Abbaszadegan, M., Firoozian, M., & Rouhani Shahraki, M. (2016). Measuring urban security in Farahzad neighborhood of Tehran using factor analysis. Warm and Dry Architecture, 4(4). (In Persian)
Abbaszadeh,M. and Parvin,R. (2024). Analysis of indices susceptible to the CPTED approach in urban spaces (case study: lands east of the historical Bazaar of Urmia). Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS), 5(3), 98-112. (In Persian)
Abdollahi, A,. mafi, E. & Vatanparast, M. (2023). Measuring the development levels of urban neighborhoods based on having creative city indicators (Case study: district one of Mashhad metropolis). Geography and Urban Space Development. In press. https://doi.org/10.22067/jgusd.2024.83284.1327 [In Persian].
Ahmadi, H. and Mehrjou, M. (2020). Investigating the Effect of Environmental Quality Components on Citizens' Sense of Security (Case of Central Sidewalk of Hamedan City). Quarterly Journals of Urban and Regional Development Planning, 5(12), 105-135. doi: 10.22054/urdp.2021.59874.1308, (In Persian)
Amelhelali, B., Saeideh Zarabadi, Z.S., Dolatabadi, F. (2019). Exploring the foundations of creating a creative city in areas of Neyshabur city. Quarterly Journal of Urban Research and Planning, 10(38), pp. 123-132. 20.1001.1.22285229.1398.10.38.11.7 [In Persian].
Amerian, M. (2024). Identifying the impact of social capital on quality of urban life (evidence from Iran). Social Indicators Research, 171(3), 921-936.
Amini, D., Marsousi, N. & Lotfi, A. (2021). Assessment and ranking of creative city planning in 22 districts of Tehran metropolis, Scientific Journal of Physical Development Planning, 6(3(New Series)), pp. 150-177. 20.1001.1.26455471.1400.8.3.8.6 [In Persian].
Andersen, H. S. (2019). Urban sores: On the interaction between segregation, urban decay and deprived neighbourhoods. Routledge.
Andresen, M. A., Jenion, G. W., & Reid, A. A. (2012). An evaluation of ambient population estimates for use in crime analysis. Crime Mapping: A Journal of Research and Practice, 4(1), 7-30.
Askari, A. H., & Soltani, S. (2023). CPTED Principles and Preventing Crimes: The Cases from Shiraz City, Iran. Journal of Design and Built Environment, 23(2), 1-13.
Ayadeh pur,H. , Salehi,A. and Fetili,S. (2023). Investigating the Relationship between Population Density and Criminology in Ahvaz. (e160279). Fares Law Research, 5(13), e160279 doi: 10.22034/lc.2023.160279. (In Persian)
Azizi, M. M. and Shabanjoola, E. (2015). Evaluation of old city’s neighborhoods in response to the sense of safety (A case syudy of Qazvin, Malek abad. Human Geography Research, 46(4), 791-808. doi: 10.22059/jhgr.2015.51240. (In Persian)
Batabyal, A., & Beladi, H. (2016). The Effects of Probabilistic Innovations on Schumpeterian Economic Growth in a Creative Region. Economic Modelling, 53, 224–230. DOI: 10.1016/j.econmod.2015.11.026
Bayat, B. (2017). An Analysis of the Relationship between Urban Space and Feeling Socially Secured in Tehran. Social Studies and Research in Iran, 6(2), 329-350. doi: 10.22059/jisr.2017.223095.467, (In Persian)
Behzadpour, M., & Saroukhani, S. (2020). Examining crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). Memarshenasy, 3(17). (In Persian)
Bell, B., Fasani, F., & Machin, S. (2013). Crime and immigration: Evidence from large immigrant waves. Review of Economics and statistics, 95(4), 1278-1290.
Bennett, T., Holloway, K., & Farrington, D. P. (2009). A review of the effectiveness of neighbourhood watch. Security Journal, 22(2), 143-155.
Buzan, B. (1998). Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Lynne Rienner.
Cairns, N., Moir, E., Prenzler, T., & Rayment-McHugh, S. (2025). A CPTED audit tool to assess crime and safety in town centres. Safer Communities.
Ceccato, V., & Brantingham, P. (2024). What is the role of architects and urban planners in crime prevention? Security Journal, 37(3), 489-514.
Chalfin, A., Hansen, B., Lerner, J., & Parker, L. (2022). Reducing crime through environmental design: Evidence from a randomized experiment of street lighting in New York City. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 38(1), 127-157.
Changizi, B. (2025). A Study on the Sense of Security in the Old and New Urban Fabric of Chelleh Khaneh Neighborhood, Rasht. Architectural Dimensions and Beyond, 2(3), 230-241.
Chataway, M., & Bourke, A. (2020). Fear of crime, disorder, and quality of life. In Geographies of behavioural health, crime, and disorder: The intersection of social problems and place (pp. 137-163). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Choi, W., Na, J., & Lee, S. (2024). Evaluating intelligent CPTED systems to support crime prevention decision-making in municipal control centers.
Clancey, G. (2015). Think crime! Using evidence, theory and crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) for planning safer cities. Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 17(1), 67-69.
Cole, S. J. (2019). Social and Physical Neighbourhood Effects and Crime: Bringing Domains Together Through Collective Efficacy Theory. Social Sciences, 8(5), 147. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8050147
Cooke, P., & Lazzeretti, L. (2008). Creative Cities, Cultural Clusters and Local Economic Development, Cheltenham. UK; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar. DOI: 10.1016/j.econmod.2015.11.026
Costa, P., Magalhães, M., Vasconcelos, B., & Sugahara, G. (2007). A discussion on the governance of ‘Creative Cities’: Some insights for policy action. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift-Norwegian Journal of Geography, 61(3), 122-132. https://doi.org/10.1080/00291950701553905
Cozens, P. 2016. Think Crime! Using Evidence, Theory and Crime Prevention Through Encironmental Design (CPTED) for Planning Safer Cities. Perth: Praxis Education.
Cozens, P., & Davern, B. (2025). Exploring Land Use, Crime and Perceptions of Crime in a Retail Setting: Implications for Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED).
Cozens, P., & Love, T. (2015). A review and current status of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). Journal of planning literature, 30(4), 393-412.
Cozens, P., & Love, T. (2017). The dark side of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice.
Cozens, P., & Stoks, F. (2025). Crime prevention in the city: a current status and new directions for Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED). In Handbook on Cities and Crime (pp. 397-413). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Cozens, P., Babb, C., & Stefani, D. (2022). Exploring and developing crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) audits: An iterative process. Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 25(1), 1.
Crowe, T., & Fennelly, L. J. (2013). Crime prevention through environmental design. Elsevier.
Dane, G., Leeuw, S., Kasraian, D., & Borgers, A. (2022). The Influence of Built Environment Characteristics on the Occurrence of Crime in Neighbourhoods of Amsterdam: A Geographically Weighted Regression Analysis. In Mobility, Knowledge and Innovation Hubs in Urban and Regional Development. Proceedings of REAL CORP 2022, 27th International Conference on Urban Development, Regional Planning and Information Society (pp. 805-819). CORP–Competence Center of Urban and Regional Planning.
Darchen, S. & Simon, G. (2022). Transitory urbanism’for the creative industries in a top-down regeneration process (Nantes, France). European Planning Studies. 30 (10), 1-18. 10.1080/09654313.2021.2024149.
Davies, T. P., & Bishop, S. R. (2013). Modelling patterns of burglary on street networks. Crime Science, 2(1), 10.
Davies, T., & Bowers, K. J. (2018). Street Networks and Crime. In G. J. N. Bruinsma & S. D. Johnson (Eds.), Oxford Handbooks Online. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190279707.013.15
De Nadai, M., Xu, Y., Letouzé, E., González, M. C., & Lepri, B. (2020). Socio-economic, built environment, and mobility conditions associated with crime: a study of multiple cities. Scientific reports, 10(1), 13871.
Delangizan, S., Dehghanshabani, Z., Khanzadi, A. & Zabihidan, M.S. (2017). Determining the Indicators of Creative City and Rankings of Iranian Metropolises Based on Creative City Criteria: An Application of Modified TOPSIS Method. Urban Economics, 3(1), pp. 24-1. 10.22108/ue.2018.107566.1036 [In Persian].
Doroudi, M. (2017). Assessment and Evaluation of Factors Contributing to Level of Societal Security Feeling in Residential Areas (Case Study: West Tehranpars), Societal Security Studies, 8(2), 102-133. (In Persian)
Doroudi, M. (2017). Measuring and evaluating factors affecting the improvement of security in residential environments: A case study of West Tehranpars neighborhood. Scientific-Research Quarterly of Social Security Studies, 50, (In Persian)
Duncan, T. E., Duncan, S. C., Okut, H., Strycker, L. A., & Hix-Small, H. (2003). A multilevel contextual model of neighborhood collective efficacy. American journal of community psychology, 32(3-4), 245-252.
Dwijendra, N. K. A., Akhmadeev, R., Tumanov, D., Kosov, M., Shoar, S., & Banaitis, A. (2021). Modeling Social Impacts of High-Rise Residential Buildings during the Post-Occupancy Phase Using DEMATEL Method: A Case Study. Buildings, 11(11), 504. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11110504
Esmailpour,M. and Gholamalizadeh,H. (2021). The role of security in improving the vitality of residential environments, a case study: Taqvi and Bagheri's house in Gorgan. Journal of engineering and construction management, 6(2), 1-8. (In Persian)
Farrington, D. P., & Welsh, B. C. (2007). Improved street lighting and crime prevention: A systematic review. Stockholm, Sweden: National Council for Crime Prevention.
Fennelly, L., & Perry, M. (2018). CPTED and traditional security countermeasures: 150 things you should know. CRC press.
Fleissner, D., & Heinzelmann, F. (1996). Crime prevention through environmental design and community policing. US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice.
Florida, R. (2005). Cities and the Creative Class. London, UK: Routledge.
Forrest, R., & Kearns, A. (2001). Social cohesion, social capital and the neighbourhood. Urban Studies, 38(12), 2125–2143.
Fotouhi Mehrabani, B, Kalantari, M., Rajaei, A. (2016). Analysis of Iran Metropolises in Terms of Possessing Indices of Creative City. Quarterly Journal of Geography and Urban Planning, 14(51), pp. 101-1178. 10.22059/jurbangeo.2016.62197 [In Persian].
Gehl, J. (2011). Life between buildings: Using public space (6th ed.). Island Press
Ghaffari A, Marjan Nematimehr M, Abdi S. (2013). Evolution of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design. JHRE. 32(144), 3-16.
URL: http://jhre.ir/article-1-554-fa.html. (In Persian)
Ghasemi, K., Dolatkhahi, K., Farahani, H. F., & Fallahi, M. (2025). From Planning to Perception: A Study of Urban Security in New Towns Using Machine Learning, Spatial Clustering, and Lived Experiences. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 101035.
gheshlaghpoor,S. and Babakhani,M. (2021). Analysis of Crime Prevention Factors through Environmental Design (CPTED) in Mehr Housing, Case Study: Mehr Housing of Nazarabad City. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 14(36), 161-175. doi: 10.22034/aaud.2021.222768.2152. (In Persian)
Ghorbanloo,H. , masoumi,M. and yazdani,M. (2024). Analysis of factors affecting the deterioration of the fabric of the 20th district of Tehran, in reducing the social and economic values of public spaces in the district. Geographical Engineering of Territory, 8(3), 105-122. doi: 10.22034/jget.2023.367256.1457. (In Persian)
Ghorbi, M., Naghavi, M., & Mohammadi, H. (2020). The Effect of the Built Environment on Social Capital and Social Sustainability in Historical Context (Case Study: Linked Neighborhood to Bazar in Kerman Historical Fabric). Urban Structure and Function Studies, 6(21), 59-84. (In Persian)
Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Stanford University Press.
Gill, C., Weisburd, D., & McPherson, M. K. (2024). Beyond the police: Community-led partnerships for meaningful crime prevention and social justice. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 714(1), 150-168.
Golabi, M., & Zare-Zadeh, R. (2014). The role of social capital in the perception of neighborhood security. Iranian Journal of Urban Planning and City Planning, 15 (3), 45–63. (In Persian)
Grodach, Car. (2017). Urban cultural policy and creative city making. Cities, 68, 82-91. DOI:10.1016/j.cities.2017.05.015
Habibi, M. & Ahmadi dehrashid, A. (2020). Analyzing the Strategic Planning of Sanandaj City with the Creative City Approach. Research in the Geography of Urban Planning, 8(4), pp. 789-812. 10.22059/jurbangeo.2020.302971.1291 [In Persian].
Hartley, J., Potts, J., MacDonalds, T., Erkunt, C., & Kufleitner, C. (2012). CCI CCI Creative City Index 2012 final report. ARC Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation, Queensland. https://sciendo.com/article/10.5334/csci.41
Hashemi dizaj, A. & mohammadi, Ch. (2023). Measuring and evaluating the economic resilience of urban neighborhoods against earthquake risk (case of study: Neighborhoods of the three region of Ardabil city). Geography and Human Relations, 6(3), pp. 303-284. 10.22034/gahr.2023.420357.1964 [In Persian].
Hatami,Y. and Zakerhaghighi,K. (2020). Influence the physical spaces in urban neighborhoods on the sense of social security (case study: the city of Hamadan). Geographical planning of space quarterly journal, 10(36), 197-218. doi: 10.30488/gps.2020.149076.2883. (In Persian)
Heidari, A. (2021). Investigating the role of environmental factors in creating safe urban spaces to reduce crime and enhance security based on the CPTED approach. Iranian Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture Research, 20(6). (In Persian)
Hipp, J. R. (2010). A dynamic view of neighborhoods: The reciprocal relationship between crime and neighborhood structural characteristics. Social problems, 57(2), 205-230.
Hipp, J. R., Kim, Y. A., & Kane, K. (2019). The effect of the physical environment on crime rates: Capturing housing age and housing type at varying spatial scales. Crime & Delinquency, 65(11), 1570-1595.
Hou, F., Hedayati Marzbali, M., Maghsoodi Tilaki, M. J., & Abdullah, A. (2025). Rethinking Urban Greening: Implications of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design for Enhancing Perceived Safety in Baitashan Park, Lanzhou. Urban Science, 9(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9010009
Ioannidis, I., Ceccato, V., Abraham, J., & Gliori, G. (2025). Crime Concentration at Buildings: Nordic Evidence on the Impact of Housing Ownership on Crime. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 1-23.
Jabareen, Y., Eizenberg, E., & Zilberman, O. (2017). Conceptualizing urban ontological security: ‘Being-in-the-city’and its social and spatial dimensions. Cities, 68, 1-7.
Jacobs, J. (1961). The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Random House.
jafarloo,A. (2018). An Analysis of the Impact of Immigration on Social Damage (Case study: Alvand city in Qazvin province). Geography and Human Relationships, 1(1), 445-463. (In Persian)
Jalalian, S., Habib, F., & Zaker Haghighi, K. (2022). Explaining the role of physical environment elements in residential complexes’ security: A case study of residential complexes in Hamadan city. City Identity, 16(2). (In Persian)
Javid, M.H., Hosseinpour, A. & Akbari Motlagh, M. (2013). Creative City, Strategic Planning, Volume 1, Tehran: Tahan Publications. https://shahr.journals.umz.ac.ir/article_3437_dcdafcf80386622cb1ba16a8833446bd.pdf. [In Persian].
Jeffery, C. R. (1971). Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design. Sage Publications
Kameli,M. and Hosseini,B. (2017). Investigating the environmental factors affecting the occurrence of urban crimes (robbery)Case study: Districts 1 and 7 of Qom city. Geography, 15(53), 205-218. (In Persian)
Kelling, G. L., Pate, T., Dieckman, D., & Brown, C. (1974). The Kansas City preventive patrol experiment: a tecnical report. Washington, DC: Police Foundation.
Khaliji, M. A., & Jafarpour Ghalehteimouri, K. (2024). Urban security challenges in major cities, with a specific emphasis on privacy management in the metropolises. Discover Environment, 2(1), 74.
khammar,G. A. and Mobasheri,M. (2021). Assessment of The Crime Prevention Components in Environmental Design and Its Impact On the Sense of Security in Residents of Suburban Areas: Bonjar City. Preipheral Urban Spaces Development, 3(2), 91-106. (In Persian)
Kim, H., & Park, J. (2022). The influence of built environment and social cohesion on perceived neighborhood safety. Cities, 124, 103611.
Kim, Y. A., & Hipp, J. R. (2020). Pathways: examining street network configurations, structural characteristics and spatial crime patterns in street segments. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 36(4), 725-752.
Kirk, D. S., & Laub, J. H. (2010). Neighborhood change and crime in the modern metropolis. Crime and justice, 39(1), 441-502.
Kyaagba, A. J., Ayoosu, M. I., Aule, T. T., Utsaha, A. L., & Tuleun, M. E. (2024). Mapping Environmental Design Strategies for Preventing Crime and Terrorism for Crowded Urban Places in Nigeria. Path of Science, 10(12), 2001-2012.
Landry, C . (2016). Helsinky Creative City Index. Retrieved from http://www.CCI .com.
Landry, C. (2012). The Creative City: A Toolkit for Urban Innovators. London, UK: Earthscan.
Lee, J. S., Park, S., & Jung, S. (2016). Effect of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) Measures on Active Living and Fear of Crime. Sustainability, 8(9), 872. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8090872
Lee, S., Kim, J., & Park, H. (2023). Street-level micro-features and crime patterns in low-income urban neighborhoods. Environment and Behavior, 55(4), 511–534.
Li, J., Chen, Y., Zhao, D., & Zhai, J. (2024). The Impact of Built Environment on Mixed Land Use: Evidence from Xi’an. Land, 13(12), 2214. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13122214
Liu, K., Zhang, L., Tsou, S., Wang, L., Hu, Y., & Yang, K. (2024). Exploring the Complex Association Between Urban Built Environment, Sociodemographic Characteristics and Crime: Evidence from Washington, D.C. Land, 13(11), 1886. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13111886
Lub, V. (2018). Neighbourhood watch: Mechanisms and moral implications. The British Journal of Criminology, 58(4), 906-924.
Macklin, S., van den Berg, A. & Pretorius, D. (2024). Reimagining pathways into culture and creative industries in the city of Seattle. SAGE Open. 5, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241253995
Madanipour, A. (2013). Public space and the city. Routledge.
Malik, A. A. M., Sela, R. L. E., & Moniaga, I. L. (2024). Implementation of Crime Prevention Throuh Environmental Design (CPTED) in Manado oldy city center area. ARTEKS: Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur, 9(2), 209-216.
Mareque, M., de Prada Creo, E. & Álvarez-Díaz, M. (2021). Exploring creative tourism based on the cultural and creative cities (C3) index and using bootstrap confidence intervals. Sustainability. 13 (9), 5145. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095145
Maslow, A. H. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370–396.
Mburu, E., & Mutua, F. (2023). Investigating the influence of land use and alcohol outlet density on crime in Juja sub-county, Kenya. Journal of Geovisualization and Spatial Analysis, 7(1), 10.
Mens, J. van Bueren, E., Vrijhoef, R. & Heurkens, E. (2021). A typology of social entrepreneurs in bottom-up urban development. Cities. 110, 103066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.103066
Meshkini, A., Kamangar, S., & Golchubi Diva, S. (2021). Investigating the effect of lighting on improving public spaces in the border city of Kamyaran: Case study: Imam Khomeini St. Journal of Border Science and Technology, 10(38), 51–76. (In Persian)
Midtveit, E. (2005). Crime prevention and exclusion: From walls to opera music. Journal of Scandinavian studies in criminology and crime prevention, 6(1), 23-38.
Mihinjac, M., & Saville, G. (2019). Third-Generation Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED). Social Sciences, 8(6), 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8060182
Mirzaei, M., Arghan, A. & Zand, M. (2019). The role of indicators in the creative city to create interactive urban spaces (Case Study: Ray Town). Geography (Quarterly Scientific and International Research Journal of the Iranian Geographical Society), 17(61), pp. 109-124 https://mag.iga.ir/article_247516_en.html [In Persian].
Moein, M. (1996). Farhang-e Farsi-e Moein [Moein's Persian Dictionary]. Amirkabir. (In Persian)
Mohammadi Hamidi, S., Nazmfar, H., & Yapeng Gharavi, M. (2020). Analysis of social security in urban areas using structural equation modeling: A case study of Ardabil city. Human Geography Research, 52(4), 1197–1216. (In Persian)
Mohammadi Janki, F., & Qorchi Beigi, M. (2009). The role of environmental design in crime prevention. Private Law Studies, 39(2), 345–367. (In Persian)
Mojtabaie, K., Navabakhsh, M., Koldi, A., & Zare-Mahdavi, G. (2020). The impact of migration on the variability of social cohesion. Research Journal of Order and Security, 13(2), 51–70. (In Persian)
Mousavi, M. & Shams, M. (2023). Planning towards the realization of a creative city with a sustainable urban development approach, Geography and Environmental Studies, 13(50), pp. 23-6. https://sanad.iau.ir/en/Article/979199 [In Persian].
Naderi, B,. Panahi, A., Teimori, I. & Valizade, R. (2022). Investigating the status of local factors affecting the realization of the mid-sized creative city (Case study: Bonab city). Journal of Geography, 20(74), PP 69-84. http://dor.net/dor/20.1001.1.27833739.1401.20.74.4.4 [In Persian].
Nahidi Azar, A., Mirgholami, M, and Nejad Ebrahimi, A. (1402). Sustainable and creative urban regeneration with emphasis on sustainable economic activities. Quarterly Journal of Sustainable Urban and Regional Development Studies, 4(3), 76-101. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.27830764.1402.4.3.6.5 [In Persian].
Nazmfar, H., Aftab, A., Ghafari Gilandeh, A. & Mousavi, N. (2018). analyzing key factors influencing the planning of a creative city (case study: Urmia). Quarterly Journal of Urban Planning Geography Research, 6(1), pp. 1-22. 10.22059/jurbangeo.2018.242044.784 [In Persian].
Newman, O. (1972). Defensible Space: Crime Prevention through Urban Design. Macmillan.
Nguyen, L. P., van den Berg, P. E., Kemperman, A. D., & Mohammadi, M. (2025). Social impacts of living in high-rise apartment buildings: The effects of buildings and neighborhoods. Journal of urban affairs, 47(8), 2894-2915.
Nguyen, L., van den Berg, P., Kemperman, A., & Mohammadi, M. (2020). Where do People Interact in High-Rise Apartment Buildings? Exploring the Influence of Personal and Neighborhood Characteristics. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13), 4619. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134619
Noemanpour, F., & Amjedian, S. (2024). Developing a conceptual model of social security with emphasis on promoting the criteria of the first and second generation CPTED theory. Applied Studies in Social Sciences and Sociology, 8 (33), 141–150. (In Persian)
Nubani, L., Fierke-Gmazel, H., Madill, H., & De Biasi, A. (2023). Community engagement in crime reduction strategies: A tale of three cities. Journal of Participatory Research Methods, 4(1).
OECD. (2021). Urban Policy Reviews. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Oxford English Dictionary. (1998). Oxford University Press.
Pazhuhan, M., Azadi, H., Lopez-Carr, D., Barbir, J., Shahzadi, I., & Fürst, C. (2023). Social sustainability of residential squares: Evidence from Narmak neighborhood, Tehran. Habitat International, 136, 102811.
Pepper, M., & Bullock, K. (2025). “The community supporting the community… that’s where its strength is”: exploring the contemporary position of Neighbourhood Watch in the United Kingdom. Safer Communities, 24(2), 116-129.
Piroozfar, P., Farr, E. R., Aboagye-Nimo, E., & Osei-Berchie, J. (2019). Crime prevention in urban spaces through environmental design: A critical UK perspective. Cities, 95, 102411.
Pourjafar M, Mahmodinegad H, Rafieian M, Ansari M. PROMOTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY AND REDUCTION OF URBAN CRIMES WITH EMPHASIS ON CPTED APPROACH. Journal title 2009; 19 (6) :73-82
URL: http://ijiepm.iust.ac.ir/article-1-264-fa.html, (In Persian)
Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. Simon & Schuster.
Qi, J., Mazumdar, S., & Vasconcelos, A. C. (2024). Understanding the relationship between urban public space and social cohesion: A systematic review. International Journal of Community Well-Being, 7(2), 155-212.
Rasoulzadeh Aghdam, S., Bababei Morad, B., Ghasemzadeh, B., Irani, M., & Huovila, A. (2025). Social smart city research: interconnections between participatory governance, data privacy, artificial intelligence and ethical sustainable development. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, 6, 1514040.
Redaelli, E., (2011). Analyzing the ‘‘creative city‘‘ governance: Relational process in Columbus Ohio. City, Culture and Society. 2, 85-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2011.05.001
Rezaee, M., Rafiyan, M. and Alikhani, S. (2024). The Evaluation of Social Capital and its Role in the Performance of Modern Neighborhood Management (case study: Fouladshahr city). Social Capital Management, 11(2), 199-217. doi: 10.22059/jscm.2023.357959.2410. (In Persian)
Rezaei,H. , Zamani Moghadam,A. and Memarzadeh Tehran,G. (2026). Modeling the socio-security development of Sistan and Baluchestan Province. Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS), 7(2), 167-187. (In Persian)
Rupp, L. A., Bhatia, S., Lee, D. B., Wyatt, R., Bushman, G., Wyatt, T. A., ... & Reischl, T. M. (2025). Community‐engaged crime prevention through environmental design and reductions in violent and firearm crime. American journal of community psychology.
Sajadyan, N., Shojaeyan, A. and Keshtkar, L. (2015). Effect of type and amount of urban land use in the formation of spatial patterns of crime Case Study: police station within 15 Kampolo)). Journal of Urban Ecology Researches, 6(11), 79-98. (In Persian)
Sakip, S. R. M., Rahim, P. R. M. A., & Nayan, N. M. (2023). Establishing Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Model. International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering and Technology, 14(5), 314-327.
Salavarzi zadeh, M. S. Z., Sheikhi, H. and Shekari, Z. (2018). Analyzing and evaluating the role of social capitals in sustainable development of neighborhoods (Case study: Ilam city). Physical Social Planning, 5(1), 123-136. doi: 10.30473/psp.2018.4835. (In Persian)
Sampson, R. J., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1999). Systematic social observation of public spaces: A new look at disorder in urban neighborhoods. American journal of sociology, 105(3), 603-651.
Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. science, 277(5328), 918-924.
Sasaki, M. (2010). Urban Regeneration through Cultural Creativity and Social Inclusion: Rethinking Creative City Theory through a Japanese Case Study. Cities, 27, 53–59. DOI:10.1016/j.cities.2010.03.002
Saville, G., & Cleveland, G. (2008). Second-generation CPTED: The rise and fall of opportunity theory. In 21st century security and CPTED (pp. 93-104). Auerbach Publications.
Saville, G., & Mihinjac, M. (2022). Third-generation CPTED—Integrating crime prevention and neighbourhood liveability. In Urban crime prevention: Multi-disciplinary approaches (pp. 27-54). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Saxe, J. P. (2024). Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) for Public Transit Stations (No. SM04). Morgan State University. Sustainable Mobility and Accessibility Regional Transportation Equity Research Center (SMARTER) Region 3 University Transportation Center (UTC).
Sayadi, F., Taghvaei, M., Hayraptian, V. (2022). The feasibility of a sustainable creative city in Tehran Metropolis. Geography & Regional Planning Journal, 3(12), PP 1031-1016. 20.1001.1.22286462.1400.11.4.1.5 [In Persian].
Sayyad Bidhandi, L., Gholipoor, Y. and Feizi, S. (2017). Quality of Pavement Lightening and its Effect on Citizen’s Sense of Security (Case Study: Shorabil Tourist Area). Geographical Urban Planning Research (GUPR), 5(3), 425-444. doi: 10.22059/jurbangeo.2018.215139.554. (In Persian)
Sedigh Sarvestani, R., & Nimrouzi, N. (2019). Investigating the relationship between participation in neighborhood interactions and perceived security. Police Science Quarterly, 12(2). (In Persian)
Senna, I., Iglesias, F. & Matsunaga, L.H. Measuring the effects of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) on fear of crime in public spaces. Crime Prev Community Saf 27, 1–17 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41300-025-00223-0
Shaftoe, H. (2007). Crime in high-rise housing: Is it the built environment’s fault. Crime prevention in high-rise housing, 19-40.
Sohn, D. W. (2016). Residential crimes and neighbourhood built environment: Assessing the effectiveness of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). Cities, 52, 86-93.
Sohrabi Ashlaghi, E., Ilanloo, M. (2022). Explaining the Levels of Creativity in the Urban System of Tehran Metropolis. Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS), 3(1), 108-127 https://www.srds.ir/article_152291.html?lang=en [In Persian].
Soltani, L., beykmohammadi, H. and Heydari, S. (2016). Spatial Analysis of the Sense of Security in the Different Quarters of the City of Qods. Strategic Research on Social Problems, 5(3), 87-104. doi: 10.22108/ssoss.2016.20963. (In Persian)
Statistical Center of Iran. (2021). Population and Housing Census of Ardabil. [In Persian].
Stucky, T. D., & Ottensmann, J. R. (2009). Land use and violent crime. Criminology, 47(4), 1223-1264.
Syauqi, A., Radja, A. M., & Wikantari, R. (2024). Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design: Visitors’ Perceptions of Safety at the Vernacular Coastal Tourism Destination Palippis in Indonesia.
Sypion, N. (2023). The influence of high-rise buildings on crime in urban environments.
Takano, T., Morita, H., Nakamura, S., Togawa, T., Kachi, N., Kato, H., & Hayashi, Y. (2023). Evaluating the quality of life for sustainable urban development. Cities, 142, 104561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2023.104561
Taylor, R. B., & Harrell, A. V. (1996). Physical Environment and Crime. National Institute of Justice.
Tselios, V., & Tomás, R. (2023). Social and environmental determinants of urban safety: Evidence from European cities. Journal of Urban Affairs, 45(2), 289–307.
Udoh, E. S., & Luna-Reyes, L. F. (2025). Exploring the Impacts of Social and Technical Aspects of Governance on Smart City Projects. Smart Cities, 8(5), 149.
UN-Habitat. (2020). World Cities Report 2020: The Value of Sustainable Urbanization. United Nations.
Valente, R. (2018). Ontological insecurity and subjective feelings of unsafety. Doctoral dissertation, University of Edinburgh.
Van Soomeren, P., Klundert, W. V. D., Aquilué, I., & de Kleuver, J. (2016). High-rise in trouble? Learning from Europe. Journal of Place Management and Development, 9(2), 224-240.
Vatankhah, H., Zolfaghari, H., Kargar, B., & Kalantari, M. (2019). Order & Security Research Journal, 12(1), 151–180. (In Persian)
Vivant, E. (2013). Creative in the City: Urban Contradictions of the Creative City. City, Culture and Society, 4, 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2013.02.003 [In Persian].
Von Ferber, J., & Petrossian, G. A. (2025). Distinguishing Static and Dynamic Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) Features in Public Plazas. Deviant Behavior, 1-10.
Weisburd, D. (2016). Place matters. Cambridge University Press.
Weisburd, D., Groff, E. R., & Yang, S. M. (2012). The criminology of place: Street segments and our understanding of the crime problem. Oxford University Press.
Welsh, B. C., & Piza, E. L. (2024). Crime prevention for social impact and social justice: The ideals, the challenges, the progress. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 714(1), 8-21.
Wen, Y., Qi, H., Long, T., & Zhang, X. (2025). Designed for safety: Characteristics and trends in crime prevention through environmental design research. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 24(4), 3108-3126.
WHO. (2020). Global Status Report on Urban Health. World Health Organization.
Widya Putra, D., Salim, W. A., Indradjati, P. N., & Prilandita, N. (2023). Understanding the position of urban spatial configuration on the feeling of insecurity from crime in public spaces. Frontiers in Built Environment, 9, 1114968.
Wood, M. A., & Thompson, C. (2021). Crime prevention, swarm intelligence and stigmergy: Understanding the mechanisms of social media-facilitated community crime prevention. The British journal of criminology, 61(2), 414-433.
Yang, S., & Koizumi, H. (2025). Space, devices, activities: A Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) assessment in Kakogawa, Japan. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 82, 100765.
Yesberg, J. A., Costi, F., Chan, A., & Bradford, B. (2024). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between policing and collective efficacy. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 20(4), 1147-1173.
Yousefi, N. (2014). Measuring security in urban neighborhoods: A case study of Mardavij and Moftabad neighborhoods in Isfahan city. Geography and Environmental Studies, 3(11). (In Persian)
Zahnow, R., Corcoran, J., Kimpton, A., & Wickes, R. (2022). Neighbourhood places, collective efficacy and crime: A longitudinal perspective. Urban Studies, 59(4), 789-809.
Zayyari, K. (2011). A Study on Peace and Security in Neighborhoods of Yazd. Human Geography Research, 43(2), 1-11. (In Persian)
Zeng, E., Dong, Y., Yan, L., & Lin, A. (2023). Perceived Safety in the Neighborhood: Exploring the Role of Built Environment, Social Factors, Physical Activity and Multiple Pathways of Influence. Buildings, 13(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010002.