Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS)

Abstract Background and Objective: Vernacular passive cooling systems play a crucial role in maintaining thermal comfort in traditional Iranian houses, especially in hot and dry climates. This study aims to assess the efficiency of these systems through quantitative and qualitative analysis to identify their strengths and weaknesses and propose improvements.
 Methodology: This research was conducted as a case study in Iran's hot and dry regions. Data collected included field observations, interviews with residents, and previous studies. Quantitative and qualitative analytical methods were used to evaluate the thermal efficiency and other related aspects of passive cooling systems.
 Findings and Conclusion: This study shows that vernacular passive cooling systems in traditional houses in hot and dry climates can provide thermal comfort but require improvements to compete with modern systems. The widespread use of evaporative coolers indicates that passive systems need to be more efficient. It is recommended that further research be conducted to optimize and enhance the performance of these systems to play a more effective role in providing thermal comfort and reducing energy consumption.1. Thermal Comfort Temperature: The thermal comfort survey identified a neutral temperature of 28°C and a comfort range between 25°C and 30°C for residents of traditional courtyard houses in Iran's hot and dry climate.2. Capability of Passive Systems: Traditional houses cannot maintain thermal comfort throughout a hot summer day unless in their basements. However, these buildings can significantly reduce spatial cooling needs through the use of vernacular passive cooling measures, minimizing reliance on conventional cooling systems.3. Climate Responsiveness: Traditional buildings are highly responsive to the climate, capable of reducing peak electricity demand, compensating for mechanical coolers with free cooling, and maintaining adequate comfort conditions.

Spatial Diversity: The variety of spaces and temperature differences in traditional houses offer residents choices and adaptability, enabling them to select and acclimate to different environments based on their preferences.

Abstract Background and Objective: Seismicity is a measure that encompasses the occurrence, mechanisms, and magnitude of earthquakes in a given geographical location. Thus, it summarizes the seismic activity of a region. Based on geological evidence and recorded earthquakes, the study area is considered one of the active and seismic zones in Iran. Therefore, knowledge of the seismic potential of the region is necessary to prevent unprincipled construction in the study area. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the seismic potential of faults in the Balharud-Garmi basin.
Methodology: In this study, ArcGIS software was used to draw maps and analyze them. First, using the 1:100,000 geological map of the Geology and Mineral Exploration Organization of the country, the faults (main and minor) in the study area were determined and their lengths were determined. Then, the seismic power of the faults in the study area was calculated using the relations of Zare (1995), Norouzi (1985), and Norouzi and Ashjai (1978).
Findings and Results: According to the relevant results, the average seismic power in terms of Richter in the faults of Nowruzabad is 12.55, Azadabad 10.20, Sari-Nasirlu 28.62, Ilikhchi 9.08, Chenar 6.56, Farzi-Kandi 17.42, Parchin 10.35, Ojaq-Alazar 17.94, Demirchi 7.23, Pireh-Khalil 6.55, Qanab 19.16, Shorfeh 7.73, and Shordarq 3.92. The results showed that the study area, especially the central parts towards the south of the basin due to the concentration of fault lines, is prone to seismicity and there is a possibility of earthquakes with a magnitude greater than 4 on the Richter scale. The Sari-Nasirlu, Azadabad and Al-Qanab faults have the highest seismic power in the region, respectively. Studies also show that there is a direct relationship between the seismic power of faults and the length of the fault. Given the lack of sufficient studies on the tectonics and seismicity of the region, other studies should be conducted

Abstract Background and Objective: Geotourism is tourism based on geological features. Over time, it has been described as a different type of tourism that has a geological or geographical orientation. While the initial view was based on the assumption that geotourism is a type of tourism similar to ecotourism, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the geotourism capabilities of Nir County using the Kobalikova, Violet, and Zeros models.
Methodology: The present research method is descriptive, analytical, and comparative. In this study, three geotourism models, Kobalikova, Violet, and Zeros, were used. The aforementioned models have several indicators that, in addition to geological-geomorphological aspects, also consider other factors such as cultural-historical monuments, access, management, and vulnerability.
Findings and Results: The results of the evaluation of the Kobalikva geotourism model showed that the Bolaglar geotourism area, with a maximum score of 10, is one of the most desirable places in Nir County, which has great potential for attracting tourism. The Sain and Saqezchi axes are in the next ranks. The results of the Violet model also showed that in terms of management rate and tourism rate, the Bolaglar region has the highest geotourism potential, with a score of 2.5. The results of the Zeros model also showed that the Bolaglar geotourism area is in the first place with a score of 79, and the Sain and Saqezchi axes are in the next ranks, respectively, with scores of 72 and 52. The evaluation of the geotourism axes using the aforementioned models showed that the Bolaglar region has higher geotourism potential for several reasons. In this context, we can mention geomorphological diversity (geodiversity), the presence of numerous hot springs, beautiful and lush nature, proximity to the Nirchai and Balikhlochai rivers, proximity to the city of Nir, easier access, the presence of cultural-historical monuments, the display of local traditions through numerous festivals, favorable access to the Sabalan ranges, and similar cases.Therefore, it is concluded that the Bulaghlar geotourism area has a suitable capacity to attract tourists in Nir County. This is while a multidimensional look at the geotourism industry with a conservation approach along with the development of infrastructure and infrastructure facilities can significantly develop the tourism industry and transform the economy of the region. Finally, it is suggested that artificial intelligence be used in future studies to evaluate the studied areas.

Abstract Background and Objective: Teleworking and urbanization with the theme of home coriander is one of the newest challenges facing the cities of the world in the 21st century. According to the uncertainty index Covid 19 disease, the largest modern urbanization event in recent years. Therefore, here is housing as a spatial crystallization and physical embodiment of human residential activity in these conditions and occurs. On the one hand, the quality of housing, in terms of the impact it has on health, safety and good living conditions, has a direct and significant effect on the well-being of the people. On the other hand, telecommuting continues to operate in the smallest urban unit (housing) using digital tools and cyberspace.
Methodology: The present study uses descriptive, field and analytical research methods in the most critical example of urban infrastructure, namely the staff of ABFA Dezful by combining three issues of telecommuting caused by Corona, housing and the virtual world, it has investigated the issue. It should be noted that the findings were done in the form of a questionnaire with the entire statistical population of this organization after confirmation of validity and reliability.
Results and findings: To analyze the findings, exploratory factor analysis technique, weight homogeneity measurement and Grafer, Visio, Excel, GIS and SPSS software were used. Research findings have shown Teleworking of employees only as a job (22.42), number of rooms in housing for Corona teleworking (13.83), private space (comfort) housing for Corona teleworking (11/13), internet status in housing for Corona teleworking (9/16), access and quality of mobile phones in housing for corona telework (9/10), TV efficiency in housing for corona telework (7/16), interference in the use of equipment in housing for corona telework (8/8) 5) The most and the most influential variables for housing health it has been a virus for staff telecommuting in coronary conditions.

Abstract Background and Objective: Floods are one of the natural phenomena that can cause significant damage to infrastructure, farmlands, and the environment. This phenomenon primarily occurs due to heavy rainfall, snowmelt, or a combination of these factors. Therefore, the aim of this study is to map flood hazard zones and examine their relationship with land use using the Analytic Network Process (ANP) model in the Razi Chay watershed in Ardabil Province.
Methodology: In this study, data from Landsat 8 satellite imagery from 2022, a 30-meter ASTER DEM map, a 1:50,000 scale topographic map, a 1:250,000 scale geological map, and other detailed information of the studied watershed were utilized. Ten parameters influencing flood occurrence were analyzed, including elevation, slope, slope aspect, vegetation cover, geological formations, distance from the river, flow direction, land use, precipitation, and drainage density. The Analytic Network Process (ANP) model was employed to determine the importance of each variable.
Findings and Conclusion: Among the studied parameters, slope (with a weight of 30%), elevation (with a weight of 21%), and land use (with a weight of 17%) were assigned the highest weights, indicating their significant influence in controlling flood occurrence in the Razi Chay watershed. The results show that approximately 36% of the Razi Chay watershed falls within high-risk and very high-risk zones. These areas are typically located in the lower part of the watershed, often at the confluence of the two main streams. Considering the spatial distribution of settlements in the region, it can be concluded that most of the settlements in the lower part of the watershed are exposed to flood risks

Abstract Background and Objective: Geotourism is a branch of tourism knowledge that focuses on the behavior of land surface systems or geomorphosites and attempts to identify, protect, and exploit the tourism-conservation values ​​of dominant forms and processes in a place. The purpose of this research is to evaluate and analyze the competitiveness of geotourism and geomorphological potentials of Gilan Province (Case Study: Masal Township, Olsbelengah, Shanderman).
Methodology: The present study is applied in terms of descriptive-analytical purpose, and Pavlova, Kobalikova, and Feyolt geotourism models were used to evaluate the study areas. The Pavlova model evaluates the competitiveness of the studied regions and is based on the formation of positive and negative factors and their related calculations. The Kobalikova model, which emphasizes more on scientific, educational, economic, conservation and additional criteria, and finally the Feuillet model, which examines geotourism regions based on four criteria of origin, geographical distribution, tourism and accessibility.
Results and findings: Based on the results of the Pavlova model in the positive competitiveness factor, Masal Township has high competitiveness in the region by obtaining the highest scores in the sub-indices of natural wealth (4.9) and protected areas (4.54). Also, in the negative competitiveness factor, the Shanderman district has the highest score in the sub-index of lack of appropriate infrastructure in the region with a value of 4.33, indicating the weakness of the region in this regard. Also, according to the results obtained from the Kobalikova model, Masal Township has the highest geotourism value in the region with a score of (7.08). Also, the results obtained from the Violet model show that Masal Township is in a favorable situation in terms of management and tourism in the region with a score of (5.04). Therefore, it is concluded that this region has high potentials and capabilities for tourism and geotourism and is ranked first in terms of competitiveness at the provincial level

Abstract Introduction and Purpose: Flânerie, as a complex human practice, emerges from the interplay between the body, soul, and mind within urban environments. This study aims to analyze the multifaceted dimensions of flânerie in Iranian urban spaces, focusing on how spatial design and cultural richness influence physical, spiritual, and mental experiences. It further compares these experiences with those in modern cities.
Methodology: This research adopts a qualitative and interpretive approach within the framework of a constructivist paradigm. Data were collected through urban ethnography, case studies, non-participant field observations, semi-structured interviews with citizens, architects, and urban planning experts, and content analysis of historical and contemporary texts on urban spaces. Thematic analysis was employed to interpret the data.
Findings: The findings reveal that flânerie in Iranian cities transcends mere physical activity, encompassing social, cultural, and spiritual experiences. Traditional spaces such as the Tabriz Bazaar and Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque in Isfahan, with their intricate and human-centered designs, foster social interactions, spiritual reflection, and the reinforcement of cultural identity. Urban green spaces also contribute significantly to stress reduction and the enhancement of mental well-being.
Conclusion: Urban design should integrate flânerie as a holistic experience encompassing physical, spiritual, and mental interactions. This approach can improve urban quality of life, strengthen individual and collective identities, and enhance social cohesion. The findings offer valuable insights for urban designers and managers in creating dynamic, human-centered urban spaces.

Abstract Abstract
Background and Objective: Economic growth and development over the past two decades in developing countries have clearly demonstrated the many effects of financial market cycles on economic activities in these countries. Instability and change in financial markets shape financial cycles, which in turn disrupt economic activities and reduce the economic growth of countries. Therefore, given the importance of the effects of financial cycles on economic growth, the aim of this study is to analyze and investigate the effects of asymmetric financial cycles on economic growth in Iraq.
Methodology: The present study analyzes and investigates the short-term and long-term effects of asymmetric financial cycles on economic growth in Iraq during the period 1990-2023 in the form of econometric models and methods. For this purpose, the autoregressive model with asymmetric distribution lag (NARDL) is used. This model is an extended form of the autoregressive distribution lag (ARDL) model.
Results: The results showed that in the long run, positive financial cycles have a positive and significant effect and negative financial cycles have a negative and significant effect on Iraq's economic growth. Also, foreign trade, exchange rate, active labor force, physical capital and foreign direct investment have a positive and significant effect, and oil revenues have a negative and significant effect on Iraq's economic growth. The explanatory and control variables (asymmetric financial cycles, foreign trade, exchange rate, physical capital, active labor force, foreign direct investment and oil revenues) also explain and show 75 percent of the changes in the target variable (Iraqi economic growth).
Conclusion: Given that financial cycles and foreign trade have the greatest impact on economic growth in the short and long run, therefore, monitoring credit expansion through macroprudential policies is essential to maintain financial stability in this country. Also, the Iraqi government can lead to increased economic growth by gradually creating conditions and establishing appropriate and necessary laws and regulations to expand commercial freedom and increase trade.

Abstract Background and Aim: Heritage concepts with an emphasis on identity reflect the material and non-material lives of societies. Therefore, expanding the scope of tourism, as a field of study, reflects an increasing role in the protection of heritage in parallel with the documentation of museums. In the meantime, the tourism industry's development in the heritage field and economic growth are concerned with protecting cultural resources.
Methods: Thus, investigating the synergy of the tourism industry and intangible heritage will prevent the orientation of passive criteria. Therefore, the present study, to answer the question "What is the synergy effect of intangible heritage and tourism industry on sustainable development?", extracted the development criteria in the House of Museums of the World Heritage Protected Area of Tabriz Historical Bazaar, to explain the insights in acknowledging the relationship between these two articles, from library studies and historical documents approved by experts and specialists of the Cultural Heritage Organization of West Azerbaijan Province. Also, in terms of answering the question "How important are the tourists' experiences of the Tabriz Museum House in the development of tourism?", to measure the visitors' satisfaction with the quality of the infrastructure and resources available in the 8 houses of the museum in the historical area of the case study, structured questionnaires were distributed among 78 tourists on a five-point Likert scale.
Findings and Conclusion: In the integration of the extracted components and analysis of SPSS software with T-test, it was found that if the managers and stakeholders in the field of cultural heritage have a combined attitude towards the synergistic categories of tourism industry and intangible heritage, the procedure of conservation and transfer of intangible cultural heritage in the houses of museums in the study area will be improved.

Abstract Background and Objective: One of the issues that currently affects employment is good regional governance and foreign direct investment in countries with abundant natural resources. The effect of natural resource abundance on economic growth has been widely studied in economic studies, but a study that examines the effect of good regional governance, natural resource abundance, and foreign direct investment on employment has not been conducted. The aim of this article is to examine the effect of foreign direct investment, good regional governance, and natural resources on employment in the agricultural sector for 15 selected developing countries.
Methodology: In this regard, a regression model has been estimated using panel data for the selected countries in the period 2011-2023.
Findings and Conclusion: According to the results obtained, foreign direct investment has a positive and significant effect on employment in the agricultural sector. Good regional governance has a positive and significant effect on employment in the agricultural sector. Also, the abundance of natural resources has a negative and significant effect on employment in the agricultural sector. Good regional governance and the attraction of foreign investment have a positive impact on employment, which increases employment in the agricultural sector by improving the political climate, protecting property rights, and enforcing contracts

Abstract Background and Objective: Participatory urban planning aims to increase citizen involvement in urban decision-making and requires tools for analyzing vast amounts of textual data. This study investigates the application of Natural Language Processing (NLP) in analyzing citizens' opinions regarding urban development plans.
Methodology: Using content analysis methods and machine learning algorithms, opinions collected from social media platforms were analyzed. The results indicated that NLP can accurately identify sentiments, main topics, and patterns present in citizens' comments.
Findings and Conclusion: These findings suggest that NLP can serve as a powerful tool to enhance the decision-making process in urban planning. However, limitations such as informal language and the presence of specialized terminology in comments indicate a need for further development of NLP models. 

Abstract Introduction and Objective: Urban spaces play a significant role in shaping social interactions and strengthening ethnic and religious cohesion. Urmia, with its extensive ethnic and religious diversity, provides an appropriate context for studying these interactions. This research aims to examine the role of spatial patterns in social interactions and ethnic and religious cohesion in the neighborhoods of Delgosha, Eqbal, and Mahdi-al-Qadam (adjacent to Imam Khomeini Street). The theoretical framework of this study is based on Christopher Alexander's Theory of Living Spaces.
Research Method: This study employed a mixed-methods approach (qualitative-quantitative). The statistical population included residents of the Delgosha, Eqbal, and Mahdi-al-Qadam neighborhoods, selected using a random cluster sampling method. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 30 residents and field observations. Quantitative data were gathered using a questionnaire distributed among 200 residents. Data analysis was conducted using Pearson's correlation coefficient and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).
Findings and Conclusion: The results indicated that the spatial and physical characteristics of these neighborhoods significantly influence social interactions. Pearson's correlation coefficient (0.68) suggested a positive relationship between access to public spaces and the level of social interactions. ANOVA results showed a significant difference among the studied neighborhoods (p < 0.05), with the Eqbal neighborhood characterized by diverse ethnic composition exhibiting the highest level of social interactions. Furthermore, 85% of respondents believed that the existing spatial design contributes to strengthening social relationships, while 15% identified factors such as traffic congestion and reduced green spaces as barriers to interaction. The findings of this study emphasize that proper urban space design can lead to increased social interactions, ethnic and religious cohesion, and a strengthened sense of social belonging in multi-ethnic communities like Urmia. In this regard, attention to spatial patterns aligned with the cultural and social characteristics of residents holds particular importance.

Abstract Introduction and Objectives: West Azerbaijan Province, due to its geographical and economic characteristics, has undergone significant changes in the labor market and employment. This study aims to investigate the trends in employment changes across three sectors: agriculture, industry, and services during the years 2011, 2016, and 2021. The primary objective of this research is to identify the pattern of employment changes and its impact on the urban development of West Azerbaijan Province.
Research Methodology: This is a descriptive-analytical study, and the data were collected from library resources and the statistical yearbooks of the country and province. For data analysis, the Shift-Share model was utilized to assess the impact of national and structural factors on employment, and the Location Quotient model was used to differentiate between primary and non-primary jobs.
Findings and Conclusions: The findings of this study reveal that between 2011 and 2021, employment in the agricultural and industrial sectors decreased, with the share of employment in agriculture falling from 37.2% to 30.4%, and in industry from 24.8% to 22.3%. In contrast, the public services sector experienced significant growth, with the share of employment in this sector increasing from 23.1% to 30.1%. These changes indicate a shift in labor from the agricultural and industrial sectors to the services sector. The main conclusion of the research shows that employment in agriculture and industry has declined and shifted towards services, highlighting the need for a balanced strengthening of these sectors for sustainable urban development.

Abstract Background and Objective: New Urbanism emerged as an architectural and urban planning movement in the late 20th century, in response to the uncontrolled growth of cities and suburbanization. Inspired by traditional and historical cities, this approach seeks to create pedestrian-oriented cities with a strong sense of social belonging. This approach emphasizes the creation of cities with a human scale; this means that buildings and public spaces should be designed in such a way that they are compatible with human needs and dimensions. On the other hand, this approach seeks to create a variety of uses and a suitable mix between them. Meanwhile, attention to sustainable transport, preservation and strengthening of green and public spaces, quality urban architecture and design, neighborhood unit and pedestrianism are other principles of the New Urbanism approach. Considering that this approach is considered as an effective approach in urban development in many developing countries such as Iran, the aim of the present study is to evaluate and compare urban neighborhoods in order to investigate the extent of their compliance with the principles of New Urbanism. The case study of the research is the city of Semnan, which consists of three districts, and one neighborhood from each of the districts will be studied
Methodology: The research approach used is descriptive-analytical and the data used in it are obtained through the review of upstream documents, field studies, questionnaires and the comprehensive plan of Semnan. Considering the examination of 10 indicators of the New Urbanism approach in three different neighborhoods, different techniques such as Simpson's homogeneity coefficient, walk score, statistical tests and multi-criteria decision-making methods have been used to measure each of the indicators.
Results and findings: The results of the research show that Golshahr neighborhood, which experienced the most physical development during the second Pahlavi period, has a more appropriate adaptation to the principles of New Urbanism, and after that, Modiran and Pachnar neighborhoods are ranked next, respectively.

Abstract Background and Objective: Public spaces are the most important part of the structure of cities and play an important role in the health and quality of life of citizens. In the meantime, urban sidewalks are known as the most important public areas of a city and have a significant impact on improving urban vitality indicators among citizens in a space and even in the entire city. Vitality and dynamism are important elements in the qualitative assessment of public spaces. Vitality itself is a reflection of the activities that take place in the space, and making cities pedestrian-oriented is a way to facilitate and encourage activities that can help promote vitality in cities. In this regard, the aim of this research is to answer the following questions at the core of the work. 1- What are the factors affecting the vitality of the Ferdowsi sidewalk? 2- What is the order of citizens' priority of the factors affecting the vitality of this sidewalk? 3- What is the status of the vitality of this Ferdowsi sidewalk from the perspective of citizens?
Research Methodology: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the factors affecting the vitality of the Ferdowsi sidewalk in Sanandaj city. This is a descriptive-analytical study. The variables of sidewalk vitality were identified and, from the literature review, related studies were designed in the form of a questionnaire in the form of a Likert scale (five options) and completed by 100 users of Ferdowsi sidewalk in Sanandaj city. The data were analyzed using Spss software. The statistical population of this study included residents of Sanandaj city who used Ferdowsi sidewalk between September and October 1403. Due to the fact that the aforementioned statistical population was not concentrated in a specific location, convenience sampling was used and the sample size was 100 of the aforementioned pedestrians.
Findings: The effective components of the vitality of the sidewalks were introduced in the form of 12 components, and the factor loadings and Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the vitality factors of the Ferdowsi sidewalk were the highest factor loading of 0.81 related to the component of holding social events during the year and the lowest factor loading of 0.59 related to the component of night activities. Discussion and Conclusion: 12 components were examined in this study that should be significantly prioritized in the optimal design of sidewalks in order to increase vitality. In the studies conducted, the effective factors in the vitality of the Ferdowsi sidewalk are the "accessibility-spatial" factor with a correlation coefficient of 0.94, "functional-environmental" with a correlation coefficient of 0.92, and "social-cultural" with a correlation coefficient of 0.88, respectively. In examining the level of satisfaction of citizens with the vitality factors of the sidewalk, the highest level of satisfaction was with the "accessibility-spatial" factor with an average of 3.85, and the lowest level of satisfaction was with the "social-cultural" factor with an average of 3.61. The average satisfaction with the vitality of the Ferdowsi sidewalk is 3.70, which is average.

Abstract Background and Objective: Parks and public green spaces are part of the ecological fabric of cities to the extent that the environmental life and sustainability of cities depend on them. This study aims to assess the level of satisfaction of women with women's parks. For this purpose, Pardis Women's Park and Shahed Women's Park in Kermanshah were selected. The better design of green space in women's parks leads to attendance, promotion of social interactions, reduction of depression, and ultimately their satisfaction with this space. The aim of the present study is to assess the level of satisfaction of citizens with the quality of urban parks in Kermanshah.
Research Method: The effective components in their satisfaction were identified and a researcher-made questionnaire was developed from the review of texts, related studies, and expert opinions. It was designed with the approval of relevant experts in the form of a Likert scale (five options) and completed by 400 women from Pardis Women's Park and Shahed Women's Park in Kermanshah. The data were analyzed using Spss software. The statistical population of this study includes all women visiting Pardis and Shahed Parks during the period from June to January 1403.
Findings: The effective components of green space in urban women's parks were introduced in the form of 23 components, with the average satisfaction level of women in Pardis Women's Park being 3.43 and Shahed Women's Park being 3.07, meaning that women's satisfaction level with Pardis Women's Park is higher than Shahed Women's Park. The frequency distribution of interests of the studied individuals showed that 30.0 percent of women were interested in green space and 24.5 percent of women were interested in sports.
Discussion and Conclusion: 23 components were examined in this study, which should be significantly prioritized in the optimal design of green space in urban parks to increase their satisfaction.

Abstract Background and Aim: This study aims to investigate the effect of strategic human resource management operations on organizational commitment of employees of the Hamedan City Fire Department.
Methods: In terms of method, it is a correlational research, in terms of purpose, it is an applied research, and in terms of data collection method, it is a quantitative research. The statistical population in the section of examining the relationship between research variables and testing hypotheses includes 176 personnel of the Hamadan Province Fire Department during 2023. The statistical sample was estimated to be 131 people using the Krejci and Morgan table with a simple random method. The strategic human resource management variable was measured with a 14-question questionnaire by Chang and Hong (2005) and organizational commitment with a 24-question questionnaire by Allen and Meyer (1996). Also, in relation to the evaluation of strategic human resource management operations and their ranking with a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process approach, the opinions of 30 experts from the organization under study were used.
Findings and Conclusion: The results of path analysis and structural equation modeling approach with Smart-PLS software indicate that strategic human resource management had a positive and significant effect on organizational commitment of employees of Hamedan Province Fire Department. Also, the variables of selection in the organization, training measures in the organization, human management performance evaluation measures, promotion opportunities, performance-based rewards, information sharing, and job security had a positive and significant effect on organizational commitment of employees. Finally, the output of the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process showed that the second factor (training measures in the organization) with the highest weight is ranked first, and the fourth factor (performance-based reward) is ranked second. Also, the seventh factor (human management performance evaluation measures) is ranked last (seventh) in terms of importance. Therefore, appropriate planning for effective employee training and planning a performance-based reward system in the organization will have a significant effect on the implementation of the strategic human resource management system and ultimately the organizational commitment of employees.

Abstract Background and purpose: Construction violations are a global problem that can have serious consequences for individuals, communities, and the environment, so identifying its factors to prevent its consequences in the cities of the country is important. Identifying the causes of construction violations in Sarein and presenting it to the foundations involved with the problem of construction violations such as the municipality and the Islamic Council, etc.
Methodology: The method of this study is descriptive -analytical and can be used in the application category in terms of its use. To analyze the factors that have been dealt with in a 5 -year period. With quantitative data and Pearson correlation test and single sample test method and mean analysis of SPSS software and EXEL software was used to provide tables and charts.
Results and Conclusion: The results of the analysis show that economic factors with correlation coefficient of 0.781 and high value of t = 49.111 and an average of 30.1286 have the most impact on construction violations compared to other factors. Other factors, respectively: physical factors with correlation coefficient of 0.653 and T = 38.251 and mean 25.3571, management factors with correlation coefficient 0.718 and T = 30.499 and mean 24.1857 and social factors with correlation coefficient 694 and T = 29.796 It is effective in the occurrence of building violations in the city of Sarein and the relationship between these factors and construction violations is significant. 5 The main factors affecting construction violations of the total factors measured 1-Dodge and More Revenue 2-Municipal Solidarity to Income from Crimes 3-Article 100 and Regulations of Engineering and Urban Development44 Physical divisions or zoning are 5- The fields of tendency to deviate from the rules of construction such as compression ceiling and occupation level, etc., finally comparing this analysis with other previous internal studies in this field, it can be concluded that the city of Sarein is similar to the same situation. It has the opinion of the causes of construction violations with other cities in this article.

Abstract Background and purpose: The historical background of each city reflected in its historical context, in addition to being part of the social and cultural capital of that city, indicates the identity of that city and has the ability to influence its social cohesion. One of the most important dimensions of historical contexts is business complexes and markets, which is the intersection of various urban ideas in the field of trade, social relations and social solidarity. The study attempts to rely on the field study of the historic market of Urmia, which is long -standing, its impact on increasing people's convergence and social resilience. In this regard, the field exploration of the historical market of Urmia as well as the historical context of Urmia in relation to social resilience and its key indicators were carried out.
Methods: Descriptive and analytical method was used to investigate the subject, and in the field study, two statistical community of clients to the historical market of Urmia and its business were used in which the study indicators, including the sense of location, social participation Social awareness, safety was questioned, the results of which were analyzed in SPSS statistical software. Findings and Conclusions: Finally, the results of field exploration and surveys showed that of these indicators, merely the indicators of spatial belonging and social responsibility have been higher value in promoting social resilience of historical context, but other indicators have favorable results. Does not obtain. Finally, overall, based on field exploration and field investigations, the historical market of Urmia cannot promote social resilience in the current state of Urmia, so studies showed that in addition to the major social resilience indicators of the historical market. Urmia is not in a good position, the historical market performance is in Urmia's urban area, and more than half of the inhabitants of the historical context do not go to the historical market of Urmia.

Abstract Background and Objective: Simulation and continuous review of dynamic processes and urban growth patterns with regard to past development and its prediction in the future, for planners and proponents of natural resource conservation in setting sustainable development strategies, achieving sustainable urban development as well as better decision making. In this regard, the city of Karaj with the approach of being the center of the province as being industrial and migrating has had an impact on all the internal structure of the surrounding cities and villages. As a result, the use of hybrid modeling with a deeper and local perspective for codified planning for the sustainable development of the city of Karaj is inevitable. The aim of this study was to model the growth patterns of Karaj city using heuristic statistical preprocessing (ER), ordinary least squares regression (OLS) and spatial weighted regression model (GWR) and also to predict its development using the model. CA-Markov considering the 20-year period 1381-1400.
Research Method: For this purpose, first, effective criteria in this process were collected, analyzed and prepared from relevant organizations, and land use maps were extracted from Landsat satellite images. In the next step, the maps were validated and changes were detected. The results of change detection show that the largest increase in area occurred in the built-up areas (2893.86 hectares) and the largest decrease in area occurred in barren lands (808.02 hectares). Based on these changes and to avoid the trial and error method in selecting the best combination of input criteria to the GWR model, pre-processing was performed on the criteria using the ER and OLS methods. In the next step, considering the output of ER and OLS methods, 8 independent variables were selected as inputs to the models. Then, modeling of urban growth patterns was performed using the GWR model.
Findings and Conclusions: results showed that out of 8 variables, two variables had the same direction of impact (negative or positive) in the studied space and the other variables change their impact in the whole region. Finally, using the CA-Markov model, the land use map for 1420 was predicted. The final results showed that the CA-Markov model predicts that the highest rate of development will occur in 1420 in the eastern and northeastern parts of Karaj.

Abstract Background and Objective: Given the increasing importance of environmental issues and the challenges facing countries in achieving sustainable development, a better understanding of the relationship between democratic governance, the use of renewable energy, and trade policies is an inevitable necessity. On the other hand, identifying how these factors affect environmental indicators can help policymakers design optimal strategies to reduce environmental degradation and enhance sustainability. Foreign trade can play a dual role in environmental improvement or degradation. On the one hand, international trade can improve environmental quality through the transfer of clean technologies and environmental innovations; but on the other hand, in the absence of appropriate regulations, it may lead to increased pressure on natural resources and further pollution. Therefore, a simultaneous and integrated examination of these three factors can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the relationships between economic, environmental, and governance policies. Given the importance of the subject, this study attempts to analyze the relationship between these factors and their effects on Iraq's environmental indicators.
Research Method: In this study, Autoregressive Distributed Lag model (ARDL) was used to examine the impact of democracy, green energy, and foreign trade on environmental progress in Iraq from 2006 to 2022. These methods provide the ability to examine the long-term and short-term effects of variables and allow for the analysis of the complex relationships between democracy, green energy, foreign trade, and environmental progress.
Findings and Conclusions: The results show that increased carbon emissions are associated with democracy in Iraq, especially in a situation where economic and political pressures to accelerate economic growth increase energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Also, renewable energies (green energies), although they may have an incremental effect on carbon emissions in the short term, can help reduce carbon emissions and improve environmental quality in the long term. On the other hand, foreign trade has had negative effects on the environment due to Iraq's dependence on fossil energy resources, so Iraq needs green and sustainable trade policies. Also, in this study, the error correction coefficient is -0.3807. This coefficient shows that about 38.07 percent of the short-term imbalance is adjusted in each period and the system moves towards long-term equilibrium

Abstract Background and Objective: In this study, the Analytic Network Process (ANP) model was employed within a Geographic Information System (GIS) framework to zone Ardabil County for the purpose of optimal military site selection. The primary objective was to identify and prioritize the most suitable areas for the establishment of military bases, taking into account environmental, climatic, and human-related criteria.
Methodology: This research is of an applied type and has been conducted using a descriptive-analytical method. For this purpose, fourteen important indicators including altitude, slope, slope direction, geology, vegetation, temperature, humidity, soil, distance from road, village, fault, land use, distance from waterway were classified into three main groups (minor, human and environmental). First, using the ANP model and Super Decisions software, the weight of each of them (using a questionnaire and 30 experts and news) was calculated based on pairwise comparisons and internal and external relationships among them. Then, using the GIS environment, spatial information layers related to each indicator were prepared and processed, and the final weight of each layer was integrated using the Raster Calculator tool. In the next step, the final zoning map of the garrison location was divided into five classes from completely suitable to completely unsuitable.
Results and Findings: Results indicated that approximately 30% of the study area falls within the "highly suitable" and "suitable" classes, mainly located in the central and western parts of the county. In contrast, about 30% of the area was found to be "moderately suitable," predominantly covering the northern and central regions. Additionally, 40% of the area was classified as "unsuitable" or "highly unsuitable," with most of these areas situated in the northern and southern parts of the county. The findings of this research can serve as an effective decision-making tool for defense institutions and urban management authorities in the optimal placement of military facilities.

Abstract Background and Objective: Migration, as an influential demographic event, creates significant changes in the structure and distribution of the population. Migration, not only as a phenomenon, but also as a metaphenomenon (an event that occurs due to the context and situation in which people live), has arisen from numerous economic, social, political, and cultural factors. For this reason, the causes and motivations of migration can be examined from different dimensions. Migration from Iran is a complex and multidimensional issue that has attracted much attention in recent years. The aim of this article is to examine the impact of economic factors on migration from Iran, with a special focus on the misery index (sum of inflation and unemployment).
Methodology The present study was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and the documentary-library method was used to collect information. All data on the desired variables were used annually for the period 2000 to 2022. The self-explanatory method with distributional lags was used to examine the relationship between variables. The models presented to examine the effects of lags are known as distributional lag models, one of the most recent methods for these studies is the self-explanatory distributional lags or ARDL method.
Findings and Conclusion: The research findings indicate that the variables population, poverty index and GDP have a significant effect on migration from Iran, but the Gini coefficient inequality index does not have a significant effect on migration. . The poverty index also has a significant and positive effect on migration. . On the contrary, economic growth has a significant and negative effect on migration, so that a one percent increase in economic growth can reduce the migration rate by 0.1 percent. The results show that three key factors population growth, poverty rate and economic growth directly affect the migration process from Iran. With the increase in population, the pressure on the country's economic and social resources intensifies. In conditions where job opportunities and public services are not developed, people may migrate in search of better living conditions.

Abstract Background and Objective: Sustainable urban development is based on the principle that the space of a city is formed within neighborhoods and continues accordingly. Therefore, neighborhood development is considered a fundamental measure in achieving sustainable development. Therefore, the present study was developed with the aim of assessing the level of sustainability of urban neighborhoods in the city of Karbala.
Methodology: The research method is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature and method. The information required in this study was collected through field and documentary methods. The statistical population of the study consists of 6 neighborhoods located in the surrounding areas. In order to analyze the data and achieve the research goal and measure and evaluate the sustainability of the dimensions (social-cultural, economic, environmental and physical), the sustainability barometer model has been used.
Results and Findings: According to the indicators used in the research and the results of the sustainability barometer model in the present study, in terms of overall sustainability, the Abbasiyyah East neighborhood scored (0.90) at the sustainable level, the Abbasiyyah East neighborhood scored (0.82) at the potential sustainability level, the Abbasiyyah West and Al-Jamiyyah neighborhoods scored (0.53) and (0.54) at the average level, the Al-Hussein neighborhood scored (0.30) at the potential instability level, and the Al-Mukhaim neighborhood scored (0.04) at the unstable level. The average level of sustainability in terms of ecosystem welfare in the studied neighborhoods is 0.54 and human welfare is 0.50, indicating an average sustainability status for both. According to the results of the present study, the average of the studied neighborhoods in terms of overall sustainability is 0.52 and is at the average level. Given that the sustainability levels of the studied neighborhoods vary, development plans tailored to the strengths and weaknesses of each neighborhood and based on the sustainability levels of each of them are necessary.