1. Abazarlou, S., Baghersad, M., & Poori Rahim, A. A. (2021). Vulnerability Modeling of Key Assets of Cities with a Passive Defense Approach Using Fuzzy Logic (Case study: District 6 of Tehran). Journal of Safe City, 2. https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_701244.html
2. Ahadnezhad Roshti, M., & Jalilpour, Sh. (2013). Evaluation of internal factors affecting the vulnerability of urban buildings against earthquakes using GIS (Case study: Old fabric of Khoy city). Environmental Planning Quarterly, 6(20), 7-29. [In Persian] https://origin-ir.magiran.com/p1150982
3. Ahvaz Municipality. (2017). Statistical yearbook of Ahvaz metropolis. Ahvaz: Public Relations and International Affairs Publications of Ahvaz Municipality. [In Persian] https://planning.ahvaz.ir/
4. Akbari Motlaq, M., & Abbaszadeh, Gh. (2010). Investigating the position and dimensions of passive defense in the spiritual capital of Iran. First National Conference on Passive Defense and Resistant Structures, Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran. [In Persian] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/215587537_brrsy_jaygah_w_abad_pdafnd_ghyraml_dr_paytkht_mnwy_ayran
5. Al-Sabbagh, T. A., Almuqataf, M. M., Elsaed, E. L., El Kenawy, A. M., Younes, A., Elkadeem, M. R., & Kotb, K. M. (2025). Advanced GIS and fuzzy logic integration for strategic fire station placement in Yanbu industrial city, Saudi Arabia. GeoJournal, 90(2), Article 59.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-025-11304-w
6. Amanpour, S., Parvizian, A., & Mohammadi Deh Cheshmeh, M. (2018). Evaluation of passive defense requirements in the vicinity of industries (Case study: Ahvaz metropolis). Geography and Urban-Regional Planning, 8(26), 217-244. [In Persian] 10.22111/gaij.2018.3768
7. Azizi, M. M., & Bornafar, M. (2011). The optimal urban planning process during aerial attacks from the perspective of passive defense (Case study: District 1 of Region 11, Tehran). Urban Studies Quarterly, 1(1), 9-22. [In Persian] https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_1271.html
8. Bakhshi, H., Arezoo, H., & Pournoghan, A. Gh. (2012). Structural and architectural requirements for hospital construction with a passive defense approach. National Conference on Civil Engineering and Sustainable Development, Khavaran Institute of Higher Education, Mashhad, Iran. [In Persian] https://civilica.com/doc/206612/
9. Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., Davis, I., & Wisner, B. (2014). At Risk: Natural Hazards, People's Vulnerability and Disasters (2nd Ed). Routledge.
10. Esmaeili Shahrokht, M. (2010). Urban planning with a passive defense approach (Case study: Birjand city). Master's Thesis in Urban Planning, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran. [In Persian]
11. Esmaeilpour, M., Lalehpour, M., & Mamghani, S. (2022). Evaluation of vulnerability of housing in Tabriz city against earthquake hazard (Case study: District 10 of municipality). Geography and Planning, 26(82), 27-48. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22034/gp.2022.48908.2921
13. Fajr Tose-e Consulting Engineers. (2012). Studies of deteriorated fabric and empowerment of neighborhoods in Ahvaz city (Lashkarabad, Koye Alavi, Koye Siyahi). Project Report, Ahvaz Municipality. [In Persian]
14. Farhoudi, R., Habibi, K., & Zandi Bakhtiari, P. (2005). Locating municipal solid waste landfill sites using fuzzy logic in GIS environment (Case study: Sanandaj city). Journal of Fine Arts, 33(2), 17-30[In Persian] https://jhz.ut.ac.ir/article_10710.html
15. Fathi Rashid, A., & Gholizadeh, E. (2009). Passive defense in deteriorated urban fabric. Second Conference on Safe City Community, Tehran, Iran, 33-49. [In Persian] https://sid.ir/paper/807764/fa
16. Firoozi, M. A., Mohammadi Deh Cheshmeh, M., Nazarpour Dezaki, R., & Shojaeian, A. (2016). Assessment of structural vulnerability of hospitals from the perspective of passive defense using FAHP model (Case study: Hospitals of Ahvaz metropolis). Spatial Planning and Geomatics Quarterly, 20(1), 149-178. [In Persian] https://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article_14508.html
17. Forsyth, A., Molinsky, J., & Kan, H. Y. (2019). Improving housing and neighborhoods for the vulnerable: Older people, small households, urban design, and planning. Urban Design International, 24(3), 171–186. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41289-019-00081-x
18. García Almirall, P., Cornadó, C., Piasek, G., & Vima Grau, S. (2023). Review of socio-residential vulnerability identification methodologies: Application to the cities of Bilbao and Barcelona. VITRUVIO – International Journal of Architectural Technology and Sustainability, 8(1), 70–83. https://doi.org/10.4995/vitruvio-ijats.2023.19477
19. Ghaed Rahmati, S., & Aziminia, B. (2017). Evaluation of density and its relationship with seismic vulnerability (Case study: District 4 of Tehran Municipality). Geography and Planning, 21(61), 279-298. [In Persian] https://journals.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_7025.html
20. Ghazanfarpour, H., & Hamedi, M. (2020). Classification of vulnerability levels of Kerman city's fabrics based on fuzzy logic indicators. Geography and Development, 18(60), 1-20. (In Persian)https://doi.org/10.22111/gdij.2017.3365
21. Ghouchani, M., Khorram, A., Gholizadeh, F., & Rafiei, S. (2023). Evaluate the efficiency of contextual elements in reducing the vulnerability of urban historical fabrics based on passive defense principles. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 14(2), Article 101837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2022.101837
22. Goodarzi, M., Soltani, Z., & Nazarpour Dezaki, R. (2023). Assessment of the Vulnerability of Riverine Cities and Their Coping Capacity against Floods (Case Study: Ahvaz Metropolis). Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies, 11(3). World Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1142/s2345748123500173
23. Habibi, K., Pourahmad, A., Meshkini, A., Asgari, A., & Nazari Adli, S. (2007). Determination of structural/construction factors affecting the vulnerability of the historical fabric of Zanjan using Fuzzy Logic & GIS. Journal of Fine Arts, 33(2), 27-36. (In Persian)https://ecc.isc.ac/showJournal/994/6832/74566
24. Haji Ebrahim Zargar, A., & Mesgari Houshiar, S. (2007). Passive defense in architecture: A strategy for reducing risk against disasters. Third International Conference on Integrated Crisis Management in Natural Disasters, Tehran, Iran. [In Persian] https://civilica.com/doc/33337/
25. Hashemi Fesharaki, J., & Shakibamanesh, A. (2011). Urban design from the perspective of passive defense (1st Ed.). Tehran: Bustan-e Hamid Publications. [In Persian]
26. Hosseinzadeh Dalir, K., Maleki, K., Shafaati, A., & Heidarifar, M. R. (2012). Passive defense and sustainable urban development with emphasis on vulnerable land uses of Tabriz metropolis from the perspective of war. Geography and Environmental Sustainability, 2(5), 18-32. [In Persian] https://ges.razi.ac.ir/article_197.html
27. Hussein, A. A. H (2025). Planning and Design Strategies for Enhancing Passive Defense in Future Cities During Wartime. International Journal of Human Capital in Urban Management, 10(4), 699–716. https://doi.org/10.22034/IJHCUM.2025.04.07
28. Javidan, M. (2024). Validation of safety indicators from the perspective of passive defense in educational land uses. New Ideas in Geographical Sciences, 3(2), 1-18. [In Persian] https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.71787/10.71787/ntigs.2024.783449
29. Karam, A., & Yaghoubnejad Asl, N. (2013). Application of fuzzy logic in evaluating land suitability for physical development of the city (Case study: Karaj metropolis). Geography Quarterly, 11(36), 230-246. [In Persian] https://sid.ir/paper/150399/fa
30. Kindo, A. A., Kaladzavi, G., Malo, S., Camara, G., Tapsoba, T. M.-Y., & Kolyang. (2020). Fuzzy logic approach for knowledge modeling in an Ontology: A review. In 2020 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Smart Cities and Communities (SCCIC) (pp. 1-8). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/SCCIC51516.2020.9377335
31. Lane, M. B. (2003). Reviewing the regional forest agreement experience: The wicked problem of common property forests. Paper presented at the Regional Forest Agreements and the Public Interest: A National Symposium, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
32. Lotfizadeh, D., Goodarzi, M., & Soltani, Z. (2026). Assessing the role of urban social resilience in facing the consequences of war (Case study: Ahvaz city). Journal of Sustainable Urban and Regional Development Studies (JSURDS), 7(1), 476-502. [In Persian] https://www.srds.ir/article_243177.html
33. Maleki, S., & Mavedat, E. (2024). An analysis on the management of urban crisis caused by the earthquake, with an emphasis on physical indicators (Case Study: Ilam province). Journal of Sustainable Urban and Regional Development Studies (JSURDS), 4(4), 24-38. [In Persian] https://www.srds.ir/article_190290.html
34. Mansour Naeimi, E. (2014). Locating temporary housing during natural hazards in District 1 of Ahvaz Municipality [Master's Thesis]. Faculty of Earth Sciences and GIS, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz[In Persian]
35. Marouf Nezhadeh, A., & Khoozestani, L. (2023). Assessment of the importance of passive defense in ports. New Ideas in Geographical Sciences, 1(2), 95-114. [In Persian] https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.71787/10.71787/ntigs.2024.783418
36. Mercader-Moyano, P., Morat, O., & Serrano-Jiménez, A. (2021). Urban and social vulnerability assessment in the built environment: An interdisciplinary index-methodology towards feasible planning and policy-making under a crisis context. Sustainable Cities and Society, 73, 103082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103082
37. Mohammadi Deh Cheshmeh, M. (2013). Urban safety and passive defense (1st ed.). Ahvaz: Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz Press. [In Persian]
38. Mohammadi Deh Cheshmeh, M. (2014). Measuring the permeability of Karaj urban fabric against hazards. Spatial Planning and Geomatics Quarterly, 18(3), 53-77. [In Persian] https://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article_14456.html
39. Mohammadi Deh Cheshmeh, M., & Heidarinia, S. (2015). Spatial modeling of the vicinity of special land uses from the perspective of passive defense in Ahvaz metropolis. Space Planning and Planning, 19(2), 211-236. [In Persian] https://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article_14475.html
40. Motaghed, S., Eftekhari, N., Emadali, L., & Sayadpour, H. (2024). Revision of earthquake hazard analysis of Ahvaz city considering the status of the Ahvaz fault. Advanced Applied Geology, 14(4), 1072-1098. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22055/aag.2024.44810.2405
41. Nazarpour Dezaki, R. (2014). Assessment of vulnerability of special land uses from the perspective of passive defense in Ahvaz metropolis (Case study: Healthcare land use) [Master's Thesis]. Faculty of Earth Sciences and GIS, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. [In Persian]
42. Nazaryan, Y., Haghzad, A., Ebrahimi, L., & Abozorgmehr, K. (2026). Analysis of urban resilience against earthquakes with emphasis on land use planning (Case study: Tabriz metropolis). Journal of Geography and Spatial Planning, 26(80), 254-273. http://jgs.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3832-en.html
43. Parizi Maimandi, S., & Kazeminia, A. (2014). Vulnerability zoning of Kerman city based on passive defense principles. Land Use Planning, 7(1), 119-144. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22059/jtcp.2015.54784
44. Pasban, A., & Abedini, M. (2025). Military site selection based on passive defense approach (integrating RS, GIS, and the analytic network process [ANP] model) at Ardabil Township. Journal of Sustainable Urban and Regional Development Studies (JSURDS), 6(2), 381-396. [In Persian] https://www.srds.ir/article_220760.html
45. Pattanaik, S., Singh Dhillon, S., & Vinciarelli, A. (2025). Fuzzy logic in governance and policy making. In Fuzzy Logic in Governance and Policy Making (Chapter 10). Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003636724
46. Piri, H., & Salehi Asl, M. (2013). Evaluation of effective components on passive defense in Shiraz railway station against aerial threats. Passive Defense Quarterly, 4(1), 65-82. [In Persian] https://pd.ihu.ac.ir/article_206115.html
47. Rahmani, Gh., Chitsazan, M., & Ghafouri, H. R. (2022). Determining the relationship between groundwater level decline and land subsidence in the Damaneh-Daran plain aquifer using a combination of numerical and analytical models. Advanced Applied Geology, 12(2), 259-275. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22055/aag.2021.36217.2190
48. Rahnamaei, M. T., & Mohammadi Deh Cheshmeh, M. (2009). An analysis of social instability in the Iranian eco-city. Political-Economic Information Journal, 259-260, 284-296. [In Persian] https://www.ensani.ir/fa/article/323946
49. Rezaei Anvar, M., Ashtiani, R., & Jahani, A. (2021). Evaluation of urban spaces based on passive defense principles; Case study: Enghelab Square area, Tehran. Geographical Research Quarterly, 36(3), 291-303. [In Persian] http://georesearch.ir/article-1-1125-fa.html
50. Salari, N., Entezari, M., & Khabazi, M. (2022). Ranking urban vulnerability against earthquake hazard using ELECTRE FUZZY model (Case study: Kerman city). Geography and Environmental Planning, 33(4), 113-134. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22108/gep.2022.132688.1491
51. Sarvar, H., Kashani Asl, A., & Kheirizadeh, M. (2015). Evaluation of vulnerability of urban spaces against earthquake crisis using fuzzy logic (Case study: Ahar city). Sustainable City, 2(4), 71-90. [In Persian] https://elmnet.ir/doc/1535356-19163
52. Taghvaei, M., & Joozi Khamselooi, A. (2012). Investigating the vulnerability of urban land uses along pilgrimage routes with a passive defense approach (Case study: Isfahan metropolis). Environmental Planning Quarterly, 5(16), 125-148. [In Persian] https://search.isc.ac/dl/search/defaultta.aspx?DTC=8&DC=546120
53. UN Habitat. (2008). Enhancing urban safety and security: Global report on human settlements. United Nations Human Settlements Programme. https://unhabitat.org/fr/node/93541
54. Van den Berg, L. (2003). The safe city: Safety and urban development in European cities. Ashgate Publishing Company.
55. Wisner, B., Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., & Davis, I. (2004). At risk: Natural hazards, people's vulnerability and disasters. Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/At-Risk-Natural-Hazards-Peoples-Vulnerability-and-Disasters/Blaikie-Cannon-Davis-Wisner/p/book/9780415252164
56. Zangiabadi, A., & Esmaeilian, Z. (2012). Analysis of vulnerability indicators of urban housing against natural hazards (Case study: Housing in Isfahan city). Geography and Environmental Hazards, 1(4), 113-129. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22067/geo.v1i4.19513