Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS)

Abstract Background and Objective: Investigating the factors affecting the unemployment rate as one of the most important macroeconomic indicators has been one of the topics studied by many researchers, scholars, and policymakers. The existence of a stable and balanced relationship between inflation and unemployment is very important and fundamental for maintaining international competitiveness in the economy. Uncontrolled inflation can greatly reduce the country's competitiveness by increasing production costs, reducing export competitiveness, and attracting less foreign investment. . Given the importance of the issue, the main objective of this study is to investigate the asymmetric effects of inflation on the unemployment rate in Iraq.
Methodology: In this study, the quantile regression method was used to investigate the asymmetric effects of inflation on the unemployment rate in Iraq during the period 1995 to 2023.
Findings and Conclusion: The results show that the inflation rate had a positive and significant effect on the unemployment rate, and these effects were strengthened in the high quantiles of the unemployment rate. Also, according to the results, the effects of inflation on the unemployment rate in Iraq were symmetric. According to these results, it can be concluded that the Phillips curve, which indicates an inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment rate, is not confirmed in Iraq. Therefore, to improve the unemployment rate, supply-side policies should be used and demand-side policies should be avoided.

Abstract Background and Objective: Water and water governance have attracted much attention as a political concern in recent years. In response to the growing understanding of the water crisis, the literature on water governance has been rapidly increasing over the past two decades. The aim of the present study is to analyze the impact of E and L Indices on water sustainability and security in the Samian Watershed.
Methodology: In this study, environmental indicators and the life index were used to estimate the water security index. The environmental criterion focuses on environmental pressure, vegetation cover, and the percentage of protected areas in the watershed. The parameters of the life standard are related to the quality of human life and evaluate the standard of living and the human development index in the watershed. The pressure parameter is determined by the change in per capita income during the study period. In other words, the water security index uses normalization to assess the sustainability of the watershed.
Results and findings: The results of the standardization of the environmental index showed that the highest score was related to sub-basin 7 with a value of one and the lowest was related to sub-basins 5, 10, 14 and 27. Based on the results of the standardization of the human development index, it was shown that the highest level of human development was related to sub-basins 1, 4, 5, 11, 15, 17, 24 and 27. The lowest level of human development was related to sub-basins 12, 13, 18, 19, 21, 22 and 25. Finally, it is recommended to test and use other methods of estimating the Water Security Index (WSI) in future studies.

Abstract Background and Aim:Notably, researchers have found a consistent relationship between start-up intention (how likely an individual is to pursue a new venture) and entrepreneurship education intentions (how likely an individual is to pursue entrepreneurship education).However, despite the benefits of entrepreneurship education, many people without entrepreneurial knowledge continue to start new companies.The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of entrepreneurial intention on entrepreneurship education with the moderating role of entrepreneurial enthusiasm in Science and Technology Park of Kerman city.
Methods:This research is applied in terms of purpose.In terms of data collection method, it is descriptive-survey type.The statistical population of this research is the entrepreneurs of knowledge-based companies under the Kerman Science and Technology Park, which is about 150 people.The selected sample of this research was 99 of these people.The data collection tool was a standard questionnaire and the data analysis tool was SPSS and Smart-PLS software of version 4.The research findings showed that there is a significant and positive relationship between entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial enthusiasm.
Findings and Conclusion: The findings showed that there is a significant and positive relationship between entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurship education. Also, the findings showed that there is a significant and positive relationship between entrepreneurial passion and entrepreneurship education. Finally, the findings showed that there is no significant and positive relationship between entrepreneurial passion in the relationship between entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurship education. The findings of the research model also showed that this model is well fitted. At the end, practical suggestions based on the output of each of the research hypotheses were presented to the studied organization. By placing entrepreneurial intention in the foreground, not only the relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention has received less attention in the literature, but also the role of entrepreneurial passion in the relationship between entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurship education has been less discussed. Also, the high failure rate of start-ups shows that entrepreneurship training has received less attention from educational centers. On the other hand, none of the studies carried out in the past have examined the relationship between the three components of entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial enthusiasm, while considering the conditions of the country and the increasing risks of creating a business, the existence of effective and practical training It is very necessary and it is a problem that can have a significant impact on the creation and development of businesses and reducing their failure rate, and this review can help to form more effective trainings in this field.

Abstract Background and Objective: The optimal location of military bases is one of the major challenges in the planning and development of defense infrastructure. Selecting an appropriate site for these facilities requires a thorough assessment of various environmental, strategic, and social factors to ensure security while minimizing negative impacts on natural resources and communities.
Methodology: In this study, the optimal location of military bases in Khalkhal County was determined using remote sensing data and the Analytic Network Process (ANP) model within a GIS environment. For this purpose, 12 effective variables were considered, including distance from rivers, geology, elevation, slope, slope direction, land use, vegetation cover, distance from faults, distance from roads, distance from villages, distance from cities, and soil type. The required data were extracted from various sources, such as ASTER sensor images, GLC-FCS30D database, Sentinel-2 satellite images, and geological maps. In the ANP process, criteria were initially classified into two clusters: natural and human-made, and then, pairwise comparisons were performed using Super Decisions software to determine the relative weights of the criteria. Subsequently, the initial, weighted, and final supermatrices were formed to determine the final weight of the criteria.
Results and Findings: The results indicated that areas with medium vegetation cover, slopes less than 10 degrees, brown steppe soils, and barren land are more favorable for the establishment of military bases. Furthermore, appropriate distances from faults, rivers, and human settlements were considered as key factors in decision-making. Analysis of elevation, slope, slope direction, vegetation cover, and land use maps revealed that the central and eastern regions of the county, due to their convenient access to infrastructure and stable environmental conditions, are the best options for establishing military bases.
Conclusion: The results of this study can contribute to the optimization of military base location by considering strategic, environmental, and security criteria. This would enhance the efficiency of military operations, improve crisis management, reduce infrastructure costs, and decrease vulnerability to natural disasters.

Abstract Background and Objective: In recent years, with increasing energy costs, global warming, and the need for greater attention to the environment, attention to investment in renewable energies such as wind energy has increased sharply. Wind energy is a significant opportunity for economic growth. Investment in wind energy infrastructure can improve employment, attract investment, and stimulate economic activities in areas where wind resources are abundant. Consequently, studying the impact of wind energy on economic growth is essential to unlock the full potential of renewable energy resources, drive sustainable development, and foster a greener and more resilient economy for future generations. Given the importance and position of renewable energies such as wind energy in recent years and their major advantages over fossil fuels, and the current gap in studies of this kind in Iraq, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of investment in wind energy on economic growth in Iraq.
Methodology: In this research, Autoregressive Distributed Lag model (ARDL) was used to examine the effect of investment in wind energy on the sustainability of economic growth in Iraq from 1995 to 2022. These methods provide the ability to examine the long-term and short-term effects of variables and allow for the analysis of the effect of investment in wind energy and other variables under study on economic growth.
Findings and Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that investment in wind energy had a positive and significant effect on economic growth in Iraq at a 90% confidence level. Also, other variables under study, including the human development index, foreign trade, and fixed capital formation, have a positive and significant effect on the sustainability of economic growth in Iraq. The error correction coefficient was -0.465 and was statistically significant, indicating that if a shock is introduced to the economic growth rate during each period, 0.465 percent of the imbalance in the economic growth rate will be adjusted and it will approach its long-term trend. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the priority of energy policies should be to increase investment in renewable energies, including wind energy.

Abstract Background and Objective: City entrances are among the important elements of the city's appearance and landscape. But now we are witnessing cities that do not have any trace of an entrance space with the desirable characteristics that it should have. Ardabil is one of the historical cities with a prominent urban identity and history as one of the main tourist destinations. But despite its outstanding features in terms of cultural and historical burden and its prominent location, the city's entrances are among the most problematic urban spaces that are struggling with numerous and diverse disorders. The city's entrance should be a symbol of the city's face and personality. This can be achieved if effective indicators in this field are identified and the desired entrances are measured based on them. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study is to evaluate the components that affect the desirability of the city's appearance and landscape of the city's entrances
Methodology: The present study is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its method, which is classified as a dependency study conducted by survey method. The statistical population of the study consists of 20 experts who were selected by snowball method. In order to evaluate the components affecting the desirability of urban landscape and cityscape, 4 components (physical, aesthetic, functional, and identity representation) were used. LISREL and SPSS software were also used to analyze the data.
Findings and Conclusion: The results of the one-sample T-test showed that all the components under study are effective factors of urban landscape desirability because the test results of all variables were positive and scored higher than the median (3). The significance level of the variables was also observed to be less than 0.05, so the research hypothesis was confirmed at a 95% level.Considering that all the components under study had a factor loading of more than 0.4, the results of the path coefficient (β) indicate positive relationships between the research variables. Also, the RMSEA coefficient was equal to (0.074) and the chi-square coefficient was (42.36), so it can be claimed that the research model shows a good and desirable fit.

Abstract Background and Objective: Changes in the volume and quality of water resources in the Middle East cause political and military tensions. This research seeks to evaluate the role of water scarcity on Iran's geopolitical tensions with its neighbors.
Methodology: The study method in this research is applied, descriptive-analytical. The research data are the result of library and field studies with a survey of 21 experts familiar with hydrology and political science. The evaluation of the research questionnaires is done with the help of TOPSIS management methods and hierarchical analysis, as well as the scenario writing method in Expert Choice, Excel, and Scenario Wizard software
 Results and findings: The research results indicate that based on the TOPSIS method, the Hirmand basin has the smallest distance to the ideal solution with a value of 0.91, indicating that this basin is the most tense basin at present and will probably be in similar conditions in the future. Also, the future of Turkish dam projects has a 67% probability of being credible, leading to a war between the countries involved in the Gap project, which will have security consequences for Turkish Kurdistan, Iraq, Syria and Iran, and a future full of violence is imagined for it. In the aspect of internal management, in addition to climate change, internal factors such as economic issues (capital and technology), incorrect management and policies have contributed to the effects of water resource shortages in the country.

Abstract Background and Aim: Climatic characteristics and most of its elements play a decisive role in the spatial distribution and formation of environmental behavior of human societies, so that nowadays, studies and investigations of human bioclimate and the use of its various capabilities are the basis of urban, development, settlement, architecture, and tourism planning. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to investigate and analyze human comfort based on bioclimatic models and indicators.
Methodology: The research method is descriptive-analytical. This study was conducted in 2024 in the city of Sisakht, using climatic data such as temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and air pressure for the period from 2006 to 2024. The required data was collected from the Sisakht synoptic station. After collecting data, human comfort or discomfort was analyzed based on the bioclimatic models and indices of Terjung, Baker, nervous stress, and thermohygrometric for different seasons of the year. This analysis included examining the temporal and spatial changes of the indices to determine which month and hours of the day have the most favorable climatic conditions for tourists. Finally, the models and indices were examined and compared to determine the most effective and efficient method for assessing the bioclimatic conditions of the city of Sisakht.
Finding and Results: The results of this study showed that Sisakht has bioclimatic diversity throughout the year, ranging from hot to very cold conditions; during the winter and summer seasons, it is outside the range of bioclimatic comfort, and with the beginning of the spring and autumn seasons, in the months of transition from cold to heat (April) and heat to cold (November), the climate of Sisakht approaches human comfort conditions. In general, spring, with its unique conditions of human comfort, is the best season for environmental activities and tourism in the city of Sisakht. Also, considering the climatic characteristics of the studied area, the Baker method, neurotic pressure, and then the Terjung method are more suitable and reliable in evaluating the bioclimatic conditions of the city of Sisakht than other bioclimatic indicators.

Abstract Background and Objective: This research presents a comparative study of the historical bridges of Ardabil and Isfahan during the Safavid era, focusing on the influence of each region’s geographical features on the architecture and construction of these bridges. During the Safavid period, both Ardabil and Isfahan were recognized as significant political, cultural, and economic centers of Iran. Bridges of this era, beyond their function as crossings, played a crucial role in enhancing communication, facilitating economic exchanges, and even serving military purposes. The design and construction of these bridges were influenced by geographical, climatic, topographic conditions, and available local resources. In this context, examining how architects and engineers responded to natural challenges reveals the degree of architectural adaptation to the environmental context. The findings of the study indicate that geographical differences have led to variations in the design, construction, and functions of the bridges. Bridges in Ardabil, suited to mountainous conditions and variable rivers, exhibit more robust structures, while bridges in Isfahan, influenced by the urban setting and the Zayandeh Roud River, feature more open, decorative designs with multifunctional roles.
Methodology: The research methodology is descriptive-analytical, and data has been collected through library sources, historical texts, architectural documents, and geographical analyses. The core of this analysis consists of a comparison of design, structural types, materials used, and the functions of the bridges.
Findings and Conclusion:  The main objective of this study is to compare the architecture and structure of prominent historical bridges in Ardabil and Isfahan and to analyze the impact of geographical factors such as climate, topography, and water resources on the formation of their form, materials, and functions. This research aims to identify architectural patterns adapted to environmental conditions through the study of selected examples.

Abstract Background and Objective: In recent years, expanding recreational spaces and promoting public sports have emerged as effective strategies for enhancing mental well-being and fostering social connections within urban settings. Despite this, the social dimensions of sports in public and tourism-oriented spaces have received limited attention in many Iranian cities, highlighting a gap in evidence-based policymaking. This study aims to investigate how participation in sports activities influences social relationships, mental health, and social identity within recreational and tourist environments.
Methodology: This applied research adopts a descriptive-survey approach. The target population includes individuals who utilize urban recreational and sports facilities. Using GPower software and statistical parameters (α = 0.05, power = 0.80, medium effect size = 0.50), a sample size of 106 participants was determined. Data were gathered through a researcher-designed questionnaire encompassing indicators such as sports participation, quality of recreational spaces, mental health, social relationships, social identity, and the influence of social media. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software. The Shapiro–Wilk test assessed data normality, and non-parametric tests—including Spearman's correlation and the Mann–Whitney U test—were applied for inferential analysis.
Findings and Conclusion:  The findings revealed a significant positive correlation between participation in recreational sports and mental health (r = 0.56, p < 0.01), as well as with the willingness to attend sports events (r = 0.41, p < 0.05). Moreover, significant gender-based differences were identified in the domains of social interaction and the perceived impact of sports on social identity (p < 0.05). Overall, engaging in sports activities within recreational environments contributes positively to psychological well-being, social engagement, and life satisfaction. Future research is recommended to explore additional factors that influence social interaction and to examine the role of digital media in encouraging public involvement in sports.

Abstract Background and Objective: Cities account for approximately three-quarters of global primary energy consumption and nearly 60% of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions. According to the International Energy Agency, around 15% of the global population lives in energy poverty, marking the onset of the first global energy crisis. Given the worldwide significance of energy issues and the limitations and necessity of resource conservation, energy has become one of the most critical challenges of our era. One of the major challenges lies in the lack of effective planning and design for new neighborhoods, along with the continued use of outdated comprehensive and detailed planning models. In response to these issues, new approaches grounded in sustainable development principles have been proposed. One of the key methods for assessing sustainability involves indicator-based analyses derived from environmental certification systems. Among these, the LEED-ND rating system has gained popularity among planners and designers as a market-driven approach to promoting sustainability through urban design. This framework provides a comprehensive methodology for designing and evaluating urban spaces, prioritizing sustainability, resilience, and social well-being. Accordingly, this study aims to evaluate the sustainability status of the Valiasr neighborhood in the metropolis of Tabriz based on LEED-ND criteria and to formulate effective urban design principles tailored to the local conditions of this neighborhood.
Methodology: This study is quantitative in nature, applied in terms of its objective, and descriptive in character. Data collection was conducted through both documentary (library) research and field surveys. For the analysis, the LEED-ND model was employed as the evaluation framework. In this research, 16 criteria and indicators were selected to assess the sustainability of the neighborhood.
Findings and Conclusion: The findings of the study indicate that the neighborhood falls within the Silver certification level. Given the scarcity of energy resources, population growth, and rising energy consumption, the neighborhood requires the development of urban design principles to move closer to achieving sustainability goals. The results demonstrate that the neighborhood achieved full scores in the indicators related to steep slope protection, mixed-use neighborhood centers, access to recreational facilities, tree-lined and shaded streets, and neighborhood schools. These indicators must be preserved and enhanced. For the remaining indicators, further measures are required to obtain the necessary points and improve overall sustainability performance.

Abstract Background and Objective: Today, we see that in developed countries and most of the developing countries of the world, urban and metropolitan areas, like other residential centers, have formal and defined geographic and management systems. These types of management institutions are responsible for formulating the integrated development policy of urban and metropolitan areas and creating coordination between the programs, policies and actions of management institutions that are influential in urban development. Therefore, the management of cities has special sensitivity and complexities. These types of complications exist in most management systems. In fact, it can be said that urban management is an effort to manage the complex and systemic phenomenon of the city.
Methodology: Based on this, the present research has been conducted with the aim of investigating the influencing factors on the political-administrative management of space in Kashan city and by using of the Fuzzy Dematel method. To achieve this purpose, four political-security, geographic-communication, social-cultural and legal factors and 23 indicators influencing the political management of space in Kashan city were extracted.
Findings and Results: The findings of the research show that the legal factor that has the highest amount of D+R has the most interaction with other dimensions, and the socio-cultural factor that has the highest amount of D-R has the greatest impact (influence) on other dimensions. Also, in the field of interaction and relationship between the government and urban management in Kashan city, the index of existing laws and the index of spirit of cooperation-atmosphere, which respectively have the highest amount of D+R and D-R, have the greatest influence on other indicators.

Abstract Background and Objective: Studies show that mental disorders have increased in different societies in recent years. Considering the continuity of human sciences, the combined examination of economic-social factors can contain important policy recommendations. Therefore, this research aims to determine the impact of socio-economic factors on the mental health of neuropsychiatric patients in Ardabil city
Methodology: The current research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-analytical method. The information required in this study has been collected through field and documentary methods. The statistical population of the research corresponds to neuropsychiatric patients in Ardabil city. For data analysis, SPSS and SMART PLS3 software and one-sample t-tests and path confirmation coefficient were used in SMART PLS software.
Findings and Results: According to the research findings based on the structural model, the T-Value statistic for all variables is greater than (1.96) and the confidence level is 95. It is meaningful. and the amount of adjusted variance (AVE) for the economic variable (.331) and the social variable (.428) and there is a significant relationship between economic-social factors with the mental health of the patients, which has the most positive effect that the factors have on the mental health and The mental health of neuropsychiatric patients in Ardabil city is related to social factors and in relation to economic factors, even though this relationship is significant, the better the economic factors and welfare conditions of the patients, the better the mental health, and in patients who They have been studied from the lower strata of the society, this effect has been negative and has caused an increase in mental illness in people. Based on the findings of the research and the opinions of the respondents, the average of all items of socio-economic factors was lower than the experimental average (3), which shows the lack of satisfaction with the life and economic and social conditions of neuropsychiatric patients and these factors ultimately It has caused an increase in stress and aggression and a decrease in mental health among the citizens and a multiple increase in the number of mental and neurological patients in Ardabil city.

Abstract Background and Objective: Wheat, as one of the strategic agricultural products and staple grains in the global food basket, plays a key role in ensuring food security and livelihoods of human societies. According to the report of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), wheat is the third most important cereal crop in terms of production in the world after corn and rice, which plays a fundamental role in providing calories and protein needed by humans. Considering the strategic importance of wheat and the increasing need to increase its production, locating and optimally allocating suitable lands for cultivating this crop is considered one of the main priorities in the agricultural sector. The aim of this study is to compare the AHP and TOPSIS methods in order to zone lands suitable for rainfed wheat cultivation in the Balekhlo-Chai watershed of Ardabil.
Methodology: In this study, precipitation, temperature, altitude, slope and soil depth data of the Balekhlo-Chai watershed of Ardabil were used. Then, by processing the data in a GIS environment, a map of information layers was prepared for each of the criteria. The AHP method was used to determine the weight of the criteria and the TOPSIS model was used to prioritize the options. Then, by overlapping and combining the studied criteria, the final map of areas susceptible to rainfed wheat cultivation was determined.
Findings and Results: The results of data analysis using the AHP method showed that about 37 percent of the land in the Balekhlo-Chai watershed is very suitable for rainfed wheat cultivation, 22 percent suitable, 24 percent slightly suitable, and 17 percent unsuitable. Also, based on the TOPSIS method, about 37 percent of the area of the Balekhlo-Chai watershed is suitable, 32 percent slightly suitable, and 31 percent unsuitable for rainfed wheat cultivation. The results of the AHP method indicate that the slope criterion with a weight of 0.220, the height with a weight of 0.144, the annual precipitation with a weight of 0.122, and the precipitation during the ripening and grain-setting stages with a weight of 0.106 are the most important criteria in the stages of wheat cultivation in the Balekhlo-Chai watershed. Also, the results of the TOPSIS model prioritization showed that Nir station is the closest option to the positive ideal, followed by Sarein and Ardabil, respectively.

Abstract Background and Objective: Paying attention to public transportation is one of the most important issues in sustainable development. Access to bus stops is one of the implementation of a successful transportation system. Considering that the city of Mashhad has religious tourism, many pilgrims from all over the world travel to this city every year. Therefore, the purpose of the research is to evaluate the spatial distribution pattern of bus stops in the city of Mashhad.
Methodology: The present study is applied in nature and descriptive-analytic in method. GIS software (nearest neighbor average, low and high clustering, Moran's spatial autocorrelation, network analysis) has been used to analyze the data and research findings..
Findings and Results: The results of the research findings showed that the average ratio of the nearest neighbor indicates a clustering state and the value of G is equal to zero, therefore suggesting a high clustering pattern. Given that the value of the Moran index is 0.65 and the z-score is high and the P-value is small, the data has spatial autocorrelation. Finally, the output from the network analysis and service access showed that in most cases, bus stops in the city of Mashhad are located at a distance of 400 meters and are located at a standard distance in terms of user location (in the administrative-commercial area and the urban core).

Abstract Background and Objective: One of the effective educational factors in modern education is the architectural style of educational spaces. In such a way that in designing an architectural space, architectural principles are considered in relation to the use of that place. In this regard, the appropriate use of some visual elements, including form and color, is important. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of form and color components in promoting children's sensory perception in the kindergarten educational environment.
Methodology: This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology. The data collection of the present research is based on library and survey methods. The statistical population of the research is 100 kindergarten teachers and 30 school children in Ardabil city, who were selected by simple random selection. SPSS software was used to analyze the data.
Findings and Conclusion: The results of the study showed that children are very interested in colors and that colors remain in their minds well and can affect the mental states of individuals and children. Therefore, colors can act as a dependent variable in the design of the kindergarten environment in improving the psychological performance of the space and forms as a dependent variable in improving the physical performance of the space have significant effects in helping to increase the child's sensory perception and recognition of the environment. The architecture of the kindergarten space should be such that it provides a calm and joyful space for the growth and increase of children's creativity and increases the motivation for innovation and the implementation of their imaginations. The results of the study indicate that recognizing the individual characteristics of children and various factors such as color, form and different spaces have a significant effect on creating creativity and strengthening children's intelligence.          

Abstract Background and Objective:Rapid population growth and urbanization have created multiple challenges for the quality of life and livability in cities, particularly in Iranian cities such as Bonab. These challenges manifest in deteriorated urban fabric, informal settlements, and spatial inequalities that adversely affect residents' well-being. This study aims to evaluate the physical-spatial livability status of Bonab’s neighborhoods across different urban zones, focusing on deteriorated/informal and non-deteriorated areas, and to prioritize neighborhoods for targeted planning interventions.
Methodology: This descriptive-analytical research was conducted using documentary data and field surveys in 15 neighborhoods of Bonab. Data were collected via questionnaires distributed among residents and analyzed using SPSS software. The physical-spatial indicators included building quality, transportation networks, accessibility to services, street quality, and urban landscape. Neighborhoods were ranked based on the Integrated Development Index (DI) using the Morris method.
Findings and Results: Results indicate that deteriorated fabric and informal settlements are primarily concentrated in the southern and southeastern parts of Bonab, characterized by poor building materials and low physical quality. In contrast, northern and some central neighborhoods such as Kouy-e Shahrdari (DI=0.85), Shahrak-e Emam-Khanom Baghi (DI=0.79), and Farhangian 1 (DI=0.78) show better physical-spatial conditions. Neighborhoods including Aghdash (DI=0.15), Dizaj Shomali (DI=0.20), Dizaj Jonubi (DI=0.27), and Akbarabad (DI=0.31) rank lowest in livability and require urgent prioritized interventions. The study emphasizes the urgent need for planning and rehabilitation in Bonab’s southern and southeastern neighborhoods to improve physical-spatial deficiencies and enhance urban livability.

Abstract Background and Objective: Social security is a multidimensional and complex concept that directly affects the development and advancement of any society. Undoubtedly, no factor is more important in advancing the process of progress, development, and evolution of societies, as well as in the flourishing of individual and collective talents, than creating and strengthening a sense of security and ensuring peace in the social context. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between cultural capital and the sense of social security among women living in Darehshahr.
Methodology: The present research method is quantitative and survey-type. The data collection tool was a questionnaire that was administered to a sample of 365 women aged 19 and older using cluster sampling. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and Smart PLS software.
Findings and Conclusion:  The findings showed that the average sense of social security among middle-aged women is on the decline. Also, cultural capital and its dimensions (embodied, objectified, and institutional) have a significant and positive relationship with the sense of social security. Based on the findings, the feeling of social security has a significant difference with marital status, employment, and level of education, but no significant relationship was observed with the age variable. Finally, the results of structural equation analysis showed that independent variables were able to explain 24% of the changes in women's sense of social security. It is recommended that policymakers and local administrators strengthen women's cultural capital by developing educational, cultural, and social participation opportunities to enhance their sense of security.

Abstract Background and Objective: his study aims to examine the regional impact of the glass ceiling phenomenon on women's entrepreneurship indicators in selected countries (Egypt, Iran, Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, and Turkey) over the period from 2008 to 2024. The glass ceiling, as an invisible barrier preventing women from accessing senior managerial positions and entrepreneurial opportunities, is the focus of this research. The objective is to analyze the dynamics of these constraints and their effects on key indicators such as parliamentary participation, wages, economic participation, gender equality index, managerial positions, and board membership.
Methodology: This study employs the Quantile Vector Autoregressive (QVAR) panel method based on the Diebold and Yilmaz (2012) framework. Annual data for the mentioned variables were collected and standardized by creating a composite index. The analysis was conducted across the 25th, 50th, and 75th quantiles to examine connectivity and volatility spillovers among variables under various conditions (stable, moderate, and volatile). A rolling window approach was used for temporal dynamics analysis, and unit root tests ensured data stationarity.
Findings and Results: The results indicate that the glass ceiling has a significant negative impact on women's entrepreneurship during crises (e.g., the 2014–2016 oil price collapse) and prosperity periods (e.g., 2018 women's rights reforms). Parliamentary participation emerges as the primary receiver of volatility, particularly vulnerable in crises, while board membership and the gender equality index serve as transmitters and stabilizers. The U-shaped pattern of the Total Connectedness Index (TCI) confirms reduced connectivity in intermediate conditions and increased connectivity during crises and prosperity. Lebanon and Iran showed greater vulnerability, while Qatar and Oman exhibited relative resilience. To mitigate glass ceiling effects, recommendations include implementing women's entrepreneurship mentoring programs in Iran and Lebanon, increasing women's parliamentary quotas in Lebanon and Egypt, developing women-supportive organizational cultures in companies in Iran and Turkey, conducting public education to reduce gender stereotypes in Iran and Jordan, and strengthening local databases for more accurate data collection.

Abstract Background and Objective: Tourism as a modern phenomenon has an economic nature and has a special role and importance for countries that have this capacity. Geotourism is a combination of the words "geo" meaning earth and "tourism" meaning tourism. The purpose of this research is to evaluate geotourism potentials and its management in the tourist area of ​​East Azerbaijan province.
Methodology: The research method in this study is based on three models: Kobalikova, Kirchner and GEM. In the Kobalikova and Kirchner model, the criteria are classified into five groups: scientific and intrinsic values, educational values, economic values, conservation values ​​and other values, which cover almost all features of geotourism. The GAM model is a method of physical evaluation of primary geomorphosites to assess the sustainable planning and management of natural heritage sites and their transformation into tourism destinations. This method consists of two main and complementary values. The main values ​​include scientific and educational values, aesthetic and scenic values, and conservation values, and the complementary values ​​include performance values ​​and tourism values.
Results and Findings: The results of the evaluation based on the Kobalikva and Kirchner model showed that the geomorphosites of Arasbaran forests and the village of Shtebin received the highest score and the Aladagh region received the lowest score. Therefore, based on the validation of the models, it can be concluded that the forests of Arasbaran and the village of Shtebin received the highest score and have great potential for development. Finally, it is suggested that artificial intelligence be used in future studies to evaluate the geotourism areas under study and achieve more accurate results.

Abstract Background and Objective: This study aims to analyze the urban regeneration capacities of Dehdasht city and to elucidate their connection with the urban branding process. Dehdasht, as a city lacking prominent urban recognition indicators, requires the utilization of regeneration potentials to enhance its identity and competitive position. Literature review indicates that previous studies predominantly focus on metropolitan areas and cities with established brands, highlighting a significant gap in examining the relationship between urban regeneration and branding in smaller, less-known cities. This research seeks to fill this gap by focusing on the case study of Dehdasht.
Methodology: The research adopts a descriptive–analytical approach based on documentary and library studies, as well as a review of national and international literature. Empirical data were collected through semi-structured interviews with urban planning experts and analyzed using content coding. The analysis framework encompasses four dimensions of urban regeneration: physical–environmental, economic, socio–cultural, and policy–managerial, which are examined in relation to the four fundamental components of urban branding: efficient institutional governance, sustainable financing, active stakeholder participation, and coherent policy orientation.
Results and Findings: The findings indicate that urban regeneration provides the necessary framework for achieving the four dimensions of urban branding. Specifically, the restoration of the historical Baladshapur district, enhancement of public spaces, and improvement of urban infrastructure, combined with the strengthening of socio-cultural capacities and participatory governance, enable Dehdasht to develop a competitive city image at regional and national levels. The study demonstrates that even cities with low urban recognition can, through targeted planning and integrated strategies, enhance their attractiveness to both internal and external stakeholders and improve their overall urban status.

Abstract Background and Objective: Considering the increase in global temperature and the intensification of the urban heat island effect, the expansion of vegetation can reduce the intensity of this phenomenon and provide a healthier and more stable environment for city residents. In general, green areas in cities are an effective approach to reduce the effects of urban heat island and create comfort for residents. The improvement of microclimatic conditions in urban environments is mostly influenced by evaporation and transpiration.
Methodology: In this article, using the urban cooling model, the effects of green spaces on the process of reducing the effects of heat islands in the city of Maragheh were investigated. According to the nature of the subject, the purpose of the research is the application and research method based on the descriptive-analytical method. In this research, Landsat satellite images with 30x30 pixel size have been used to monitor urban land use changes in the period from 1984 to 2022. To check the amount of cooling in Maragheh city, the urban cooling model was used in the Invest software.
Results and Findings: In 1984 in the class 0.83 to 0.90 equal to 19.5%, in 2002 in the class 0.60 to 0.93 equal to 19.87. percent and in class 2022 in class 0.59 to 0.83 equal to 20.65% was able to reduce heat islands. According to the results obtained from the urban cooling model, it was observed that in all three periods, the city of Maragheh did not have a very favorable situation in reducing heat islands. According to the land use maps of three periods, the growth pattern of the city of Maragheh has followed a scattered and horizontal uneven growth pattern with the destruction of garden and fertile agricultural lands and replacing them with the fabric of scattered and incoherent urban and rural neighborhoods. The energy saving due to the reduction of urban heat islands due to urban green infrastructure in Maragheh city in 1984 was 10,626 megawatts for 2002 equal to 19,252 megawatts and finally for 2022 equal to 36,234 megawatts.

Abstract Background and Aim: Ecotourism, as a sustainable approach to utilizing natural resources, plays a significant role in improving the livelihoods and economic resilience of local communities. In border regions, this approach can, in addition to creating employment opportunities, enhance cultural identity and social interactions. This study examined the impact of cultural–social dimensions of ecotourism on the sustainable economic development of border residents in Ardabil Province, Iran. The novelty of this research lies in its localized focus on border areas and in analyzing the effects of cultural–social dimensions on sustainable economic indicators, an issue that has received limited attention in previous studies.
Methodology: This applied research employed a descriptive–analytical method. The statistical population consisted of residents of the border areas of Ardabil Province, with a sample size of 384 individuals determined using Cochran’s formula and selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS through descriptive statistics, Spearman’s correlation, and multiple regression analysi.
Results and Findings: The results indicated that all cultural–social components had a positive and significant relationship with sustainable economic development at the bivariate level. However, in the multivariate model, environmental education and awareness and institutional trust had the strongest positive effects, whereas cultural attitudes and social capital showed significant negative effects. Local participation also had a positive and significant, but weaker, effect compared to the correlations.The findings highlight the importance of investing in environmental education, strengthening institutional trust, and enhancing local participation to promote sustainable economic development. Moreover, the need to reform cultural approaches and improve social capital to align with sustainability goals was emphasized. Overall, the results can serve as a strategic basis for developing ecotourism-oriented policies in the country’s border regions.

Abstract Background and Objective: Today decision-makers in dealing with drought consider the integrated management approach of crisis management and risk management simultaneously. So far, Mazandaran province has suffered a lot of damage from drought risk. Therefore, determining the level of vulnerability and type of meteorological drought risk situation in the study area, especially in the last two decades, is the main issue of this study.
Methodology: Methodology in order to determine the meteorological drought situation, the Standard Precipitation Index was used in this study. First, the monthlt rainfall statistics for 17 selected meteorological stations in the region were collected and tested for accuracy, precision and feasibility during the common period of 2000-2020. For each of the station in question the percentage of meteorological drought occurrence was determined on an annual time scale. Then the drought Hazard Index (DHI) was extracted by assigning weights and degrees for each of the different intensities. Also the vulnerability of meteorlogical drought was calculated using physical and socio-economic indicators and then the drought- vulnerable zones were determined. Finally based on the two factors of drought hazard index and vulnerability index, the risk of drought damage was calculated and then the zones at risk of meteorological drought were determined.
Results and Findings: Findings and conclusion the results of the research on drought conditions showed that the most severe droughts occurred in the region in 2000, 2008, 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2017. Based on the drought risk index, the results showed that northern part of the region and its central part with an area equivalent to 24% in the SPI index, 22% in the VCI index (vegetation condition index) and 28% in the VHI index (vegetation health index) and 20%   in TCI index (surface temperature index) the area of Mazadran province are very susceptible to the risk of meteorological drought. 35 percent of the province's area, located in the north of the province, has very high drought vulnerability. The results of this study indicate that the risk and vulnerabilities caused by meteorological drought seriously threaten Mazandaran province. Meteorological drought risk maps can be used as a suitable warning tool in the risk reduction action plan for all policmakers, managers and stakeholders of the studied region. This issue is of particular importance in planning agricultural activities and the optimal use of water resources, especially in this province where the livelihoods of agricultural operators depend on both rainfed and irrigated agriculture.

Abstract Background and Objective: The quality of rural settlement environments is one of the key factors influencing place attachment, population retention, and social sustainability. In recent years, especially in peri-urban villages affected by rapid urbanization processes, attention to the link between environmental conditions and residents’ perceptions and attachment to place has gained increasing importance. This study aims to examine and analyze the impact of rural environmental quality on place attachment in rural settlements, with Em al-Tamr village, located on the outskirts of Ahvaz metropolitan area, as a case study.
Methodology: The research is applied in terms of objective and descriptive–analytical in terms of methodology. Data were collected through library studies and field surveys using questionnaires. The study population consisted of the residents of Em al-Tamr village, and the sample size was determined as 356 individuals based on Cochran’s formula. For data analysis, the Marcus multi-criteria decision-making model and Pearson correlation test were employed. Findings indicate a positive and significant relationship between rural environmental quality and place attachment. The Marcus model results show that environmental cleanliness and the beauty of the natural landscape have the highest desirability among environmental indicators. Moreover, Pearson correlation results revealed that the strongest associations with place attachment were related to natural landscape beauty, environmental cleanliness, and preservation of the village’s traditional texture.
Results and Findings: These findings suggest that environmental and identity-related factors play a more prominent role in shaping residents’ place attachment compared to purely physical infrastructure. Overall, this study emphasizes that enhancing rural environmental quality—particularly in its natural, aesthetic, and identity dimensions—can serve as an effective strategy for strengthening place attachment, increasing residential satisfaction, and promoting sustainable development in peri-urban rural settlements, and should be considered by planners and policymakers.

Abstract Background and Objective: Heat waves are among the most important climatic disasters that bring devastating environmental consequences every year. Heat waves are a very important climatic event that is likely to occur with greater frequency and intensity in the future. Therefore, in order to manage and reduce the effects of heat waves on a regional scale, it is necessary to analyze and predict changes related to heat waves. The aim of this paper is to identify, classify, and synoptically analyze heat waves and its long-term forecast in the Ardabil Plain.
Methodology: First, the 20-year long-term statistics of heat waves from 1995 to 2014 at the Ardabil synoptic station were prepared, and heat wave synoptic maps were extracted and analyzed using the Grads software. Using the LARS-WG model, possible heat waves were predicted in the next 38 years (2015-2050).The studies identified 25 heat waves during the 20-year period. To evaluate the model performance, observational and simulated data were compared in the base period (1995-2014).
Results and Findings: The results also showed that the usual time for the onset of heat waves is in early August. The results showed that the dominant patterns during the occurrence of heat waves include a zonal high pressure accompanied by a westerly wind wave ridge and a low pressure prevailing over the sea surface and the Pakistan and Saudi low pressure over the study area. The results also showed that the average annual maximum temperature of Ardabil during the statistical period from 2015 to 2050 will be about 13.68 degrees Celsius. According to the HadCM3 model, under the A1B scenario, the temperature is about 16.46, according to the IPCM4 model, under the B1 scenario, the temperature is about 16.54, and according to HADGEM, under the A2 scenario, the temperature is 16.55 degrees Celsius, with a difference of 0.01.The output of the aforementioned models showed that the temperature of the Ardabil plain will increase by an average of about 3 degrees Celsius by 2050.

Abstract Background and Aim: City furniture is actually a manifestation of the aesthetics and identity of a society. Therefore, functional design, appropriate location, and proper and principled use of furniture in the city context are very important. Although city furniture is one of the most important categories of a city, it is not possible to equip and improve the current situation of this important thing at a time and simultaneously in all regions of a city; therefore, a comparative comparison in this regard can be effective and help urban managers perform better and make decisions in accordance with the priority of intervention at the level of each region. On this basis, the present study has been developed with the aim of a comparative study of the regions of Tabriz metropolis based on the components of city furniture.
Methodology: For this purpose, the relevant images were first obtained and the necessary pre-processing was applied to each. Then, the images were modeled. Initially, images from the year 2023 of the Landsat 8 satellite, the OLI sensor and the TIRS sensor, and the Sebal algorithm were used to conduct this research. ENVI software was used for geometric, atmospheric and radiometric corrections of satellite images and also for performing calculations related to the SEBAL model, and ArcGIS software was used for creating a database, spatial analyses, cartographic operations and finally implementing the model.
Results and Findings: The results show that the average of the highest incoming shortwave radiation was 769 watts per square meter in September and the lowest value was in the next month of August with 730 watts per square meter. And the lowest value was in July with 555 watts per square meter. The reason for this difference in radiation power in the amount of net radiation reaching the ground in the study area is due to the difference in the angle of the sun's rays and the number of sunny hours in different months of the year. It can be concluded that solar radiation from the radiation threshold to 1000 watts per square meter is received, it can be concluded that solar radiation and radiation balance in the villages of Chalus Township have the potential to provide electricity in a suitable way.

Abstract Background and Objective: The development of educational sports is a comprehensive and purposeful approach that uses sports activities to cultivate various dimensions of human existence. This approach is not limited to physical skills, but also focuses on personality development, emotional intelligence, social skills, and mental health. Scenarios are developed for this purpose in order to predict and prepare for future challenges and opportunities in this area.
Methodology: In this regard, the present study was conducted with the aim of examining the effectiveness scenarios of the development of educational sports in the city of Ahvaz. Which is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method, the data collection method was library, document, and interview (with 50 experts) and using future research techniques and Micmac and Scenario wizard software.
Results and Findings: First, with the participation of professors, officials, sports experts, and sports teachers, the main drivers in 6 dimensions and 45 factors were identified. Then, using the MicMac and ScenarioWizard software, the data were analyzed and effective scenarios on the development of educational sports were developed. In the present study, 45 main factors were initially identified in six different dimensions. Then, using the Mic Mac and ScenarioWizard software, 21 key drivers were selected from these factors and three main scenarios for the future were drawn. The first scenario, titled the desirable (golden) scenario, presents the best possible path, which, with a compatibility value of 5 and a total interaction score of 733, indicates a strong synergy between factors such as lifestyle and educational policies that leads to comprehensive development. In contrast, the undesirable scenario, with a negative compatibility value of 2 and a total negative interaction score of 117, depicts a future in which economic stagnation and incoherence lead to a serious regression of educational sports. The third scenario, the probable scenario (standing still), with a negative compatibility value of 1 and a total score of 45, predicts a static situation without significant progress. Finally, the results of this analysis emphasize that to achieve an ideal and sustainable future, we must focus on influential drivers in the dimensions of culture building, management, and macro-policy making to form a positive cycle in the development of educational sports.