir/article_229526_34e5cf9f87d3117fe7f18775cc50940d.pdf

Saeed Maleki with Cooperation and scientific support Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association(IGUPA) Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS) 2783-0764 7 1 2026 05 22 The role of creative tourism in enhancing urban sustainability indicators (Case study: Ahvaz city) The role of creative tourism in enhancing urban sustainability indicators (Case study: Ahvaz city) 224 249 230405 FA Jamileh Karimi Hatami . PhD Student, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. 0009-0009-9232-6385 Mohammad Hossein Ramesht Professor, Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. 0009-0003-7783-5946 Mohammad Reza Nojavan Besnighan Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Maybod Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran. 0009-0000-9974-2933 Journal Article 2025 05 16 Background and Objective: In today's world, for the realization of sustainable urban development, creative tourism is considered as a key variable that plays an important role in improving urban sustainability indicators. The present study, focusing on the city of Ahvaz, examines the necessity of how creative tourism can play a role as a powerful tool in improving urban sustainability indicators. By identifying the cultural and artistic potential of the city, it seeks to provide practical solutions to solve environmental, social and economic challenges, and in this way, it draws a path to achieving a sustainable and dynamic city. Materials and Methods: The statistical population was 1,184,788 citizens of Ahvaz, of whom 384 were selected as a statistical sample using the Cochran formula and studied. Data analysis was performed through correlation analysis and structural equation modeling using SPSS and Smart PLS software. Findings and Results: The results showed that the research measurement tool has high validity and reliability. The average variance extracted (AVE) values for all constructs are above 0.5 and the composite reliability (CR) and Cronbach's alpha values are also above 0.7, indicating the convergent validity and sufficient internal consistency of the instrument. In confirmatory factor analysis, the factor loadings showed that each sub-index is a strong and valid indicator for its respective construct, as almost all factor loadings were above 0.7. The highest factor loading was related to the "Creativity" sub-index (0.914) and the lowest was related to "Green Space" (0.631). These results confirm that the measurement model has high accuracy and validity. Background and Objective: In today's world, for the realization of sustainable urban development, creative tourism is considered as a key variable that plays an important role in improving urban sustainability indicators. The present study, focusing on the city of Ahvaz, examines the necessity of how creative tourism can play a role as a powerful tool in improving urban sustainability indicators. By identifying the cultural and artistic potential of the city, it seeks to provide practical solutions to solve environmental, social and economic challenges, and in this way, it draws a path to achieving a sustainable and dynamic city. Materials and Methods: The statistical population was 1,184,788 citizens of Ahvaz, of whom 384 were selected as a statistical sample using the Cochran formula and studied. Data analysis was performed through correlation analysis and structural equation modeling using SPSS and Smart PLS software. Findings and Results: The results showed that the research measurement tool has high validity and reliability. The average variance extracted (AVE) values for all constructs are above 0.5 and the composite reliability (CR) and Cronbach's alpha values are also above 0.7, indicating the convergent validity and sufficient internal consistency of the instrument. In confirmatory factor analysis, the factor loadings showed that each sub-index is a strong and valid indicator for its respective construct, as almost all factor loadings were above 0.7. The highest factor loading was related to the "Creativity" sub-index (0.914) and the lowest was related to "Green Space" (0.631). These results confirm that the measurement model has high accuracy and validity.

http://www.srds.ir/article_230405_50857506949af00fa31f7b2ef2a562b2.pdf

Saeed Maleki with Cooperation and scientific support Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association(IGUPA) Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS) 2783-0764 7 1 2026 05 22 Analysis of the Relationship between Informal Settlements and Social Exclusion with the Mediating Role of Social Capital in the Metropolis of Mashhad: A Mixed-Methods Study Analysis of the Relationship between Informal Settlements and Social Exclusion with the Mediating Role of Social Capital in the Metropolis of Mashhad: A Mixed-Methods Study 250 267 230398 FA Saleh Ebrahimipour PhD student in Geography and Urban Planning at Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran 0009-0007-8400-1922 Katayoon Alizadeh Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Engineering, University of Azad Islamic, Mashhad,, Mashhad, Iran Journal Article 2025 05 19 Background and Objective: The phenomenon of marginalization, as one of the major challenges in Iranian metropolises, not only reflects spatial inequalities but also paves the way for various forms of social exclusion. This study was conducted to analyze the relationship between informal settlements and social exclusion, emphasizing the mediating role of social capital in the metropolis of Mashhad. Methodology: This research employed a mixed-methods (quantitative-qualitative) design. The statistical population consisted of residents of informal settlements in Mashhad, from which 500 individuals were selected through stratified random sampling. Quantitative data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire, and qualitative data were gathered through 20 semi-structured interviews. Quantitative data analysis was performed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), while qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results and Findings: Quantitative findings revealed that informal settlements have a direct and positive effect on social exclusion (β = 0.59), and social capital exerts a significant negative effect on social exclusion (β = -0.42). Furthermore, social capital plays a significant mediating role in the relationship between informal settlements and social exclusion. Qualitative findings uncovered three main themes: pervasive structural deprivation, social isolation and experience of discrimination, and weakness of support networks. Exploratory factor analysis also identified three factors contributing to informal settlements: economic poverty and employment issues, migration and lack of urban services, and lack of legal ownership. The findings indicate that informal settlements lead to social exclusion through both direct and indirect pathways (via social capital). This study suggests that urban policies should focus not only on physical interventions but also on strengthening bridging social capital and establishing participatory local institutions. The results of this research can serve as a basis for equity-oriented planning in similar metropolises. Background and Objective: The phenomenon of marginalization, as one of the major challenges in Iranian metropolises, not only reflects spatial inequalities but also paves the way for various forms of social exclusion. This study was conducted to analyze the relationship between informal settlements and social exclusion, emphasizing the mediating role of social capital in the metropolis of Mashhad. Methodology: This research employed a mixed-methods (quantitative-qualitative) design. The statistical population consisted of residents of informal settlements in Mashhad, from which 500 individuals were selected through stratified random sampling. Quantitative data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire, and qualitative data were gathered through 20 semi-structured interviews. Quantitative data analysis was performed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), while qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results and Findings: Quantitative findings revealed that informal settlements have a direct and positive effect on social exclusion (β = 0.59), and social capital exerts a significant negative effect on social exclusion (β = -0.42). Furthermore, social capital plays a significant mediating role in the relationship between informal settlements and social exclusion. Qualitative findings uncovered three main themes: pervasive structural deprivation, social isolation and experience of discrimination, and weakness of support networks. Exploratory factor analysis also identified three factors contributing to informal settlements: economic poverty and employment issues, migration and lack of urban services, and lack of legal ownership. The findings indicate that informal settlements lead to social exclusion through both direct and indirect pathways (via social capital). This study suggests that urban policies should focus not only on physical interventions but also on strengthening bridging social capital and establishing participatory local institutions. The results of this research can serve as a basis for equity-oriented planning in similar metropolises.

http://www.srds.ir/article_230398_00e2816a818fce986fc51879d877863c.pdf

Saeed Maleki with Cooperation and scientific support Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association(IGUPA) Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS) 2783-0764 7 1 2026 05 22 Foresight of the Cooperative Sector in Ardabil Province by 2031 and presentation of regional development strategies Foresight of the Cooperative Sector in Ardabil Province by 2031 and presentation of regional development strategies 268 289 230514 FA Amir Ali Farhang Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0001-6878-8787 Journal Article 2025 05 17 Background and Objective: Rapid technological developments (such as artificial intelligence, automation, and the digital economy), labor market fluctuations, demographic changes, and increasing societal expectations in the field of welfare require a review of new missions and mechanisms. This study aimed to conduct foresight analysis of the cooperative sector in Ardabil Province by 2031 and propose development strategies. Methodology: The research was descriptive-inferential and foresight-oriented, employing a mixed quantitative and qualitative approach. The statistical population consisted of 58 experts, government and non-government officials, cooperative members, and researchers in the cooperative sector, selected through purposive and snowball sampling. Data were collected via Likert-scale questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and documentary studies. Various methods were used for data analysis: PESTEL analysis to identify macro-environmental factors, MICMAC method to examine interrelationships among key variables, and Shell scenario planning to develop future scenarios. Additionally, correlation analysis, Kruskal-Wallis test, SWOT analysis, TF-IDF technique, and K-Means clustering were applied for quantitative and qualitative data analysis. Results and Findings: The results indicated that economic factors, such as inflation rates, and political factors, such as political stability, were the most influential. Technology was identified as a key driver, and scenarios of economic stagnation and water scarcity threats were deemed the most likely futures. The absence of significant differences among respondent groups facilitated unified policymaking. Ultimately, strategies such as leveraging strengths to capitalize on opportunities, focusing on key factors, preparing for likely scenarios, and promoting technological development were proposed. These findings can assist policymakers and cooperative managers in formulating sustainable development strategies. While numerous studies on foresight and related topics have been conducted domestically and internationally, no research has been observed specifically on the foresight of the cooperative sector in Ardabil Province. Background and Objective: Rapid technological developments (such as artificial intelligence, automation, and the digital economy), labor market fluctuations, demographic changes, and increasing societal expectations in the field of welfare require a review of new missions and mechanisms. This study aimed to conduct foresight analysis of the cooperative sector in Ardabil Province by 2031 and propose development strategies. Methodology: The research was descriptive-inferential and foresight-oriented, employing a mixed quantitative and qualitative approach. The statistical population consisted of 58 experts, government and non-government officials, cooperative members, and researchers in the cooperative sector, selected through purposive and snowball sampling. Data were collected via Likert-scale questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and documentary studies. Various methods were used for data analysis: PESTEL analysis to identify macro-environmental factors, MICMAC method to examine interrelationships among key variables, and Shell scenario planning to develop future scenarios. Additionally, correlation analysis, Kruskal-Wallis test, SWOT analysis, TF-IDF technique, and K-Means clustering were applied for quantitative and qualitative data analysis. Results and Findings: The results indicated that economic factors, such as inflation rates, and political factors, such as political stability, were the most influential. Technology was identified as a key driver, and scenarios of economic stagnation and water scarcity threats were deemed the most likely futures. The absence of significant differences among respondent groups facilitated unified policymaking. Ultimately, strategies such as leveraging strengths to capitalize on opportunities, focusing on key factors, preparing for likely scenarios, and promoting technological development were proposed. These findings can assist policymakers and cooperative managers in formulating sustainable development strategies. While numerous studies on foresight and related topics have been conducted domestically and internationally, no research has been observed specifically on the foresight of the cooperative sector in Ardabil Province.

http://www.srds.ir/article_230514_0cbb4f9abfc468b25c20e6a9abd586c0.pdf

Saeed Maleki with Cooperation and scientific support Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association(IGUPA) Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS) 2783-0764 7 1 2026 05 22 Identifying and ranking factors affecting financing of small and medium-sized businesses in East and West Azerbaijan provinces Identifying and ranking factors affecting financing of small and medium-sized businesses in East and West Azerbaijan provinces 290 316 230857 FA Ali Mahamad Salahi PhD student in Economic Sciences, Aras international campus, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran 0009-0007-0518-5621 Reza Ranjpour Professor, Development and Planning Department, Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran 0000-0002-4724-0285 Sajad Naghdi Associate Professor, Department of Accounting, Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran 0000-0003-1899-0957 Zahra Karimi Tekanloo Professor, Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Journal Article 2025 06 17 Background and Objective: Financing is a critical pillar for the growth and sustainability of small and medium enterprises (SMEs), which play a key role in job creation, GDP growth, and innovation. In East and West Azerbaijan provinces, despite potentials such as border locations and free trade zones, SMEs face challenges like complex loan acquisition processes, heavy collateral requirements, and high interest rates. This study aims to identify, analyze, and rank factors affecting SME financing in these provinces to provide practical guidance for policymakers. Methodology: This study employed a mixed-method (qualitative-quantitative) approach. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews with 18 experts (purposively selected) and thematic analysis using Jupyter Notebook identified initial factors. In the quantitative phase, data from 100 SME managers were analyzed using DEMATEL and DANP techniques. Calculations were performed in Python, with reliability (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.918) and validity (factor analysis explaining 69.9% of variance) confirmed. Results and Findings: Key factors include access to loans (weight: 0.076602), government support (weight: 0.077008), and financial credit (weight: 0.076977). Critical components identified include a detailed business plan and managerial experience. It is recommended to enhance SME access through flexible financing and targeted support.The study’s innovation lies in using DEMATEL and DANP to analyze complex relationships in the specific context of these provinces, offering a practical framework for policymaking that can serve as a model for other regions. Background and Objective: Financing is a critical pillar for the growth and sustainability of small and medium enterprises (SMEs), which play a key role in job creation, GDP growth, and innovation. In East and West Azerbaijan provinces, despite potentials such as border locations and free trade zones, SMEs face challenges like complex loan acquisition processes, heavy collateral requirements, and high interest rates. This study aims to identify, analyze, and rank factors affecting SME financing in these provinces to provide practical guidance for policymakers. Methodology: This study employed a mixed-method (qualitative-quantitative) approach. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews with 18 experts (purposively selected) and thematic analysis using Jupyter Notebook identified initial factors. In the quantitative phase, data from 100 SME managers were analyzed using DEMATEL and DANP techniques. Calculations were performed in Python, with reliability (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.918) and validity (factor analysis explaining 69.9% of variance) confirmed. Results and Findings: Key factors include access to loans (weight: 0.076602), government support (weight: 0.077008), and financial credit (weight: 0.076977). Critical components identified include a detailed business plan and managerial experience. It is recommended to enhance SME access through flexible financing and targeted support.The study’s innovation lies in using DEMATEL and DANP to analyze complex relationships in the specific context of these provinces, offering a practical framework for policymaking that can serve as a model for other regions.

http://www.srds.ir/article_230857_702b3a90ad1cd92e2abafc606c834485.pdf

Saeed Maleki with Cooperation and scientific support Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association(IGUPA) Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS) 2783-0764 7 1 2026 05 22 Identifying factors affecting the internationalization process of digital startups in Iran Identifying factors affecting the internationalization process of digital startups in Iran 317 339 229369 FA Mahmoud Sarabi PhD student in Economic Sciences, Aras international campus, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran 0009-0006-5639-9040 Behzad Salmani Professor, Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran 0000-0002-7117-1021 Younis Jabarzadeh Assistant Professor, Department of Management, Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran 0000-0002-0845-2170 Mohammad Mehdi Barghi Oskoee Professor, Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran 0000-0002-5750-0482 Journal Article 2025 05 16 Background and Objective: In recent decades, digital transformations and globalization have created novel opportunities for digital startups to expand beyond national borders. In Iran, despite the remarkable growth of the startup ecosystem and a young, talented human resource pool, the internationalization process of these companies faces multifaceted challenges, including economic and political sanctions, financial restrictions, and weak international networks. These barriers threaten the success of startups in global markets and underscore the need for a systematic analysis of influencing factors. The objective of this research is to identify and model key factors affecting the internationalization process of Iranian digital startups, focusing on barriers, opportunities, and interrelationships, to provide a practical conceptual framework for stakeholders such as policymakers, investors, and entrepreneurs. Methodology: This study employs a mixed-methods qualitative-quantitative approach. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 24 experts from Iran's startup ecosystem (using snowball sampling until saturation), identifying influencing factors and categorizing them into 6 dimensions and 41 components via thematic analysis (using MaxQDA software). In the quantitative phase, inter-dimensional relationships were analyzed using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and a self-interaction matrix, with model stability assessed through MICMAC analysis. Results and Findings: The findings reveal six main dimensions: strategic and business model, marketing and customer interaction, cultural and international, infrastructural and legal, human resources and team, and supportive and financial. Marketing and cultural factors rank at the first level (linkage and vital), infrastructural and human at the second (autonomous), and financial at the third (independent). The ISM model emphasizes that successful internationalization requires a focus on cultural adaptation and marketing strategies, while financial and infrastructural supports play a facilitating role. The results urge policymakers to strengthen international networks and cultural empowerment, offering suggestions for future research such as comparative analyses and the role of emerging technologies. This model provides a practical framework to accelerate the internationalization of Iranian startups. Background and Objective: In recent decades, digital transformations and globalization have created novel opportunities for digital startups to expand beyond national borders. In Iran, despite the remarkable growth of the startup ecosystem and a young, talented human resource pool, the internationalization process of these companies faces multifaceted challenges, including economic and political sanctions, financial restrictions, and weak international networks. These barriers threaten the success of startups in global markets and underscore the need for a systematic analysis of influencing factors. The objective of this research is to identify and model key factors affecting the internationalization process of Iranian digital startups, focusing on barriers, opportunities, and interrelationships, to provide a practical conceptual framework for stakeholders such as policymakers, investors, and entrepreneurs. Methodology: This study employs a mixed-methods qualitative-quantitative approach. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 24 experts from Iran's startup ecosystem (using snowball sampling until saturation), identifying influencing factors and categorizing them into 6 dimensions and 41 components via thematic analysis (using MaxQDA software). In the quantitative phase, inter-dimensional relationships were analyzed using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and a self-interaction matrix, with model stability assessed through MICMAC analysis. Results and Findings: The findings reveal six main dimensions: strategic and business model, marketing and customer interaction, cultural and international, infrastructural and legal, human resources and team, and supportive and financial. Marketing and cultural factors rank at the first level (linkage and vital), infrastructural and human at the second (autonomous), and financial at the third (independent). The ISM model emphasizes that successful internationalization requires a focus on cultural adaptation and marketing strategies, while financial and infrastructural supports play a facilitating role. The results urge policymakers to strengthen international networks and cultural empowerment, offering suggestions for future research such as comparative analyses and the role of emerging technologies. This model provides a practical framework to accelerate the internationalization of Iranian startups.

http://www.srds.ir/article_229369_f3a9750b6feef0328d28767f5a7f266d.pdf

Saeed Maleki with Cooperation and scientific support Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association(IGUPA) Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS) 2783-0764 7 1 2026 05 22 Detection and Monitoring of Urban Constructions in Central District of Noor Township Using Satellite Imagery and Based on Spatial Planning Approach Detection and Monitoring of Urban Constructions in Central District of Noor Township Using Satellite Imagery and Based on Spatial Planning Approach 340 354 229441 FA Azra Moshtagheh Mehr MA, Land Use Planning, Faculty of Planning and Environmental Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Seyyed Asadullah Hejazi Associate Professor of Geomorphology, Department of Geomorphology, Faculty of Planning and Environmental Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Journal Article 2025 06 08 Background and Objective: Given the increasing trend of global urbanization, studying and monitoring the expansion of urban constructions is of great importance, as the growth of such structures often leads to significant changes in land surface cover. Accordingly, the objective of this study is to analyze and investigate the trend of expansion of urban constructions in a part of Noor County, Mazandaran Province. Methodology: In this study, land use maps of the study area for the period 2005–2025 were extracted using Landsat 5 and 8 satellite imagery and the Support Vector Machine (SVM) model. Additionally, the Land Change Modeler (LCM) tool was employed to assess the temporal-spatial patterns of change during this period. Results and Findings: The The findings of this study indicate that the area of urban constructions in the region increased from 33.07 km2 in 2005 to 92.7 km2 in 2015, and further to 97.15 km2 in 2025. Accordingly, the extent of constructions in proximity to the cities of the region has shown greater growth due to increased construction activities. Assessments reveal the inevitable impact of the expansion of constructions on the reduction of other land use types in the region. By 2025, approximately 99.8 km2 of the region have been directly affected by the expansion of constructions, with pastures and agricultural lands experiencing the most significant impacts in this regard. The results of this study highlight the increasing trend of expansion of human constructions in parallel with the region’s population growth and underscore the importance of adopting land use planning and programs to optimally manage land use in line with sustainable territorial development. Background and Objective: Given the increasing trend of global urbanization, studying and monitoring the expansion of urban constructions is of great importance, as the growth of such structures often leads to significant changes in land surface cover. Accordingly, the objective of this study is to analyze and investigate the trend of expansion of urban constructions in a part of Noor County, Mazandaran Province. Methodology: In this study, land use maps of the study area for the period 2005–2025 were extracted using Landsat 5 and 8 satellite imagery and the Support Vector Machine (SVM) model. Additionally, the Land Change Modeler (LCM) tool was employed to assess the temporal-spatial patterns of change during this period. Results and Findings: The The findings of this study indicate that the area of urban constructions in the region increased from 33.07 km2 in 2005 to 92.7 km2 in 2015, and further to 97.15 km2 in 2025. Accordingly, the extent of constructions in proximity to the cities of the region has shown greater growth due to increased construction activities. Assessments reveal the inevitable impact of the expansion of constructions on the reduction of other land use types in the region. By 2025, approximately 99.8 km2 of the region have been directly affected by the expansion of constructions, with pastures and agricultural lands experiencing the most significant impacts in this regard. The results of this study highlight the increasing trend of expansion of human constructions in parallel with the region’s population growth and underscore the importance of adopting land use planning and programs to optimally manage land use in line with sustainable territorial development.

http://www.srds.ir/article_229441_f4d8a4031174a67061a917c3aef70a0b.pdf

Saeed Maleki with Cooperation and scientific support Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association(IGUPA) Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS) 2783-0764 7 1 2026 05 22 Performance Comparison of Random Forest and Support Vector Machine Algorithms for Land Use Change Monitoring in the Samian Watershed (2015–2024) Using Remote Sensing Data in Google Earth Engine Performance Comparison of Random Forest and Support Vector Machine Algorithms for Land Use Change Monitoring in the Samian Watershed (2015–2024) Using Remote Sensing Data in Google Earth Engine 355 379 229311 FA Sayyad Asghari Saraskanroud Professor , Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran 0000-0002-5015-904X Fatemeh Samadi Shalveh Alia MSc Student Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Department of Physical Geography ، Faculty of Social Sciences، University of Mohaghegh Ardabili ، Ardabil ، Iran Journal Article 2025 05 11 Background and Objective:<span dir="RTL" style="font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> Land use changes represent a critical environmental challenge, significantly impacting natural resources, ecosystems, and hydrological processes. This study aims to comparatively evaluate the performance of two machine learning algorithms—Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM)—for land use mapping and analyzing temporal changes between 2015 and 2024 in the Samian Watershed, Ardabil Province, with an approximate area of 4236 km². Methodology: Satellite imagery from Landsat 8 and 9, along with Sentinel-2, were utilized within the Google Earth Engine platform for land use classification. The RF and SVM classifiers were applied to produce land use maps consisting of eight classes: water, residential, irrigated agriculture, rainfed agriculture, snow, forest, dense rangeland, and sparse rangeland. Accuracy assessment was conducted using confusion matrices and related accuracy metrics. Global datasets (Dynamic World and GHSL) were employed for sampling and model training. Results and Findings: Comparative analysis revealed that the RF algorithm outperformed SVM, achieving an overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient exceeding 99%. Significant land use changes were observed during the study period, including a notable increase in irrigated agriculture and residential areas, alongside a decrease in rainfed lands, snow cover, and surface water bodies. Overall, due to its high accuracy and stable performance, RF is recommended as the superior method for monitoring land use changes within big data environments such as Google Earth Engine. Background and Objective:<span dir="RTL" style="font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> Land use changes represent a critical environmental challenge, significantly impacting natural resources, ecosystems, and hydrological processes. This study aims to comparatively evaluate the performance of two machine learning algorithms—Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM)—for land use mapping and analyzing temporal changes between 2015 and 2024 in the Samian Watershed, Ardabil Province, with an approximate area of 4236 km². Methodology: Satellite imagery from Landsat 8 and 9, along with Sentinel-2, were utilized within the Google Earth Engine platform for land use classification. The RF and SVM classifiers were applied to produce land use maps consisting of eight classes: water, residential, irrigated agriculture, rainfed agriculture, snow, forest, dense rangeland, and sparse rangeland. Accuracy assessment was conducted using confusion matrices and related accuracy metrics. Global datasets (Dynamic World and GHSL) were employed for sampling and model training. Results and Findings: Comparative analysis revealed that the RF algorithm outperformed SVM, achieving an overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient exceeding 99%. Significant land use changes were observed during the study period, including a notable increase in irrigated agriculture and residential areas, alongside a decrease in rainfed lands, snow cover, and surface water bodies. Overall, due to its high accuracy and stable performance, RF is recommended as the superior method for monitoring land use changes within big data environments such as Google Earth Engine.

http://www.srds.ir/article_229311_17321ce8f8e69ee876d08b089a352b82.pdf

Saeed Maleki with Cooperation and scientific support Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association(IGUPA) Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS) 2783-0764 7 1 2026 05 22 Assessing the impact of urban and rural development and land use changes on urban and rural surface temperatures (LST) using Landsat images from 2003 to 2023, case study area of Aslandoz Township Assessing the impact of urban and rural development and land use changes on urban and rural surface temperatures (LST) using Landsat images from 2003 to 2023, case study area of Aslandoz Township 380 393 233166 FA Lotfollah Maleki Masoomabad Assistant Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran 0009-0000-0666-5060 Maryam Mohammadzadeh Shishehgaean PhD student in Geography and Urban Planning, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran 0009-0006-3570-1052 Journal Article 2025 07 12 Background and Objective: <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Land surface temperature is a fundamental indicator in monitoring energy balance models at the land surface at regional and global scales. Given the limitations of meteorological stations, remote sensing can be a suitable alternative for estimating land surface temperature. The main objective of this research is to monitor land surface temperature and land use changes and urban development using satellite images from 2003 and 2023. The results of the 20-year land use map showed that very visible urban development was observed throughout the entire Aslandoz Township. If this development is done with minimizing damage to the environment and forests, it will be very positive. Methodology: In this study, Landsat satellite images from 2003 and 2023 were used to investigate and assess the feasibility of using solar radiation energy. ENVI software was used to perform calculations using ArcGIS software to prepare maps. One of the applications of thermal images is to prepare thermal maps to determine isothermal zones. Results and Findings: <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-language: NL;">The results of the LST map showed that the land surface temperature in Aslandoz Township has increased significantly, so that in 2003 the land surface temperature was 42.49, and in 2023 this figure has increased to 49.92. The results of the integration of land use maps and land surface temperature showed that the lowest temperature in both years was attributed to water and forest use, which is due to high humidity, and the highest temperature was attributed to soil and residential use. Soil use in 2003 was 42.09 and in 2023 was 49.86, and residential use in 2003 was 42.57, and in 2023 the highest value for residential use was 42.57, which is a significant figure. The reason for this very high temperature and the difference in use is that if an area is devoid of vegetation or has sparse coverage, evaporation and transpiration are low and the temperature increases. Background and Objective: <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-language: NL;">Land surface temperature is a fundamental indicator in monitoring energy balance models at the land surface at regional and global scales. Given the limitations of meteorological stations, remote sensing can be a suitable alternative for estimating land surface temperature. The main objective of this research is to monitor land surface temperature and land use changes and urban development using satellite images from 2003 and 2023. The results of the 20-year land use map showed that very visible urban development was observed throughout the entire Aslandoz Township. If this development is done with minimizing damage to the environment and forests, it will be very positive. Methodology: In this study, Landsat satellite images from 2003 and 2023 were used to investigate and assess the feasibility of using solar radiation energy. ENVI software was used to perform calculations using ArcGIS software to prepare maps. One of the applications of thermal images is to prepare thermal maps to determine isothermal zones. Results and Findings: <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-language: NL;">The results of the LST map showed that the land surface temperature in Aslandoz Township has increased significantly, so that in 2003 the land surface temperature was 42.49, and in 2023 this figure has increased to 49.92. The results of the integration of land use maps and land surface temperature showed that the lowest temperature in both years was attributed to water and forest use, which is due to high humidity, and the highest temperature was attributed to soil and residential use. Soil use in 2003 was 42.09 and in 2023 was 49.86, and residential use in 2003 was 42.57, and in 2023 the highest value for residential use was 42.57, which is a significant figure. The reason for this very high temperature and the difference in use is that if an area is devoid of vegetation or has sparse coverage, evaporation and transpiration are low and the temperature increases.

http://www.srds.ir/article_233166_8c167a1718dc2aea7e26c637a8173f57.pdf

Saeed Maleki with Cooperation and scientific support Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association(IGUPA) Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS) 2783-0764 7 1 2026 05 22 Investigating the Social Network of Marginalized Residents in Ahvaz City and its Relationship with Rural Migration Investigating the Social Network of Marginalized Residents in Ahvaz City and its Relationship with Rural Migration 394 404 235648 FA Sohrab Ghaedi Associate Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran 0000-0001-5922-0604 Ali Dasht Bozorgi Department of Geography & Urban Planning, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz,Ahvaz, Iran Journal Article 2025 08 31 Background and Objective: The expansion of rural migration to urban peripheries is a phenomenon profoundly influencing the social and spatial fabric of cities. This study investigates the relationship between social networks and rural migration, and its subsequent outcome: the formation of informal settlements on the outskirts of Ahvaz, Iran. Methodology: Focusing on two neighborhoods, Goldasht and Golbahar, as primary destinations for rural migrants, this research employs a descriptive-analytical method. Data were collected via a researcher-administered questionnaire from 300 household heads and analyzed in SPSS using a one-sample t-test and the Friedman rank test. Results and Findings:<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> The results reveal that kinship relations, with a mean score of 3.02 (above the theoretical average), constituted the most significant network factor in migration decision-making and destination choice. Furthermore, economic factors, with a mean rank of 2.24, were identified as the primary driver for migration from rural areas. In contrast, the overall satisfaction of residents with their living conditions, averaging 2.99, fell below the median, indicating unsatisfactory circumstances in these settlements. In conclusion, the findings underscore the prominent role of social networks and economic pressures in shaping waves of rural migration. The low levels of resident satisfaction simultaneously highlight the persistent and serious challenges to quality of life within these informal urban settlements. Background and Objective: The expansion of rural migration to urban peripheries is a phenomenon profoundly influencing the social and spatial fabric of cities. This study investigates the relationship between social networks and rural migration, and its subsequent outcome: the formation of informal settlements on the outskirts of Ahvaz, Iran. Methodology: Focusing on two neighborhoods, Goldasht and Golbahar, as primary destinations for rural migrants, this research employs a descriptive-analytical method. Data were collected via a researcher-administered questionnaire from 300 household heads and analyzed in SPSS using a one-sample t-test and the Friedman rank test. Results and Findings:<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> The results reveal that kinship relations, with a mean score of 3.02 (above the theoretical average), constituted the most significant network factor in migration decision-making and destination choice. Furthermore, economic factors, with a mean rank of 2.24, were identified as the primary driver for migration from rural areas. In contrast, the overall satisfaction of residents with their living conditions, averaging 2.99, fell below the median, indicating unsatisfactory circumstances in these settlements. In conclusion, the findings underscore the prominent role of social networks and economic pressures in shaping waves of rural migration. The low levels of resident satisfaction simultaneously highlight the persistent and serious challenges to quality of life within these informal urban settlements.

http://www.srds.ir/article_235648_79c53385cfbb60f5800fae66fa377609.pdf

Saeed Maleki with Cooperation and scientific support Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association(IGUPA) Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS) 2783-0764 7 1 2026 05 22 The role of roads as an access factor towards sustainable regional development in the Islamic era in Northwest Iran The role of roads as an access factor towards sustainable regional development in the Islamic era in Northwest Iran 405 414 234837 FA Mehran Khaledi Paveh PhD student in Archaeology,Department of Archaeology,Faculty of Social Sciences,University of Mohaghegh Ardabili,Ardabil, Iran. Habib Shahbazi Shiran Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. 0000-0003-4931-0977 Behrouz Afkhami Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran 0000-0003-0586-6949 Ardeshir Javanmardzadeh Associate professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran 0000-0002-6603-2860 Journal Article 2025 09 09 Background and Objective: Roads are one of the most fundamental means of communication between humans, states, and cultures. Throughout different historical periods, roads have always played an important role in creating links between human societies and transmitting cultures, and their existence has been a political requirement for the development of civilizations. Methodology: The present study, using a historical-archaeological approach, examines the spatial pattern and functions of the road system in northwest Iran during the Seljuk and Timurid periods. Due to its location at the intersection of the Central Iranian Plateau with the Caucasus and Asia Minor, this region has always been at the center of Iran's political and economic developments. Results and Findings: The findings of the present study indicate that during the Seljuk period, the concentration of power and bureaucratic authority led to the formation of a coherent network of safe roads and road bases following a radial-centralized pattern; While in the Timurid period, with the transfer of the political center to Soltanieh and the expansion of the economic role of Tabriz, the road network acquired a multi-focal nature and encompassed diverse communication areas. Spatial and functional analysis of the data indicates that the dynamics of the road network were more than anything else subject to three key factors: the stability of the central government, the adaptation of the structure of the routes to natural features, and the level of prosperity of urban trade; finally, the road management pattern of northwestern Iran can be considered a reflection of the spatial organization of power and the mechanism of continuity of security and economy in the Islamic Middle Ages. Background and Objective: Roads are one of the most fundamental means of communication between humans, states, and cultures. Throughout different historical periods, roads have always played an important role in creating links between human societies and transmitting cultures, and their existence has been a political requirement for the development of civilizations. Methodology: The present study, using a historical-archaeological approach, examines the spatial pattern and functions of the road system in northwest Iran during the Seljuk and Timurid periods. Due to its location at the intersection of the Central Iranian Plateau with the Caucasus and Asia Minor, this region has always been at the center of Iran's political and economic developments. Results and Findings: The findings of the present study indicate that during the Seljuk period, the concentration of power and bureaucratic authority led to the formation of a coherent network of safe roads and road bases following a radial-centralized pattern; While in the Timurid period, with the transfer of the political center to Soltanieh and the expansion of the economic role of Tabriz, the road network acquired a multi-focal nature and encompassed diverse communication areas. Spatial and functional analysis of the data indicates that the dynamics of the road network were more than anything else subject to three key factors: the stability of the central government, the adaptation of the structure of the routes to natural features, and the level of prosperity of urban trade; finally, the road management pattern of northwestern Iran can be considered a reflection of the spatial organization of power and the mechanism of continuity of security and economy in the Islamic Middle Ages.

http://www.srds.ir/article_234837_b7a756b43c10590accafd481055ee34b.pdf

Saeed Maleki with Cooperation and scientific support Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association(IGUPA) Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS) 2783-0764 7 1 2026 05 22 Tracking and Synoptic Analysis of the Hyperthermia of July 13, 2024 in Khuzestan Province Tracking and Synoptic Analysis of the Hyperthermia of July 13, 2024 in Khuzestan Province 415 428 218991 FA Aysan Kanzi Hagh Ph.D. Student of Climatology, Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. 0009-0002-3155-8253 Bromand Salahi Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran 0000-0003-4826-6185 Journal Article 2025 01 22 Background and Objective:Climate is a pervasive and important component of the ecosystem, and its changes, although insignificant, can affect other components to varying degrees. Among the most important climatic disasters that bring devastating environmental consequences every year are heat waves. The aim of the present study is to investigate the synoptic heat wave above 50 degrees Celsius on July 13, 2024, in Khuzestan Province. Methodology:This research was conducted with an environmental perspective on atmospheric circulation, in which, first, the recorded temperatures of Khuzestan province stations and their changes were received from the Meteorological Department of Khuzestan province, and then by receiving data from the upper levels of the atmosphere and analyzing them, the causes of extreme heat were identified. In this research, to analyze the synoptic patterns leading to the heat wave in Khuzestan province, the atmospheric data at the level of 500 hectopascals were extracted from the NOAA website, which included maps of geopotential height, sea level pressure, omega, relative humidity and precipitable water, temperature, wind speed and thickness for the days of July 13-15, 2024. Results and Findings:The results showed that the penetration of thermal low pressure systems in Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, the establishment of the subtropical Azores high pressure in the southwest and the Siberian high pressure in northern Iran at a level of 500 hectopascals, were the most important influential patterns in creating the heat wave of July 13, 2024 in Khuzestan Province, which began 48 hours ago. The association of this low pressure system located in the region with its topographic pattern (Southern Zagros heights) and its counterclockwise currents from the south and southwest of the province caused the warm advection of the radiant temperature of the hot deserts of Lut, Saudi Arabia, and the Sea of Oman. On the other hand, by passing over the warm waters of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman, it affected this region simultaneously with the onset of the hot season, which resulted in a sharp increase in temperature and provided the necessary synoptic conditions to create heat above 50 degrees Celsius in Khuzestan Province. Background and Objective:Climate is a pervasive and important component of the ecosystem, and its changes, although insignificant, can affect other components to varying degrees. Among the most important climatic disasters that bring devastating environmental consequences every year are heat waves. The aim of the present study is to investigate the synoptic heat wave above 50 degrees Celsius on July 13, 2024, in Khuzestan Province. Methodology:This research was conducted with an environmental perspective on atmospheric circulation, in which, first, the recorded temperatures of Khuzestan province stations and their changes were received from the Meteorological Department of Khuzestan province, and then by receiving data from the upper levels of the atmosphere and analyzing them, the causes of extreme heat were identified. In this research, to analyze the synoptic patterns leading to the heat wave in Khuzestan province, the atmospheric data at the level of 500 hectopascals were extracted from the NOAA website, which included maps of geopotential height, sea level pressure, omega, relative humidity and precipitable water, temperature, wind speed and thickness for the days of July 13-15, 2024. Results and Findings:The results showed that the penetration of thermal low pressure systems in Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, the establishment of the subtropical Azores high pressure in the southwest and the Siberian high pressure in northern Iran at a level of 500 hectopascals, were the most important influential patterns in creating the heat wave of July 13, 2024 in Khuzestan Province, which began 48 hours ago. The association of this low pressure system located in the region with its topographic pattern (Southern Zagros heights) and its counterclockwise currents from the south and southwest of the province caused the warm advection of the radiant temperature of the hot deserts of Lut, Saudi Arabia, and the Sea of Oman. On the other hand, by passing over the warm waters of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman, it affected this region simultaneously with the onset of the hot season, which resulted in a sharp increase in temperature and provided the necessary synoptic conditions to create heat above 50 degrees Celsius in Khuzestan Province.

http://www.srds.ir/article_218991_df8b86c2e970db7de94ae1b21093ab23.pdf

Saeed Maleki with Cooperation and scientific support Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association(IGUPA) Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS) 2783-0764 7 1 2026 05 22 Investigating the Effect of Construction of Subway System on Land Supply Pattern (Case Study: Golshahr Metro Station, Karaj) Investigating the Effect of Construction of Subway System on Land Supply Pattern (Case Study: Golshahr Metro Station, Karaj) 429 453 227296 FA Amir Hoshang Rajabi Kalvani PhD student in Geography and Urban Planning, Tehran Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0001-7490-7447 Esmail Nasiri Hendehkhaleh Associate Professor, Department of of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Art, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Shahbakhti Rostami Assistant Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2024 12 30 Background and Objective: Metro, as one of the main infrastructures of the city, can have a significant impact on the urban development system. The present study also seeks to investigate the effects of constructing a metro network on the land supply pattern (case study: 45-meter Golshahr station, Karaj) because the metro public transportation system is one of the most efficient forms of public transportation in today's cities. Methodology: The present study has been evaluated in the form of two parts: inferential statistics and multi-criteria decision-making. The pattern governing the research is strategic in terms of approach; cognitive in terms of nature; applied in terms of purpose; descriptive-analytical in terms of method; cross-sectional in terms of time; and quantitative and qualitative in terms of data type. Considering the research questions, which are of the cause-effect type, four hypotheses were introduced. The statistical population of the study includes residents of the Golshahr neighborhood of Karaj, and the Cochran formula was used to determine the sample size using an online calculation method, and it was determined as 384 people. Also, 20 experts were consulted for the multi-criteria decision-making section. Results and Findings In the first step, the importance of the criteria of building and space quality, accessibility, desirability of environmental landscapes, economic benefit, and land value were determined and ranked based on the votes of citizens living in the Golshahr neighborhood of Karaj. Based on the Likert spectrum coefficient and identification of the indicators affecting them, the criterion of space and building quality was ranked first, which is due to the importance of the indicators of "overall satisfaction with infrastructure facilities and neighborhood relations" in the Golshahr neighborhood; while the index of the impact of the metro on commercial use is also of the greatest importance from the perspective of the respondents. Also, examining the hypotheses using a one-sample t-test showed that in the four aforementioned criteria, the positive effect of the construction of a 45-meter metro station on the surrounding areas can be seen in the Golshahr neighborhood of Karaj. In the next step, the elements affecting the integration of the effectiveness of public transport systems and related land areas and uses were evaluated using the Analytic Hierarchy Process technique to prioritize criteria and indicators. Based on the results, transport, economic, social and environmental criteria are of the highest to lowest importance, respectively. Background and Objective: Metro, as one of the main infrastructures of the city, can have a significant impact on the urban development system. The present study also seeks to investigate the effects of constructing a metro network on the land supply pattern (case study: 45-meter Golshahr station, Karaj) because the metro public transportation system is one of the most efficient forms of public transportation in today's cities. Methodology: The present study has been evaluated in the form of two parts: inferential statistics and multi-criteria decision-making. The pattern governing the research is strategic in terms of approach; cognitive in terms of nature; applied in terms of purpose; descriptive-analytical in terms of method; cross-sectional in terms of time; and quantitative and qualitative in terms of data type. Considering the research questions, which are of the cause-effect type, four hypotheses were introduced. The statistical population of the study includes residents of the Golshahr neighborhood of Karaj, and the Cochran formula was used to determine the sample size using an online calculation method, and it was determined as 384 people. Also, 20 experts were consulted for the multi-criteria decision-making section. Results and Findings In the first step, the importance of the criteria of building and space quality, accessibility, desirability of environmental landscapes, economic benefit, and land value were determined and ranked based on the votes of citizens living in the Golshahr neighborhood of Karaj. Based on the Likert spectrum coefficient and identification of the indicators affecting them, the criterion of space and building quality was ranked first, which is due to the importance of the indicators of "overall satisfaction with infrastructure facilities and neighborhood relations" in the Golshahr neighborhood; while the index of the impact of the metro on commercial use is also of the greatest importance from the perspective of the respondents. Also, examining the hypotheses using a one-sample t-test showed that in the four aforementioned criteria, the positive effect of the construction of a 45-meter metro station on the surrounding areas can be seen in the Golshahr neighborhood of Karaj. In the next step, the elements affecting the integration of the effectiveness of public transport systems and related land areas and uses were evaluated using the Analytic Hierarchy Process technique to prioritize criteria and indicators. Based on the results, transport, economic, social and environmental criteria are of the highest to lowest importance, respectively.

http://www.srds.ir/article_227296_b408f50c19807de018681459a4e517c8.pdf

Saeed Maleki with Cooperation and scientific support Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association(IGUPA) Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS) 2783-0764 7 1 2026 05 22 Explaining the relationship between water stress and social resilience in Khuzestan Province Explaining the relationship between water stress and social resilience in Khuzestan Province 454 475 241715 FA Saeid Amanpour Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Nilofar Azarbarzin PhD, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Social Sciences, Payam Noor University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Mahnaz Hosseinisiahgoli 3- Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. Journal Article 2025 11 24 Background and Objective: Khuzestan Province has always faced numerous challenges in the field of water resources due to its climatic and geographical conditions. These challenges, known as water stresses, can have widespread impacts on various aspects of social life and reduce the resilience of society to crises. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between water stresses and social resilience in Khuzestan Province using the structural equation modeling (SEM) method. Methodology: The present study, with a statistical population of 4,710,509 citizens of Khuzestan Province, selected and examined a sample of 386 people using the Cochran formula. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire with confirmed content (face) and construct validity and acceptable composite reliability. The data were analyzed using correlation analysis and structural equation modeling methods using SPSS and Smart PLS software. Results and Findings: The results of structural equation modeling indicate a strong and significant relationship (p<0.05) between water stress indices and social resilience. In other words, these findings show that with increasing water stress, social resilience in the studied community decreases. In addition, the model fit indices also show that the data are well consistent with the conceptual model of the research and the model has the necessary fit. This strengthens the validity and reliability of the modeling results and confirms that the proposed model is able to correctly explain the relationship between the variables under study. Finally, comparing the correlation coefficients shows that the environmental index and then the institutional index have the strongest relationship with the social resilience index and water stress. Also, the results of the PLS test showed that among the water stress indicators, the environmental indicators with a score of 24.828, the economic indicators with a score of 21.762, and then among the social resilience indicators, the institutional index with a score of 21.677 and the social index with a score of 20.145 ranked first to fourth, respectively, and this indicates the impact of water stress indicators on social resilience in Khuzestan Province. Background and Objective: Khuzestan Province has always faced numerous challenges in the field of water resources due to its climatic and geographical conditions. These challenges, known as water stresses, can have widespread impacts on various aspects of social life and reduce the resilience of society to crises. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between water stresses and social resilience in Khuzestan Province using the structural equation modeling (SEM) method. Methodology: The present study, with a statistical population of 4,710,509 citizens of Khuzestan Province, selected and examined a sample of 386 people using the Cochran formula. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire with confirmed content (face) and construct validity and acceptable composite reliability. The data were analyzed using correlation analysis and structural equation modeling methods using SPSS and Smart PLS software. Results and Findings: The results of structural equation modeling indicate a strong and significant relationship (p<0.05) between water stress indices and social resilience. In other words, these findings show that with increasing water stress, social resilience in the studied community decreases. In addition, the model fit indices also show that the data are well consistent with the conceptual model of the research and the model has the necessary fit. This strengthens the validity and reliability of the modeling results and confirms that the proposed model is able to correctly explain the relationship between the variables under study. Finally, comparing the correlation coefficients shows that the environmental index and then the institutional index have the strongest relationship with the social resilience index and water stress. Also, the results of the PLS test showed that among the water stress indicators, the environmental indicators with a score of 24.828, the economic indicators with a score of 21.762, and then among the social resilience indicators, the institutional index with a score of 21.677 and the social index with a score of 20.145 ranked first to fourth, respectively, and this indicates the impact of water stress indicators on social resilience in Khuzestan Province.

http://www.srds.ir/article_241715_51edd49a4988e7535542449677cd551d.pdf

Saeed Maleki with Cooperation and scientific support Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association(IGUPA) Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS) 2783-0764 7 1 2026 05 22 Evaluation of the Role of Urban Social Resilience in Encountering the Consequences of War (Case Study: Ahvaz City) Evaluation of the Role of Urban Social Resilience in Encountering the Consequences of War (Case Study: Ahvaz City) 476 502 243177 FA ِDanial Lotfalizadeh Graduate of Geography and Urban Planning, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. 0009-0002-9423-3915 Majid Goodarzi Associate Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. 0000-0001-7982-8027 Zahra Soltani Associate Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. 0000-0001-5876-0473 Journal Article 2025 12 22 Background and Objective: Urban social resilience, as one of the key pillars of crisis management and sustainable development, has an inseparable link with the capacity of urban communities to endure, adapt, and return to a desired state in the face of external shocks. Meanwhile, the experience of war and its enduring consequences impose specific structural and social vulnerabilities on urban fabrics that require an approach beyond standard crisis management. This research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the role of social resilience in enhancing the capacity of Ahvaz city to confront the multi-dimensional consequences of war and analyzing the resilience capacities of residents in the face of these challenges. Methodology: This research is applied in nature and follows a descriptive-analytical methodology with a quantitative approach. To achieve the research objectives and evaluate the role of social resilience in addressing the consequences of war in Ahvaz, the key variables were first extracted and organized into a conceptual model using documentary and library research. For this purpose, eight components were identified for "social resilience" (including social capital, social trust, participation and interaction, sense of belonging, social leadership, values and norms, knowledge and information, and collective efficacy) and three components for "post-war consequences" (including physical indicators, social-psychological impacts, and reconstruction status). Results and Findings: Data analysis was conducted using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and the Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach via Smart-PLS software. The results demonstrate a favorable model fit in explaining the complex relationships between social resilience and post-war consequences in the city of Ahvaz. Structural analyses confirm that all hypotheses were significant at the 99% confidence level, indicating that social resilience plays a key role in mitigating the impacts of war. Components such as "collective participation," "local cohesion," and "community-based approaches to reconstruction" have the greatest impact on enhancing citizens' resilience. While validating the measurement instrument, these findings emphasize prioritizing justice in reconstruction to strengthen sustainable resilience in this metropolis. Background and Objective: Urban social resilience, as one of the key pillars of crisis management and sustainable development, has an inseparable link with the capacity of urban communities to endure, adapt, and return to a desired state in the face of external shocks. Meanwhile, the experience of war and its enduring consequences impose specific structural and social vulnerabilities on urban fabrics that require an approach beyond standard crisis management. This research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the role of social resilience in enhancing the capacity of Ahvaz city to confront the multi-dimensional consequences of war and analyzing the resilience capacities of residents in the face of these challenges. Methodology: This research is applied in nature and follows a descriptive-analytical methodology with a quantitative approach. To achieve the research objectives and evaluate the role of social resilience in addressing the consequences of war in Ahvaz, the key variables were first extracted and organized into a conceptual model using documentary and library research. For this purpose, eight components were identified for "social resilience" (including social capital, social trust, participation and interaction, sense of belonging, social leadership, values and norms, knowledge and information, and collective efficacy) and three components for "post-war consequences" (including physical indicators, social-psychological impacts, and reconstruction status). Results and Findings: Data analysis was conducted using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and the Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach via Smart-PLS software. The results demonstrate a favorable model fit in explaining the complex relationships between social resilience and post-war consequences in the city of Ahvaz. Structural analyses confirm that all hypotheses were significant at the 99% confidence level, indicating that social resilience plays a key role in mitigating the impacts of war. Components such as "collective participation," "local cohesion," and "community-based approaches to reconstruction" have the greatest impact on enhancing citizens' resilience. While validating the measurement instrument, these findings emphasize prioritizing justice in reconstruction to strengthen sustainable resilience in this metropolis.

http://www.srds.ir/article_243177_667374e86a91056cc65d0fb8a5ec6358.pdf

Saeed Maleki with Cooperation and scientific support Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association(IGUPA) Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS) 2783-0764 7 1 2026 05 22 Time-spatial estimation of frosting of apricot trees in Kurdistan province for the purpose of regional sustainable development Time-spatial estimation of frosting of apricot trees in Kurdistan province for the purpose of regional sustainable development 503 517 212609 FA Mohammad Hussein Gholizadeh . Assistant Professor, Department of Climatology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Kurdistan, Iran 0000-0002-8489-4915 Maryam Gheisavandi PhD student in Climatology, Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran 0009-0009-4088-3163 Masoud Moradi Assistant Professor,Department of Climatology, Faculty of Natural Resources,University of Kurdistan,Kurdistan, Iran and Member of Department of Zrebar Lake socio-economic Research, Kurdistan Studies Institute,University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran 0000-0001-8270-3057 Journal Article 2024 10 20 Background and Objective: Over the past two decades, the presence of urban mega-projects in major Iranian cities has brought about significant transformations in various aspects of citizens' lives. In the absence of value frameworks based on the Islamic-Iranian city, these large-scale and transformative projects have faced challenges such as intensified spatial inequalities, the weakening of local identities, and a disconnection between space and the lifeworld of citizens. Therefore, the aim of this study is to extract and explain a conceptual model for evaluating urban mega-projects with an emphasis on the components of the Islamic-Iranian city. Methodology: This research is applied-developmental in terms of purpose and mixed-method (quantitative-qualitative) of an exploratory nature in terms of approach. In the first phase, using a three-round Delphi technique and a expert questionnaire (20 professors and specialists in urban planning, architecture, and Islamic-Iranian studies), five main components of the Islamic-Iranian city (dignity-centeredness, cultural identity and continuity, spatial justice, meaning and urban symbolism, and developmental balance) and four components for evaluating mega-projects (spatial-physical, identity-semantic, spatial justice, and actor roles) were extracted and validated. Subsequently, by integrating the two sets of components, the final conceptual model was presented in the form of three overarching criteria: "justice creation," "identity building," and "value alignment." In the second phase, the opinions of the public and the authors' field observations were used to evaluate the positive and negative effects of real-world examples. Results and Findings: The findings indicate that mega-projects have been successful in some aspects and undesirable in others. The results confirm that applying the triple model of justice creation, identity building, and value alignment can compensate for existing shortcomings and pave the way for the design and implementation of mega-projects that, while preserving human dignity and spatial justice, are aligned with the identity and cultural-religious values of Iranian society. Background and Objective: Over the past two decades, the presence of urban mega-projects in major Iranian cities has brought about significant transformations in various aspects of citizens' lives. In the absence of value frameworks based on the Islamic-Iranian city, these large-scale and transformative projects have faced challenges such as intensified spatial inequalities, the weakening of local identities, and a disconnection between space and the lifeworld of citizens. Therefore, the aim of this study is to extract and explain a conceptual model for evaluating urban mega-projects with an emphasis on the components of the Islamic-Iranian city. Methodology: This research is applied-developmental in terms of purpose and mixed-method (quantitative-qualitative) of an exploratory nature in terms of approach. In the first phase, using a three-round Delphi technique and a expert questionnaire (20 professors and specialists in urban planning, architecture, and Islamic-Iranian studies), five main components of the Islamic-Iranian city (dignity-centeredness, cultural identity and continuity, spatial justice, meaning and urban symbolism, and developmental balance) and four components for evaluating mega-projects (spatial-physical, identity-semantic, spatial justice, and actor roles) were extracted and validated. Subsequently, by integrating the two sets of components, the final conceptual model was presented in the form of three overarching criteria: "justice creation," "identity building," and "value alignment." In the second phase, the opinions of the public and the authors' field observations were used to evaluate the positive and negative effects of real-world examples. Results and Findings: The findings indicate that mega-projects have been successful in some aspects and undesirable in others. The results confirm that applying the triple model of justice creation, identity building, and value alignment can compensate for existing shortcomings and pave the way for the design and implementation of mega-projects that, while preserving human dignity and spatial justice, are aligned with the identity and cultural-religious values of Iranian society.

http://www.srds.ir/article_212609_6f1896bb1bfc3d0bcd2cba28ad968dd4.pdf

Saeed Maleki with Cooperation and scientific support Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association(IGUPA) Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS) 2783-0764 7 1 2026 05 22 The Effects of Geometric and Non-Geometric Forms on Visual Perception and User Activities in Urban Parks: Case of Tabriz City, Iran The Effects of Geometric and Non-Geometric Forms on Visual Perception and User Activities in Urban Parks: Case of Tabriz City, Iran 518 539 250449 FA Maryam Mousapour Department of Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran 0009-0008-4381-1491 Ahmad Hami Department of Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran 0000-0002-8599-3894 Hamed Aalipour Department of Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran 0000-0001-9526-7194 Saadollah Alizadeh Ajirlo Department of Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran 0009-0009-3541-8929 Saeid Fathi Department of Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran 0009-0000-3697-4390 Journal Article 2026 05 03 Background and Objective: Urban green spaces, as one of the key components contributing to the improvement of urban environmental quality, play an important role in shaping users’ perceptual, psychological, and social experiences. The organization of form and spatial structure in parks, particularly the differences between geometric and non-geometric forms, can significantly influence citizens’ perceptions and patterns of use of these spaces. This study aimed to investigate the effects of geometric and non-geometric forms on users’ visual perception and activities in urban parks. Methodology: This research employed a descriptive–analytical approach. Data were collected through a visual questionnaire administered to 384 users of urban green spaces in Tabriz, Iran. The research sample consisted of 181 males (47.1%) and 203 females (52.9%), with the highest frequency belonging to the 20–30 age group, comprising 169 participants (44%). Data analysis was conducted using paired t-tests, Cohen’s effect size coefficient, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) in SPSS software. Results and Findings: The results of the paired t-test indicated that users’ perceptions of geometric and non-geometric forms differed significantly across all 20 investigated components at the significance level of p < 0.001. The findings demonstrated that non-geometric forms performed more effectively in components such as psychological health (d = 0.97), social cohesion (d = 0.96), tourist attraction (d = 1.02), psychological restoration, and landscape quality. In contrast, geometric forms showed greater effectiveness in components including perceived accessibility, physical accessibility, physical activities, lighting, and several functional characteristics. Furthermore, Cohen’s effect size analysis revealed that the differences between the two types of forms had moderate to very large effects across all components (|d| ≥ 0.47). Background and Objective: Urban green spaces, as one of the key components contributing to the improvement of urban environmental quality, play an important role in shaping users’ perceptual, psychological, and social experiences. The organization of form and spatial structure in parks, particularly the differences between geometric and non-geometric forms, can significantly influence citizens’ perceptions and patterns of use of these spaces. This study aimed to investigate the effects of geometric and non-geometric forms on users’ visual perception and activities in urban parks. Methodology: This research employed a descriptive–analytical approach. Data were collected through a visual questionnaire administered to 384 users of urban green spaces in Tabriz, Iran. The research sample consisted of 181 males (47.1%) and 203 females (52.9%), with the highest frequency belonging to the 20–30 age group, comprising 169 participants (44%). Data analysis was conducted using paired t-tests, Cohen’s effect size coefficient, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) in SPSS software. Results and Findings: The results of the paired t-test indicated that users’ perceptions of geometric and non-geometric forms differed significantly across all 20 investigated components at the significance level of p < 0.001. The findings demonstrated that non-geometric forms performed more effectively in components such as psychological health (d = 0.97), social cohesion (d = 0.96), tourist attraction (d = 1.02), psychological restoration, and landscape quality. In contrast, geometric forms showed greater effectiveness in components including perceived accessibility, physical accessibility, physical activities, lighting, and several functional characteristics. Furthermore, Cohen’s effect size analysis revealed that the differences between the two types of forms had moderate to very large effects across all components (|d| ≥ 0.47).

http://www.srds.ir/article_250449_0aad179e7f7772970021adb558b9c095.pdf

Saeed Maleki with Cooperation and scientific support Iranian Geography and Urban Planning Association(IGUPA) Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS) 2783-0764 7 1 2026 05 22 A Precise Elucidation of the Role of Tourism Capacities in Local Development from the Perspective of Local Stakeholders (Case Study: Soltaniyeh city, Zanjan Province) A Precise Elucidation of the Role of Tourism Capacities in Local Development from the Perspective of Local Stakeholders (Case Study: Soltaniyeh city, Zanjan Province) 540 553 244525 FA Daryoosh Jahani Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-4737-3608 Esmaeil Taghavi Zirovani Research Assistant professor Institute of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0001-6092-8802 Yaghoub Haghghi Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-7964-7370 Siamak Aslani MSc in Applied Climatology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Journal Article 2026 02 27 Background and Objective: Contemporary development approaches emphasize endogenous capacities and stakeholder participation as essential elements of sustainable local development. Tourism, as a multidimensional phenomenon, contributes not only to economic growth but also to socio-cultural vitality, infrastructure improvement, and environmental management. Soltaniyeh, home to the globally significant Soltaniyeh Dome, possesses substantial tourism capacities whose developmental role requires systematic evaluation from the perspective of local stakeholders. Methodology: This applied, descriptive–analytical study employed a field survey method. The statistical population included residents of Soltaniyeh, with 385 participants selected via random sampling. Data were collected through a structured Likert-scale questionnaire. Reliability was confirmed (α = 0.915). Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, one-sample t-test (test value = 3), and one-way ANOVA using SPSS and Minitab. Results and Findings: All four tourism capacity dimensions (economic, socio-cultural, service–infrastructural, environmental) demonstrated mean scores above the neutral value, with statistically significant results (p < 0.05). The economic dimension showed the strongest perceived impact. ANOVA results confirmed significant differences among dimensions, indicating that tourism’s economic influence is more pronounced than other effects. Findings align with Social Exchange Theory, suggesting stakeholder support is driven by perceived net benefits. Tourism capacities in Soltaniyeh significantly contribute to local development, particularly in economic terms. Sustainable and participatory planning is essential to maximize benefits while maintaining socio-cultural and environmental balance. Background and Objective: Contemporary development approaches emphasize endogenous capacities and stakeholder participation as essential elements of sustainable local development. Tourism, as a multidimensional phenomenon, contributes not only to economic growth but also to socio-cultural vitality, infrastructure improvement, and environmental management. Soltaniyeh, home to the globally significant Soltaniyeh Dome, possesses substantial tourism capacities whose developmental role requires systematic evaluation from the perspective of local stakeholders. Methodology: This applied, descriptive–analytical study employed a field survey method. The statistical population included residents of Soltaniyeh, with 385 participants selected via random sampling. Data were collected through a structured Likert-scale questionnaire. Reliability was confirmed (α = 0.915). Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, one-sample t-test (test value = 3), and one-way ANOVA using SPSS and Minitab. Results and Findings: All four tourism capacity dimensions (economic, socio-cultural, service–infrastructural, environmental) demonstrated mean scores above the neutral value, with statistically significant results (p < 0.05). The economic dimension showed the strongest perceived impact. ANOVA results confirmed significant differences among dimensions, indicating that tourism’s economic influence is more pronounced than other effects. Findings align with Social Exchange Theory, suggesting stakeholder support is driven by perceived net benefits. Tourism capacities in Soltaniyeh significantly contribute to local development, particularly in economic terms. Sustainable and participatory planning is essential to maximize benefits while maintaining socio-cultural and environmental balance.

http://www.srds.ir/article_244525_654046a3e68af3fa1250199378483998.pdf