Journal of Sustainable Urban & Regional Development Studies (JSURDS)

Abstract Background and Aim: The tendency of residents of non-urban areas to move to urban areas due to lack of resources and the use of technologies and facilities of urban life has led to an increase in the population of cities. These challenges have led to greater focus by urban planning and sustainable development officials on realizing sustainable smart city development. For this purpose, this research was conducted with the aim of identifying and evaluating the factors affecting the realization of sustainable smart cities.
Methods: The statistical population includes all experts and specialists in the field of sustainable smart cities in the Tehran metropolis, which, due to lack of information and access to this population and its uncertainty, was assumed to be unlimited and uncertain according to statistical perspectives. The statistical sample of this population was determined based on the Cochran formula to be at least 385 experts, which ultimately resulted in 392 samples. After a comprehensive literature review, 20 initial factors were extracted.
Findings and Conclusion: Then, using the Delphi approach and the opinions of 60 available experts, 14 final key factors were identified. In order to evaluate the factors in terms of importance in realizing a sustainable smart city, the technique of “Step-Wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis” and the opinions of 60 experts were used. The evaluation result in Excel software indicates that the eleventh influential factor (smart investment) with the highest weight is placed in the first priority, and the fifth factor (smart governance) and the second (smart economy) were placed in the 2nd and 3rd priorities. Also, the tenth factor (information and communication technology) was placed in the lowest priority. In the next stage, using the binomial test method in SPSS software and collecting the opinions of 392 experts and experts through the third questionnaire, they were asked to announce the level of readiness of Tehran metropolis to realize the key factors of a sustainable smart city with more focus and with a 5-point Likert scale. The results of the study showed that the level of preparedness is below average to above average and overall, there is average preparedness, but it requires serious attention and care from city officials for proper planning. At the end of the study, practical suggestions were presented.

Abstract Background and Objective: In recent years, with the increasing discussions about globalization and the diversity of perspectives on it, examining the impact of globalization on macroeconomic variables, including productivity, has become an attractive topic in the academic literature. Studying and examining the effects of globalization on labor productivity is of great importance for several reasons, as it provides insights into how global economic integration affects labor efficiency, economic growth, and overall development. Studying the effects of globalization on labor productivity growth is essential for understanding economic dynamics, informing policies, increasing competitiveness, and preparing the workforce for future challenges. This knowledge enables countries and businesses to reap the benefits of globalization while addressing its challenges, ultimately contributing to sustainable economic growth and improving living standards. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to investigate the nonlinear effects of globalization on labor productivity in Iraq.
Methodology: In order to investigate the nonlinear effects of globalization on labor productivity in Iraq during the period 1995-2022, the nonlinear extensive lags (NARDL) model was used in this study. Also, the symmetry or asymmetry of the effects of globalization on labor productivity in Iraq was examined.
Findings and Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that the positive impulses of globalization had positive and significant effects on labor productivity. However, the effects of negative impulses of globalization on labor productivity were not significant. Considering these effects, it can be concluded that the more Iraq is exposed to economic globalization, the more it will benefit from its benefits. Given the positive and significant impact of the human development index on labor productivity, it can be suggested that Iraqi politicians make the right and long-term decisions to strengthen this index by improving educational conditions at different levels of education, improving health and treatment conditions, and life expectancy, so that in addition to benefiting from the indirect effects of this index, the level of labor productivity as one of the main keys to sustainable development is strengthened and made more sustainable. Based on the results, it is necessary to emphasize that human development and its improvement cannot lead to improved productivity growth without interruption, and its effects will gradually emerge over time. Also, based on the negative and significant effects of the inflation rate on labor productivity, the Central Bank of Iraq should make more efforts and efforts to control the volume of liquidity as the main cause of inflation in the economies of countries. Finally, considering the positive and significant impact of foreign direct investment on labor productivity, the Iraqi government can take a major step towards improving labor productivity by reducing domestic risks and increasing its political and economic security by increasing foreign investment, in addition to taking advantage of its other positive effects.

Abstract Background and Aim Adolescence is a critical period in personality development and the consolidation of lifestyle habits, in which psychological, biological, physical and social changes occur and the risk of unhealthy habits increases. This phase is key to preventing health problems. Studies have shown that different environments during this critical period can influence brain development, personal abilities and health throughout adolescence. Given the lack of research on adolescent preferences in developing countries such as Iran, this is the starting point of the present study.
Methodology: The data of this study were collected by distributing a questionnaire to 384 adolescents aged 10 to 19 years in Il-Goli, Tabriz. The questionnaire was divided into three categories: park aesthetics, park safety features and park sociability and was distributed among the youth present in the park using a systematic sampling method. Descriptive statistics, validity and reliability of questions, data normality test, correlation between indices and Mann-Whitney test were performed using SPSS software.
Findings and Conclusion: The results of Spearman correlation showed that park sociability had the greatest influence on adolescents' mental well-being with a correlation of 0.809, followed by park facilities and park aesthetics with correlations of 0.775 and 0.593, respectively, in the second and third rows the impact on the psychological well-being of young people. Urban parks have a positive impact on the level of mental well-being of adolescents. This study can be useful for creating a guide for landscape architects and urban planners in designing parks and urban green spaces to create a more comfortable space for the adolescence.

Abstract Background and Objective: Determining the optimal distribution of land uses and service centers is an issue frequently encountered by urban planners. Due to the rapid population growth and urban sprawl, problems such as insufficient and inappropriate spatial distribution of land uses have emerged. The lack of proper spatial distribution of secondary education facilities in Zabol city has led to numerous challenges, including incompatibility, limited access, and inadequate open spaces. Many of the city's educational spaces lack the essential characteristics of a suitable learning environment. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the spatial-temporal distribution of secondary education facilities in Zabol city.
Methodology: The methodology of this research is descriptive-analytical, based on library and document studies. After gathering field data and information, spatial distribution, school location, and functional coverage radius of secondary schools in Zabol were analyzed using GIS and SPSS. The study identified schools that were located outside the coverage radius of existing schools and in proximity to incompatible land uses.
Findings and Conclusion: The results of the analysis indicate that nearly 50% of the secondary schools in Zabol do not meet standard criteria and are in suboptimal conditions in terms of their proximity to incompatible land uses, accessibility, building conditions, and open spaces. Overall, based on the research findings, it can be concluded that the spatial-temporal distribution of secondary education centers in Zabol city faces numerous issues.  Reforms in urban policy, improved access to schools, and enhancement of the educational environment can lead to improved educational conditions and the well-being of students in the city.

Abstract Background and Objective: Today, considering that social health has different effects both at the individual and family level and at the social level, paying attention to women's social health as the first caregivers of family and community health is of great importance.Thus, this study examines the effect of gender inequality on women’n social health.
Methodology: The method used in this research is survey,data were collected using a questionnaire and random sampling method from 138 women working in the Behzisti (Welfare)organization.The validiy of the tool was confirmed by content validity method and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability and the data were analyzed using SPSS 25 and LISREL 8.8 software. The impact of women’s social health (as a dependent variable)has been measured in 5 dimensions of social solidarity ,social cohesion, social prosperity ,social acceptance and social participation from an independent variable(gender inequality).
Findings and Conclusion: According to the results of inferential statistics tests in this study, it can be claimed with 99% probability that the variable of patriarchal ideology (social factor of inequality), gender stereotypes in textbooks and mass media and religiosity (cultural factors of inequality) have a negative effect. And is significant on all 5 dimensions of women's social health and the variables of job rank, family social status, level of education, age (underlying factors of inequality), personal income and the amount of personal property of women (economic factors of inequality) have a positive and significant effect. It focuses on all 5 dimensions of women's social health but, the variable of marital status (one of the underlying factors of inequality) is not effective in women's social health (for the four dimensions of social prosperity, social participation, social adaptation and social cohesion) and only in the dimension of "social acceptance" which averages four different groups. Therefore, the marital status variable only affects the "social acceptance" dimension of social health.

Abstract Background and Objective: Geotourism is a form of tourism that contributes to the growth and geographical sustainability of the region, its environment, culture, historical and aesthetic heritage, and also improves the lives of its residents. Geotourism is a new movement towards rural development. The aim of this research is to assess the geotourism and geomorphological potential of protected areas in Meshkinshahr Township using quantitative models.
Methodology: The research method in this study is based on the Serrano-Gonzalez-Truba and Kobalicova models. The Serrano-Gonzalez-Truba model is suitable for evaluating geosites located in protected areas. Geosites are evaluated in this method based on three main criteria that help to evaluate scientific and management values ​​and are considered a suitable method for the study area.
 Findings and Conclusion: The results of the evaluation of the Serrano-Gonzalez-Truba model showed that the Shirvan Daresi protected area ranked first with the maximum score in terms of diversity of geomorphological and geological forms. Also, with the highest score in terms of accessibility and landscape diversity, it has a high potential for field studies and tourist attraction compared to other study areas. According to the results obtained in the second place, the Gandomin region with a score of 8.5 has suitable protected areas for field research and tourism attraction. Therefore, based on the validation of the model criteria, it can be concluded that the Shirvan Daresi protected area in Meshkinshahr with the highest score has a great potential for development. Finally, it is suggested that future studies should also use human impact sub-criteria to evaluate protected areas.

Abstract Background and Objective: The study of urban sustainability and the implementation of smart city components is a complex and dynamic research area. The aim of this study is to contribute to the existing body of knowledge by examining the theoretical and practical concepts of smart city components in achieving urban sustainability. By examining the interrelationships between these concepts, this research seeks to provide insight into effective strategies for transitioning towards more sustainable and resilient urban environments in Iranian cities. The present study examines the components of smart cities and their role in urban sustainability.
Methodology: The present study is of an applied type in terms of purpose and a descriptive-survey study in terms of nature and research method. In explaining the structure, it has been investigated in the city of Khorramabad in the form of a structural equation model, which is a method for examining the relationships between latent variables that simultaneously consider observable variables. The data collection method is also documentary (library) and field (questionnaire). The statistical population of the present study consists of citizens living in urban areas of Khorramabad. The sample size was determined using the sampling formula as 384 people. LISREL software was used to design the structural model and implement the model.
Findings and Conclusion: To measure urban sustainability with the approach of implementing smart city components, five components including economy, urban management, environment, citizenship, and transportation were used. The statistical population of the present study consists of citizens living in urban areas of Khorramabad. The results of the study show that implementing a smart city requires attention to all areas of urban management, citizenship, environment, transportation, and economy. The transportation component has the greatest impact on urban sustainability. Environmental and citizenship components also have a significant impact on urban sustainability. However, in the opinion of Khorramabad citizens, urban management and economic components have a lesser impact on urban sustainability. The findings of this study have the potential to inform policy decisions, urban planning practices, and stakeholder engagement strategies, and ultimately contribute to the development of more sustainable and livable cities. Based on this analysis, it can be concluded that implementing a smart city requires attention to all areas of urban management, citizenship, environmental, transportation, and economics. To improve urban sustainability with the approach of implementing smart city components in Khorramabad, the development of public transportation, reduction of air and water pollution, increased citizen participation, and improvement of quality of life should be considered. Also, the needs of citizens should be emphasized based on the use of new technologies in implementing a smart city.

Abstract Background and Objective: The predominance of the autocratic view in urban management imposes exorbitant costs on the shoulders of people and even governments that have declared municipalities as self-governing public institutions. In this approach, cities are out of people's ownership and citizens do not have a role in the management of their settlements. The basic assumption of this study is that now cities are imagined as an aquarium and its costs are demanded from people who do not have a specific relationship with it. This is despite the fact that if people's urban rights are respected, the city is imagined as an ecosystem and not only will be managed with the lowest cost, but will also create the highest level of satisfaction. To test this hypothesis, the relationship between compliance with urban rights and the possibility of realizing an ecosystem city in Mashhad was investigated.
Methodology: The descriptive-analytical research method and its purpose were practical. The data required in this study were collected from a sample of 384 people who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, whose validity and reliability were confirmed based on experts' opinions and Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.81). The collected data were analyzed using correlation coefficient, one-way variance, post hoc tests, multiple regression and other statistical models.
 Findings and Conclusion: The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the belief in observing urban rights in five components (civil rights, political rights, social rights, cultural rights and gender rights) and the possibility of realizing ecosystem management. Also, the results of the Pearson correlation test showed that the belief in the observance of citizen's rights and city ecosystem management have a significant and positive relationship; in this sense, the more the belief in the realization of citizenship rights (right to the city) increases, the more the possibility of implementing city ecosystem management increases. The correlation coefficient of these two variables was 56%. As a result, the main hypothesis of the research regarding the effect of belief in the realization of citizenship rights on the possibility of city ecosystem management was confirmed. This finding shows that the two variables of belief in the realization of citizenship rights and the possibility of city ecosystem management are aligned in the same direction. The calculated regression coefficient was 0.62 and the determination coefficient was 37. In fact, 37% of the change in the dependent variable is explained by the belief in the realization of citizenship rights. Based on this, if the citizens believe that managers, designers and urban policy makers respect their urban rights, they will truly consider the city their home.

Abstract Background and Objective: Simultaneously with the rapid growth of cities and their physical development, we sometimes witness the decline in the environmental quality of urban spaces, which has caused various crises in urban life. Today, urbanization problems include a wide range of psychological disorders such as: stress, aggression, irritability, depression, boredom, and physical complaints. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to explain the public spaces of the city and its role in the mental and psychological health of the citizens of Ardabil
.Methodology:  The present study is applied in terms of its purpose, descriptive-analytical in nature, and documentary and survey in terms of data collection. In this study, two questionnaires (researcher-made and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire) were used to collect data The statistical population of the study was the elderly over 60 years of age living in District 2 of Ardabil, which numbered (10,885) people. Based on the Cochran formula, a sample size of 371 questionnaires was obtained. Structural equations and statistical tests were used in the SPSS and Smart PLS software environment to analyze the data and examine the relationship between urban environment quality factors and the mental health of the elderly.Based on the research findings,
 Findings and Conclusion: the T-statistic for all variables is greater than (1.96) and is significant at a confidence level of (95.00). The AVE for the social participation variable is (801.00), transportation and access variable (821.00), outdoor space and public buildings (781.00), and safety and convenience (922.00). In relation to the answer to the research question, it can be said that there is a significant relationship between the quality of the city's public space and the mental health of the elderly in Region 2 of Ardabil. With the information collected in the research findings, it was determined that District 2 of Ardabil city is not suitable for the elderly in terms of most aspects of design and planning, such as social participation, access to public transportation and spaces, outdoor space and public buildings, and safety and convenience.

Abstract Background and Objective: In parallel with the ever-increasing urban population, the amount of construction in the city space has been developed. The development of construction in the horizontal space and regardless of the existing restrictions has led to environmental, economic and legal problems for the citizens. Achieving the amount, intensity and direction of development Construction from the past until now and forecasting the construction situation in the future is the first step towards the scientific and practical management of the physical development of urban construction, and planning and providing suitable solutions in order to create a balance between the spatial allocation of construction and all kinds of legal, economic and environmental considerations. The purpose of this research is to model and predict urban growth using satellite images and CA-Markov model.
Methodology: In this research, firstly, using multi-time Landsat images related to the years 1976, 2001 and 2021, land use changes were investigated, and then the spatial expansion of Gorgan city in  (2021 AD) and  (2050 AD) was predicted using the CA-Markov model. Based on the results of this research, the changes in land use and the level of land use in the area have been calculated and compared.  The geographical area of ​​this research is the city of Gorgan.
 Findings and Conclusion: The results of this research show that the largest increase in land use is related to urban land use (built land use), which increased from 6005.79 hectares in 2021 to 7141.66 hectares in 2050. Based on the results of this research, the growth of the city of Gorgan in the coming years will go towards the agricultural lands around the north, northwest and northeast.

Abstract Background and Objective: One of the important issues in the field of tourism is recognizing the potentials, ranking the infrastructures and tourist attractions in different areas of a city and the balanced distribution of these infrastructures and facilities. Bostan Abad city with its many natural, historical and cultural attractions can attract many tourists every year. The purpose of this article is to prioritize the tourist attractions of Bostan Abad city.
Methodology: This research was developed using a descriptive-analytical and survey method, and the F-TOPSIS model was used to analyze the data. The statistical population of this research is the number of 30 people who are active in the tourism sector, and the required information was collected using the questionnaire tool. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire to the extent of 85%.
Results and findings: The results of fuzzy TOPSIS model, the touristic places of Bostan Abad city can be prioritized in the following order for tourists to visit. According to the results of the TOPSIS fuzzy model, the tourist places of Bostan Abad city, Bostan Abad mineral spa, ranked first with a score of 530, Qorigol Lake ranked second with a score of (0.528), Agh Bulaq cave, and ranked third with a score of (0.478). Master Shahriar's father's house with a score of (0.465) ranks fourth and Shahiordi valley, Sahand ski resort, historical town of Ojan, Khaste Qasim grave, Janbahan mosque and the dam and caravansera of Al-Khalaj village respectively with a score of (0.460), (0.460), (0.435), (0.415), (0.370) and (0.361) are ranked fifth to tenth.

Abstract Background and Objective: In recent years, with the increase in the frequency and intensity of flash floods, zoning the risk of this phenomenon has become essential. The Extended Flash Flood Model (MFFPI) is one of the modern and effective methods for assessing and zoning flash flood risk in watersheds. The aim of this study is to assess the flood potential in the Kuzet-Topraqi Watershed Sub-basins using the Extended Flash Flood Model.
Methodology: In this regard, first, information layers including slope, flow accumulation, land use, rock permeability, slope curvature, and soil texture were extracted in the GIS environment using base maps, and in the next step, all these parameters were weighted and weighted maps were produced using the Raster Calculator tool. Then, by overlapping these layers, the flash flood potential map for the Kozeh-Toparqi watershed was divided and extracted into five risk categories: very low (55 km2), low (126.10 km2), medium (266.15 km2), high (219.50 km2), and very high (138.03 km2).
Results and Findings: The results show that the northern and central parts of the basin are mainly in the low to medium risk range, while the southern and western areas experience the highest flood risk. The distribution pattern of these areas can be affected by geomorphological parameters such as slope, elevation, and drainage density, as well as hydrological and land use characteristics. In particular, areas with steep slopes, low permeability, and runoff-sensitive land uses are susceptible to flash floods. On the other hand, low-slope areas, which are mainly located in the middle areas, can become critical points in the development of floods due to the accumulation of incoming runoff from upstream areas. The results also showed that sub-basins 2 and 3 with areas of 0.02 and 0.15 km2, and in contrast, sub-basins 14 and 17 with areas of 29.27 and 14.98 km2, are located in very low and very high flood risk zones, respectively.
Conclusion: As a result, flood management in this basin requires adopting solutions appropriate to the topographic conditions. In steep areas, implementing watershed management operations such as constructing sedimentation dams and developing vegetation cover can help reduce runoff velocity and increase permeability. Also, in low-slope areas, creating flood control reservoirs and appropriate drainage can play an effective role in reducing flood risks.

Abstract Background and Aim Land use change modeling is an essential tool for environmental analysis, planning, and management. The main objective of this research is to investigate and evaluate land use changes in Ardabil city over a 23-year period (from 1998 to 2021). This goal is achieved by extracting land use maps for 1998 and 2021 through satellite images and obtaining the changes that have occurred in land use during this period.
Methodology: Land use change modeling is an essential tool for environmental analysis, planning, and management. The main objective of this research is to investigate and evaluate land use changes in Ardabil city over a 23-year period (from 1998 to 2021). This goal was achieved by extracting land use maps for 1998 and 2021 through satellite images and obtaining the changes that have occurred in land use during this period, and finally predicting these changes for 2038 using a Markov model.
Findings and Conclusion: This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the changes that have occurred in the land uses of the city of Ardabil. In this research, satellite images from the years 1998 of the Landsat TM sensor and 2021 of the Landsat OLI sensor were used to investigate the changes in land use between the years 1998 and 2021. Then, land use changes were predicted for the year 2038 according to the current trend of changes. This research showed that by using appropriate tools such as remote sensing and geographic information systems and the models and algorithms available in these systems and tools, we can have appropriate spatial and temporal modeling for land uses and related issues. This research also showed that if images with higher accuracy and better quality are used and multiple models are also used, we can witness a more detailed examination of such issues, which can definitely help urban managers, officials, and decision-makersforbetterplanninganddecision-making.The overall results showed that built-up areas had a decreasing trend and this trend will continue for the year 2038. Also, road use had a growing trend from the past to 2021, which will maintain its growing trend for the year 2038. Green space also had a growing trend and will continue for the year 2038.

Abstract Background and Objective: Human capital in the economic structure is considered a vital resource for production and value creation in the economic system. Human capital plays an important role in economic growth and development through various mechanisms. Human capital is formed in the form of knowledge, skills, expertise, and capabilities in individuals to increase income, quality of services, and production volume, and society and organizations can use it to advance their goals. Understanding human capital can help identify skill gaps and educational needs necessary for rebuilding and revitalizing the economy. Therefore, studying the impact of human capital on the economic development of Iraq after years of internal conflict is vital. The aim of this research is to study the impact of human capital on the economic development of Iraq during the period 1990-2023.
Methodology: The present study analyzes and examines the short-term and long-term effects of the impact of human capital on the economic development of Iraq during the period 1990-2023 in the form of econometric models and methods. For this purpose, the asymmetric distribution lag autoregressive model (NARDL) is used. This model is an extended form of the distribution lag autoregressive model ARDL.
Findings and Conclusion: Human capital has had a negative and significant short-term effect on GDP. In such a way that a one percent increase in human capital has caused a 0.593percent decrease in GDP. The variables of government spending and financial development have also had a positive and significant short-term effect on GDP. Labor and unemployment have had a negative and significant negative effect on GDP. In the long-term period, human capital has had a positive and significant long-term effect on GDP. In such a way that a one percent increase in human capital has caused a0.176 percent increase in GDP. Also, the variables of government spending and financial development have had a positive and significant long-term effect on GDP. Labor and unemployment have had a negative and significant negative effect on GDP. Investing in education, strengthening technical and vocational education to match labor market needs and the skills of educated individuals, and improving the capacity and quality of teachers through continuous training and provision of up-to-date resources will pave the way for increased economic development in Iraq.

Abstract Background and Objective: Urbanization is a global trend that significantly impacts sustainable urban development and the quality of urban life. Assessing urban sprawl is critical for sustainable urban planning and aligns with the key objectives of the United Nations sustainable development goals. The present descriptive-analytical study aims to identify and measure the intensity of urban sprawl in the city of Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq.
Methodology: Using geographic technology and landscape indicators, the study assesses, maps, and quantifies the extent of urban sprawl in Al-Diwaniyah from 1990 to 2024. Therefore, to achieve the desired goal, a supervised machine learning algorithm using a support vector machine (SVM) along with landscape criteria was used. In this regard, first, satellite images for the years 1990, 2000, 2011, 2020, and 2024 were extracted using the Landsat satellite and classified and changes were revealed using the SVM algorithm in ENVI4.8 software. Also, by applying landscape metrics using Fragstats 4.2 software, urban sprawl in the city of Al-Diwaniyah was examined and extracted.
Findings and Conclusion: The results showed that the amount of construction in Al-Diwaniyah city increased from 2069 hectares in 1990 to 4420 hectares in 2024 during the 34-year study period. In other words, the city witnessed a growth of 113.6%. The study also discovered through landscape criteria that all forms of urban sprawl, leapfrog, infill, strip/ribbon, and low density development characterize the urban sprawl pattern in Diwaniyah.

Abstract Background and Objective: The use of information technology tools plays an important role in the financial efficiency of small businesses. These tools enable better resource management, cost reduction, and operational process improvement. In small businesses with limited financial and human resources, the use of information technology as a strategic factor can help improve financial performance.
Research Methodology: The purpose of this study is to investigate how to use information technology to optimize processes and increase productivity in local businesses (case study: Urmia city). This research is applied-theoretical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The required information and data were collected through library and field methods. Fuzzy Delphi and Fuzzy BWM methods were used in this study.
Findings and Conclusion: The main goal is to identify and analyze the opportunities and challenges facing these businesses in the field of IT application, and to provide practical solutions to improve their performance. The importance of this research stems from the vital role of local businesses in the city's economic development, job creation, and improving the quality of life of citizens. The results are that the criterion, online presence (C2) with a weight of 0.16 has obtained the first priority, the criterion, internet access (C1) with a weight of 0.132 has obtained the second priority, and the criterion, increasing productivity (C9) with a weight of 0.082 has obtained the third priority. Also, the research consistency rate is 0.076, which indicates high consistency of the pairwise comparison.

Abstract Background and Objective: The aim of the present study is to analyze and evaluate the geotourism and geomorphological capabilities of Sarein County using the M GAM model. Sarein County is located in the northwest of Iran and in the geographical area of ​​47 degrees and 48 minutes to 48 degrees and 11 minutes east longitude and 38 degrees and 3 minutes to 38 degrees and 15 minutes north latitude.
Methodology: The present research is of an applied type and its research method is a descriptive survey conducted using a questionnaire. In this study, eight geosites in Sarein County (Verghesaran Suspension Bridge, Viladreh, Alvares Ski Resort, Goldasht Kalkhoran, Gharkenzagh, Ali Darvish Valley, Saridareh Valley, and Imamzadeh Atashgah) were evaluated by providing 20 questionnaires to tourists present in the study areas and also providing 20 written questionnaires to experts and specialists in these geosites and collecting their data. In this study, first some geomorphological landforms were identified and their boundaries were determined using library studies, aerial photographs, satellite images, field surveys and interviews. Then, using the M-GAM model, the tourism potentials of the landforms were examined.
 Results and findings: The results of the M-GAM model evaluation showed that, based on the evaluation of experts and visitors to the geotourism area, the Verghesaran Suspension Bridge has the highest core value. In terms of complementary values, the highest score was for the Atashgah Shrine with a score of 91.11, and in total scores, the highest score was for the Atashgah Shrine and the lowest total score was for Villadreh. Also, the M-GAM matrix using the main and complementary values ​​obtained from the analysis shows that the geosites of Goldasht Kalkhoran, Imamzadeh Atashgah, Darreh Saridareh, and Verge Saran Suspension Bridge are located in the Z23 field in terms of main values, and in terms of complementary values, they have a high level of potential for geotourism. The Ali Darvish Valley, Ghar Kanzagh, and Alvares Track geosites also have a medium value for geotourism in terms of primary and complementary value (primary and complementary value Z22), and finally, Viladreh is at a medium level in terms of primary value and at a low level in terms of complementary value for geotourism development.Therefore, it is concluded that there is a lot of room for improving geotourism in these places, and by investing in improving the infrastructure of these geosites and improving planning and promotional activities, these areas can attract many tourists and travelers, which will create jobs and increase the income of local people. Finally, it is suggested that the geotourism and geomorphological potential of Sarein County be analyzed and evaluated based on artificial intelligence and geotourism occurrence models.

Abstract Background and Objective: The rapid growth of urbanization and the increasing number of vehicles in cities have led to serious issues such as traffic congestion, parking shortages, and a decline in quality of life. Izeh, due to the concentration of commercial and service centers in its central core and the limitations of urban streets, faces a severe parking shortage. This study aims to determine the optimal locations for multi-story public parking facilities in Izeh to alleviate traffic problems and optimize urban parking spaces.
Methodology: This research follows a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing field studies, document analysis, and expert opinions for data collection. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed to prioritize location criteria, while the SWOT matrix was used to assess environmental conditions. The key evaluation criteria included population density, traffic volume, accessibility, proximity to commercial centers, available land area, feasibility of construction, and land cost.
Results and findings: The results indicate that the central core of Izeh, due to its high concentration of commercial and administrative activities, has the greatest demand for multi-story parking facilities. The most influential factors in site selection were population density and traffic volume, whereas land cost and physical constraints posed major challenges. Based on the SWOT analysis, the aggressive (SO) strategy was identified as the most effective approach, leveraging available opportunities and strengths to optimize parking facility implementation. The study suggests that private sector investment should be encouraged to overcome execution challenges and enhance project efficiency. Additionally, this model can be applied to other cities facing similar urban parking challenges.

Abstract Background and Objective: The present study aimed to design a model for the development of horse tourism in Khuzestan province based on databased theory. This study was conducted using a qualitative method by conducting semi-structured interviews with 15 professors and specialists in sports and youth departments who were selected using a purposive sampling method.
Methodology: The method of collecting information was through the study of previous research and conducting semi-structured interviews. To examine the face and content validity, the research findings were presented to the participants and they studied the text of the theory and then their opinions were applied. The method used to examine reliability was the intra-subject agreement method. The average intra-subject agreement was reported to be 0.83.
 Results and findings: : Based on a comprehensive analysis of interviews, the development of horse tourism in Khuzestan province is influenced by causal factors (human resources, economy, management), contextual conditions (infrastructure, security, environmental attractions), effective strategies (planning, participation, monitoring), and intervening factors (environment, technology, education). The successful development of this industry will lead to positive outcomes such as economic growth, social advancement, entrepreneurship, and cultural enrichment. Therefore, it is suggested that in order to develop horse tourism, considering the identified factors, focusing on improving infrastructure, strengthening management and strategic planning, and paying attention to intervening factors (environment, technology, education), the ground should be prepared for the active participation of stakeholders and benefiting from positive economic, social, and cultural outcomes.

Abstract Background and Objective: Multi-criteria decision-making methods combined with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) enable the simultaneous evaluation of various environmental, infrastructural, and security criteria, assisting in the optimal selection of locations for the establishment of military bases. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to locate military bases in Meshginshahr County using the Analytic Network Process (ANP) model and GIS.
Methodology:To achieve the research objective, a survey method was first employed by designing a questionnaire to collect expert opinions on the factors influencing the siting of military bases in the study area. In the next step, necessary data layers were digitized based on existing maps, and a database was created in the ArcGIS environment. Data weighting was carried out using the ANP method. Finally, the zoning map of the study area was prepared by integrating and overlaying the selected layers.
Findings and Results: The results indicated that 15.67% of the county's area falls within the "highly suitable" class and 17.97% within the "suitable" class, mainly located in the central and eastern parts of the county. In contrast, 25.55% is categorized as "unsuitable" and 21.48% as "highly unsuitable," primarily found in the mountainous and steep western and southern regions.This study demonstrated that integrating multi-criteria decision-making models with GIS spatial analysis can significantly assist in optimizing the site selection of military bases while minimizing environmental and security conflicts.

Abstract Background and Objective: The inherent order within complex urban systems has consistently generated interwoven flows and intricate relationships within the city's spatial organization. Understanding this order necessitates comprehending the position of elements and the profound relationships among the components of spatial organization. Based on such a necessity, in the case study of the historical context of Tabriz, the question is raised: which theories and perspectives on spatial organization are most compatible in analyzing the spatial organization of the historical context of Tabriz? Accordingly, the present research aims to identify and prioritize spatial organization theories and their representative indicators based on the characteristics of Tabriz's historic urban fabric. Ultimately, it seeks to propose a multi-faceted approach derived from the integration of theories compatible with the studied context.
Methodology: This research employed both quantitative and qualitative methods to achieve its objectives and data collection was through a survey strategy (field-library). This research was based on an applied purpose and was of a descriptive-analytical type.In the quantitative section, a questionnaire tool was used to gather harmonized views and opinions from eight qualified and sufficiently specialized individuals selected as an expert panel. The acquired data was then scored and compiled in two stages, by the Delphi method. In the qualitative section, the results obtained from the quantitative data were analyzed and interpreted about the contextual characteristics by leveraging the strengths and weaknesses of each theory.
Findings and Results: The findings of this research include the prioritization of spatial organization theories and the prominent indicators within each theory. Additionally, a multi-faceted approach is presented, stemming from the consensus of expert opinions and the prioritization of spatial organization theories based on the characteristics of Tabriz's historical urban fabric. Adopting such integrated, applied, and context-based approaches, beyond simply using existing tools, with in-depth analysis and classification of spatial organization theories, paves the way for more comprehensive and meticulous analyses for contexts with special structures and adds to the richness of knowledge in this field.

Abstract Background and Objective: Empowering rural communities is a highly strategic approach to developing the full potential of society, enabling individuals and groups to become capable and resilient. In this context, maintaining resilience is an essential skill. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between psychological empowerment and the resilience of rural residents against COVID-19. The study area includes the villages of the Kanavist Rural District in Mashhad Township.                                                                                                                          
Methodology: The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of methodology. The study population consists of 4,712 individuals living in 11 villages of Kanavist, Mashhad Township. Using Cochran’s formula, a sample of 302 individuals was selected through simple random sampling. The research method is based on a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by  university professors, and the composite reliability (CR) for all variables was above 0.7, indicating satisfactory internal consistency and reliability among the items.
Findings and Results: For data analysis, structural equation modeling (SEM) using PLS software and SPSS were employed. The results indicate a significant and positive relationship between self-determination and resilience (path coefficient = 0.476, t = 2.857), between meaningfulness and resilience (path coefficient = 0.319, t = 3.964), and between impact and resilience (path coefficient = 0.521, t = 2.371). However, no significant relationship was found between self-esteem, trust, and competence with resilience. Based on the analysis, practical recommendations have been provided.

Abstract Background and Objective: Natural resource rents can act as a dual factor; on the one hand, they provide financing for green projects, and on the other hand, they may lead to dependence on polluting industries and reduce incentives to invest in sustainable technologies. Geopolitical risk in resource-rich countries, especially in unstable regions, can lead to uncertainty in investments and a decrease in the willingness to develop green economic projects, which contributes to the weakening of sustainable growth. Uncertainty in economic policies, especially in the field of environmental regulations and taxation, can lead to reduced investor confidence and delays in the implementation of green initiatives, thus affecting sustainable economic growth.
Methodology: This study examines the effects of natural resource rents, geopolitical risk, and economic uncertainties, and other control variables such as financial development, foreign trade, foreign direct investment, and fixed capital formation on green economic growth in Iraq using an auto-explanatory model with wide lags (ARDL) and seasonal data over the period 1995-2022.
Results and Findings: The results of the model estimation show that natural resource rents, geopolitical risk, and economic policy uncertainty have a negative and significant effect on green economic growth in this have coutry. Also, financial development, foreign trade, foreign direct investment, and fixed capital formation have a positive and significant effect on green economic growth in Iraq country.

Abstract Background and Objective: Rapid urbanization and growing socio-economic inequalities in medium-sized Iranian cities like Bonab have led to spatial duality and reduced urban livability. This study aims to evaluate the factors affecting socio-cultural livability disparities in neighborhoods located within two distinct zones of Bonab: the worn-out texture–informal settlements (south and southeast) and the non-worn-out texture (central and northern) areas.
Methodology: This descriptive-analytical and exploratory study utilized data gathered through field questionnaires and documentary sources. The sample size was determined using Cochran’s formula. Data normality was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Statistical analyses, including one-sample t-tests and one-way ANOVA, were conducted using SPSS software, while GIS was employed to map the spatial distribution of the data.
Findings and Results: TheThe results revealed that the average socio-cultural index in the non-worn-out texture zone (mean: 3/47) was significantly higher than that in the worn-out texture–informal settlements zone (mean: 2/98). Only a few worn-out neighborhoods exhibited relatively favorable conditions. Spatial analysis further demonstrated a declining trend in livability quality from central and northern areas toward the southern and southeastern neighborhoods. According to ANOVA, the most influential factors affecting livability were security (determination coefficient: 0/740), health quality (0/694), and education quality (0/682). Additionally, the uneven distribution of educational, cultural, and recreational centers within the worn-out zone has intensified livability inequalities.

Abstract Background and Objective: Studies show that the role of thermal remote sensing in the study and estimation of land surface temperature is very important. Land surface temperature is a very important indicator in the study of energy balance models at the land surface on a regional and global scale. Given the limitations of meteorological stations, remote sensing can be a suitable alternative for estimating land surface temperature. The main goal of this research is to monitor land surface temperature using satellite images in the years 2003, 2013, and 2023. For this purpose, the relevant images were first obtained and the necessary pre-processing was applied to each. Then, modeling and determination of the radiation and heat balance of the images were carried out. Finally, in order to monitor land surface temperature, a surface temperature map of Aslandoz Towhship was extracted.
Methodology: In this study, Landsat satellite images from 2003, 2013, and 2023 were used to investigate and assess the feasibility of using solar radiation energy. ENVI software was used to perform the relevant calculations, and ArcGIS software was used to prepare the map. One of the applications of thermal images is to prepare thermal maps to determine isothermal zones.
Results and Findings: The results showed that in 2003, the earth's surface temperature increased from 40.10 to 42.49 in 2013, and finally, due to climate change and rapid and severe human intervention in nature, it increased sharply to 49.92 in 2023. The results showed that areas with high vegetation cover and water areas had low temperatures, and areas without vegetation had the highest temperatures each year. This indicates that this human intervention, the destruction of forests and pastures, and the expansion of the city have also increased the concentration of heat compared to 20 years ago. Because vegetation has always been a barrier to heat, has a moderating moisture, and also has an inverse relationship with the temperature of the earth's surface.

Abstract Background and Objective: Economic development of horse tourism in Khuzestan, relying on the purebred Arabian breed, is a strategic solution to move beyond the oil economy, create rural employment, and improve provincial infrastructure. This approach, by creating a value chain and attracting foreign exchange earnings, turns Khuzestan into an international hub for sports and commercial tourism. In this regard, the present study was conducted with the aim of Identifying income-generating factors for the development of horse tourism in Khuzestan Province.
Methodology: The present study is organized in two phases: qualitative (identification of indicators through interviews) and quantitative (weighting using the SIWEC method). The aim of this approach was to extract and accurately rank the factors affecting the research topic, relying on the knowledge of experts in the field of tourism and equestrianism in Khuzestan province. The process of selecting participants in different sections was also carried out based on purposeful and judgmental sampling to ensure the richness of specialized data.
Results and Findings: The research findings show that the development of horse tourism in Khuzestan requires a logical hierarchy in which investment and finance, with priority given to banking facilities, act as the cornerstone and most vital economic driver. Secondly, specialized infrastructure and border trade, with an emphasis on modern transportation and global registration of native breeds, provide the necessary physical and diplomatic platforms for a revenue leap. Finally, job creation and event prosperity are secondary outcomes that will only be achieved if the macro strategy changes from traditional approaches to establishing investment security and export-oriented development.

Abstract Background and Objective: Considering the vital importance of human resources in the National Iranian Drilling Company, especially in the city of Ahvaz, and the exposure of employees to job stress and high workplace risks, it is essential to develop a local and comprehensive model for sports development. In this regard, the aim of the present study was to explain and design a model for the development of sports for employees in the National Iranian Drilling Company with a regional sustainability approach in Ahvaz. This research is applied in terms of its purpose and is classified as qualitative research in terms of its nature, and has been conducted with a data-based theory approach (grand theory).
Methodology: The statistical population of the study consisted of experts and employees familiar with the subject of sports and organizational development in the National Ahvaz Drilling Company with a regional sustainability approach, as well as academic experts in the field of sports management. The sample size was determined as 30 people using the purposive sampling method (snowball) and based on the principle of theoretical saturation. The data collection tool was in-depth semi-structured interviews that were conducted with the participation of sample members. Three stages of open, axial, and selective coding were used to analyze the data.
Results and Findings: The results of the study showed that sports development in the National Iranian Drilling Company is a comprehensive and cyclical system that has been formed around the main category of "model of sustainable sports development in the organization". This model was explained based on six paradigmatic categories (causal, contextual, interventionist, strategies and consequences). Causal and contextual factors initiate the development path, which then faces interventionist obstacles (political, financial, managerial). To overcome these obstacles, four key strategic roles (cultural-interactional, managerial-executive, financial and educational) were presented. The successful implementation of these strategies has led to four types of consequences (fundamental, health, structural and economic) that transform sports development from a cost to a strategic investment with high returns on health, vitality and productivity of human resources. This indigenous model provides a comprehensive framework for policymakers to promote sports into a systemic and managerial process.